Bolesław Prus - Knowledge (XXG)

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kind of work was to me a great mortification. Then I began asking older authors, and they told me that 'there are no rules, nor can there be any, for the art of novel-writing.' Then , brought to desperation, I set about trying to resolve for myself the question: 'Can literary art be reduced to general rules?' After several years of observing and thinking, the matter began to get clearer for me, and as early as August 1886 I set down my first notes and, God willing, I hope to publish a scientific theory of literary art. I expect that it will contain some fairly new things."

934: 1239: 1836: 1476: 44: 346: 1227: 203: 2004: 1849: 358: 1296: 2969: 5387: 771: 1812:. Each experienced false starts in other occupations, and at twenty-five became a journalist for the next forty years; failed to sustain a career as editor-in-chief; achieved celebrity as a short-story writer; lost a son in tragic circumstances (Prus, an adopted son; Bierce, both his sons); attained superb humorous effects by portraying human egoism (Prus especially in 1864: 814:. The students demanded that Prus retract what he had written. He refused, and, on 26 March 1878, several of them surrounded him outside his home, where he had returned shortly before in the company (for his safety) of two fellow writers; one of the students, Jan Sawicki, slapped Prus's face. Police were summoned, but Prus declined to press charges. 1002:. Characteristic of them are Prus's keen observation of everyday life and sense of humor, which he had early honed as a contributor to humor magazines. The prevalence of themes from everyday life is consistent with the Polish Positivist artistic program, which sought to portray the circumstances of the 879:

In an 1884 newspaper column, published two decades before the Wright brothers flew, Prus anticipated that powered flight would not bring humanity closer to universal comity: "Are there among flying creatures only doves, and no hawks? Will tomorrow's flying machine obey only the honest and the wise,

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In 1890 Prus wrote: "When I was starting out as a writer, I wrote in part instinctively, in part by inadvertent imitation. My productions were a collection of haphazard observations, put together no doubt against the backdrop of what I had read. Every beginning author does the same. To be sure, this

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In Prus' lifetime and since, his contributions to Polish literature and culture have been memorialized without regard to the nature of the political system prevailing at the time. His 50th birthday, in 1897, was marked by special newspaper issues celebrating his 25 years as a journalist and fiction

648:. "Our national life," wrote Prus, "will take a normal course only when we have become a useful, indispensable element of civilization, when we have become able to give nothing for free and to demand nothing for free." The social importance of science and technology recurred as a theme in his novels 489:

for his role in the Uprising. In early April a military court sentenced him to forfeiture of his nobleman's status and resettlement on imperial lands. On 30 April, however, the Lublin District military head credited Prus's time spent under arrest and, on account of the 16-year-old's youth, decided

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on his mother's side, Oktawia Trembińska. She was the daughter of Katarzyna Trembińska, in whose home he had lived, after release from prison, for two years from 1864 to 1866 while completing secondary school. The couple adopted a boy, Emil Trembiński (born 11 September 1886, the son of Prus's

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in eastern Poland. Outside the palace is a sculpture of Prus seated on a bench. Another statuary monument to Prus at Nałęczów, sculpted by Alina Ślesińska, was unveiled on 8 May 1966. It was at Nałęczów that Prus vacationed for thirty years from 1882 until his death, and that he met the young

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Another of Prus's learned projects remained incomplete at his death. He had sought, over his writing career, to develop a coherent theory of literary composition. Notes of his from 1886 to 1912 were never put together into a finished book as he had intended. His precepts included the maxim,

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It has been alleged that in 1906, aged 59, Prus had a son, Jan Bogusz Sacewicz. The boy's mother was Alina Sacewicz, widow of Dr. Kazimierz Sacewicz, a socially conscious physician whom Prus had known at Nałęczów. Dr. Sacewicz may have been the model for

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Though Prus was a gifted writer, initially best known as a humorist, he early on thought little of his journalistic and literary work. Hence at the inception of his career in 1872, at the age of 25, he adopted for his newspaper columns and fiction the

273:, he settled into a 40-year journalistic career that highlighted science, technology, education, and economic and cultural development. These societal enterprises were essential to the endurance of a people who had in the 18th century been 1594:

s loose, tangential construction; but this, in his view, was partly redeemed by Prus's humor and by some superb episodes, while "The tragedy of Mrs. Latter and the picture of Iksinów are among the peak achievements of novel-writing."

759:. Prus, known for his affection for children, took a lively interest in little Jan, as attested by a prolific correspondence with Jan's mother (whom Prus attempted to interest in writing). Jan Sacewicz became one of Prus's major 230: 809:

An 1878 incident illustrates the strong feelings that can be aroused in susceptible readers of newspaper columns. Prus had criticized the rowdy behavior of some Warsaw university students at a lecture about the poet

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and not fools and knaves?... The expected societal changes may come down to a new form of chase and combat in which the man who is vanquished on high will fall and smash the skull of the peaceable man down below."

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writes that in the period when Poland was under complete foreign rule (1795–1918) "It was a common belief that the cultivation of science and the growth of its potential would somehow guarantee the of the

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to place him in the custody of his uncle Klemens Olszewski. On 7 May, Prus was released and entered the household of Katarzyna Trembińska, a relative and the mother of his future wife, Oktawia Trembińska.

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for the benefit of Polish culture). These curiously interlinked incidents involving the Dłuskis and the two authors perhaps illustrate the contemporary intensity of aggrieved Polish national pride.

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Over the years, Prus lent his support to many charitable and social causes, but there was one event he came to rue for the broad criticism it brought him: his participation in welcoming Russia's

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Machine and Agricultural Implement Works in Warsaw. In 1873, Prus delivered two public lectures which illustrate the breadth of his scientific interests: "On the Structure of the Universe", and "

2550:): A Public Lecture Delivered on 23 March 1873 by Aleksander Głowacki , Passed by the Censor (Warsaw, 21 April 1873), Warsaw, Printed by F. Krokoszyńska, 1873. Translated from the Polish by 443:, 15-year-old Prus ran away from school to join the insurgents. He may have been influenced by his brother Leon, one of the Uprising's leaders. Leon, during a June 1863 mission to Wilno (now 1989:

coin featuring his profile. In 2012, to mark the 100th anniversary of his death, the Polish mint produced three coins with individual designs: in gold, silver, and an aluminum-zinc alloy.

258:. Shortly after his 16th birthday, he suffered severe battle injuries. Five months later, he was imprisoned for his part in the Uprising. These early experiences may have precipitated the 5681: 1265:, as this might compromise his journalistic objectivity. His associations, by design and temperament, were with individuals and select worthy causes rather than with large groups. 1623:

having been composed complete prior to newspaper serialization, rather than being written in installments just before printing, as was the case with Prus's earlier major novels.

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had persuaded Prus that society must advance through learning, work and commerce rather than through risky social upheavals. He departed from this stance, however, in 1905, when

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As a sideline, he wrote short stories. Succeeding with these, he went on to employ a larger canvas; over the decade between 1884 and 1895, he completed four major novels:

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His "Weekly Chronicles" spanned forty years (they have since been reprinted in twenty volumes) and helped prepare the ground for the 20th-century blossoming of Polish

2572:, famously proposing to make it "an observatory of societal facts, just as there are observatories that study the movements of heavenly bodies, or—climatic changes.") 1398:

writer was mourned by the nation that he had striven, as soldier, thinker, and writer, to rescue from oblivion. Thousands attended his 22 May 1912 funeral service at

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On 1 September 1863, twelve days after his sixteenth birthday, Prus took part in a battle against Russian forces at a village called Białka, four kilometers south of

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was breaking out, "delighted in his beloved Prus" and read everything by the ten-years-older, recently deceased author that he could get his hands on. He pronounced

701:." Prus interpreted "survival of the fittest," in the societal sphere, as involving not only competition but also cooperation; and he adopted Spencer's metaphor of 1318:(Children), depicting the young revolutionaries, terrorists and anarchists of the day – an uncharacteristically humorless work. Three years later a final novel, 466:

injuries to his eyes, and was captured unconscious on the battlefield and taken to hospital in Siedlce. This experience may have caused his subsequent lifelong

1832:); and died within two years of the other (Prus in 1912; Bierce presumably in 1914). Prus, however, unlike Bierce, went on from short stories to write novels. 959:'s concept of the arts, including literature, as a second means, alongside the sciences, of studying reality, and he devoted more attention to his sideline of 537:. In January 1870, after only three months at the institute, Prus was expelled for his insufficient deference toward the martinet Russian-language instructor. 5591: 2763:, which predicted, among other things, the defeat of German imperialism, the ascendancy of the English language, and the existence, by the year 2000, of a " 5601: 5596: 1937:, the site of Prus' last home, is a plaque commemorating the earlier, now-nonexistent building's most famous resident. A few hundred meters from there, 1453:. Below the epitaph stands the figure of a little girl embracing the tomb – a figure emblematic of Prus's well-known empathy and affection for children. 5414: 2000:

Following is a chronological list of notable works by Bolesław Prus. Translated titles are given, followed by original titles and dates of publication.

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The girl was Janina Głoskowska, stepdaughter of Ludwik Trembiński, brother of Prus's wife, Oktawia Trembińska. Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita,

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in the lives of individuals and societies. In it he returned to the society-organizing (i.e., political) interests that had been frustrated during his

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Prus was not alone in advocating the development of science and technology. It was part of the spirit of the times. The great Polish mathematician

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Henceforth he studied on his own while supporting himself mainly as a tutor. As part of his program of self-education, he translated and summarized

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fashion, to make it "an observatory of societal facts"—an instrument for advancing the development of his country. After less than a year, however,

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by his father's death and, aged 9, began attending a Lublin primary school whose principal, Józef Skłodowski, grandfather of the future double

872:—which had had a history of financial instability since changing in July 1878 from a Sunday paper to a daily—folded, and Prus resumed writing 5586: 5146: 4550: 4486: 4381: 4207: 3926: 3189: 3121: 3093: 2838: 876:. He continued working as a journalist to the end of his life, well after he had achieved success as an author of short stories and novels. 5676: 5571: 1491:

On 3 December 1961, nearly half a century after Prus's death, a museum devoted to him was opened in the 18th-century Małachowski Palace at

3147:(Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work), ed. Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969, p. 12. 1774:(1842–1914). Each was born and reared in a rural area and had a "Polish" connection (Bierce, born five years before Prus, was reared in 731:

brother-in-law Michał Trembiński, who had died on 10 November 1888). Emil was the model for Rascal in chapter 48 of Prus's 1895 novel,

5556: 574: 5329: 5304: 5242: 5219: 5195: 5162: 5111: 5090: 5069: 3506: 1463:(Daily Courier) had opined that, if Prus's writings had been well known abroad, he should have received one of the recently created 1292:. Prus wrote, in reference to his earlier position on revolution and strikes: "with the greatest pleasure, I admit it—I was wrong!" 5051:

Poglądy estetyczne i działalność krytycznoliteracka Bolesława Prusa (Bolesław Prus's Esthetic Views and Literary-Critical Activity)

1399: 1967:, Stanisław Wokulski and Ignacy Rzecki, respectively, were deduced to have resided. On the same street, in a park adjacent to the 821:, Prus's memory of the incident was still so painful that he may have refused (accounts vary) to meet with one of his assailants, 5641: 4402: 4298: 726:

After Prus began writing regular weekly newspaper columns, his finances stabilized, permitting him on 14 January 1875 to marry a

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is often described as Prus's "best-composed novel"—indeed, "one of the best-composed Polish novels." This was due in part to

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had been on the mark (he had based them mainly on French-language publications). From Paris, he hurried home to recuperate at

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of warfare. It was only in 1888, when Prus was forty, that he wrote his first historical fiction, the stunning short story, "

5661: 5626: 5407: 2669: 1923: 849: 521:, a historic town where he had spent some of his childhood and which, 15 years later, was the setting for his striking 1884 473: 402:

was three years old, his mother died; the child was placed in the care of his maternal grandmother, Marcjanna Trembińska of

1328:, a panorama of society and its vital concerns. However, in 1911 and 1912, the novel had barely begun serialization in the 3012: 2715: 2626: 1696: 630: 1159:

to the publishing firm of Gebethner and Wolff, Prus embarked, on 16 May 1895, on a four-month journey abroad. He visited

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for the Polish insurgent government, developed a debilitating mental illness that would end only with his death in 1907.

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that dogged him through life, and shaped his opposition to attempting to regain Poland's independence by force of arms.

43: 5701: 5616: 1975:; it is some 12 feet tall, on a minimal pedestal as befits an author who walked the same ground with his fellow men. 1720:

editorship fifteen years earlier. A book edition appeared in 1901 (2nd, revised edition, 1905). This work, rooted in

737:. On 18 February 1904, aged seventeen, Emil fatally shot himself in the chest on the doorstep of an unrequited love. 5202:(This book contains twelve stories by Prus, including the volume's title story, in inaccurate, clunky translations.) 933: 605:; urged Poles to study science and technology and to develop industry and commerce; encouraged the establishment of 5173: 4913: 1950: 1914: 1873: 1868: 1841: 964: 5289:

Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work)

1971:, near the site of a newspaper for which Prus wrote, stands a twice-life-size statue of Prus, sculpted in 1977 by 5621: 5400: 1919: 1853: 1820: 1775: 1450: 1192: 830: 418: 5211: 2109:, 1908; approximately the first nine chapters had originally appeared, in a somewhat different form, in 1907 as 1504:. Prus stood witness at Żeromski's 1892 wedding and generously helped foster the younger man's literary career. 1238: 421:, administered canings (a customary mode of disciplining) to wayward pupils, including the spirited Aleksander. 5439: 2933: 2555: 2051: 2008: 1078: 290: 1835: 1280:

and Poles demanded autonomy and reforms. On 20 December 1905, in the first issue of a short-lived periodical,

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1894—Prus's paean to the salubrious waters and natural and social environment of his favorite vacation spot,

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In 1869, he enrolled in the Forestry Department at the newly opened Agriculture and Forestry Institute in

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Department of Mathematics and Physics. In 1868, poverty forced him to break off his university studies.

345: 296: 2003: 1930:, featuring Prus' profile, is dedicated to the memory of the "great writer and teacher of the nation." 963:. Prus's stories, which met with great acclaim, owed much to the literary influence of Polish novelist 3869:(The Creative Writing of Bolesław Prus), 2nd ed., Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1972, p. 171. 533:

with the mutual aggressions of blind, mindless colonies of molds that cover a boulder adjacent to the

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depicts the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by his country's backwardness.

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had also reflected Poland's loss of independence a century before in 1795—an independence whose post-

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to benefit the underprivileged; described the fiction and nonfiction works of fellow writers such as

511: 388: 329: 308: 274: 167: 4945:(Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1979. 3628:

After Prus's death in 1912, she survived him until her own death on 25 October 1936. Tadeusz Hiż, "

2742:, he had held too cautious a view of the chances for an improvement in Poland's political situation) 4878: 2326: 2096: 2034: 1942: 1887: 1867:"2012: Year of Prus": poster commemorating 100th anniversary of Prus's death, in a window of the 1756: 1679: 1520: 1411: 1403: 1391:, his forty-year journalistic and literary career came to an end when the 64-year-old author died. 1388: 1300: 1231: 1149: 822: 614: 602: 534: 1543:, with their innovative composition techniques, blazed the way for the 20th-century Polish novel. 320:, Prus's only historical novel, is a study of political power and of the fates of nations, set in 3897: 2890: 2868: 2739: 2603: 2445: 1809: 1650: 1277: 1063:." This story, a few years later, served as a preliminary sketch for his only historical novel, 1046: 1034: 873: 562: 498: 5126: 5096: 5075: 4520: 4502: 4361: 3788: 3169: 1501: 1188: 994:

Prus wrote several dozen stories, originally published in newspapers and ranging in length from

742: 5210:. translation by David Welsh, revised by Dariusz Tołczyk and Anna Zaranko, and introduction by 5503: 5372: 5325: 5300: 5238: 5215: 5191: 5158: 5142: 5107: 5086: 5065: 5041: 5025: 5007: 4989: 4971: 4959: 4754: 4590: 4546: 4482: 4377: 4231: 4203: 4052: 3922: 3710: 3615: 3561: 3502: 3441: 3413: 3385: 3185: 3117: 3089: 2834: 2691: 2292: 1905: 1794: 1480: 1365: 1262: 942: 798: 774: 710: 546: 526: 478: 282: 236: 202: 3375: 3373: 2942: 2708: 1492: 1456:

Prus's widow, Oktawia Głowacka, survived him by twenty-four years, dying on 25 October 1936.

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11 June 1882 – Prus's inaugural address to readers as the new editor-in-chief of the daily,

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aspect has been noted to Prus's career, which paralleled that of his American contemporary,

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Of contemporary thinkers, the one who most influenced Prus and other writers of the Polish "

586: 541: 503: 436: 365: 251: 244: 139: 134: 2557: 1226: 383:". Aleksander was the younger son of Antoni Głowacki, an estate steward at the village of 379:. The town was then in the Russian-controlled sector of partitioned Poland, known as the " 357: 5349: 5178:, Passed by the Censor (Warsaw, 21 April 1873), Warsaw, Printed by F. Krokoszyńska, 1873. 3768: 2842: 2779: 1787: 1729: 1612: 1604: 1573: 1528: 1289: 1273: 1141: 984: 968: 956: 838: 764: 702: 668: 598: 440: 380: 255: 223: 72: 4852: 1848: 1295: 5517: 2858: 2778:

1910—a discussion of the cultural and political principles imparted by the Polish poet

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Ostatnia miłość w życiu Bolesława Prusa (The Last Love in the Life of Bolesław Prus)

1704:), which systematized ethical ideas that he had developed over his career regarding 1552:, with its rich realistic detail and simple, functional language, was considered by 1010:

of an earlier generation. The literary period in which Prus wrote was ostensibly a

2618: 2575:"Sketch for a Program under the Conditions of the Present Development of Society" ( 1986: 1760: 1168: 1019: 811: 803: 750: 626: 325: 154: 17: 5190:. translated by Bill Johnston. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. 510:, founded in 1586. Graduating on 30 June 1866, at nineteen he matriculated in the 4917:(Republic) Weekly , no. 33 (1016), Saturday-Sunday, 18–19 August 2012, pp. P8-P9. 4651:, translation by David Welsh, revised by Dariusz Tołczyk and Anna Zaranko, 1996; 5368: 5036: 3705: 2750: 1825: 1801: 1783: 1779: 1752: 1748:, nouns and more nouns." Some particularly intriguing fragments describe Prus's 1563: 1524: 1464: 1395: 1377: 1258: 1207: 1203: 1184: 1101: 1097: 1051: 976: 960: 894: 884: 672: 610: 467: 424:

In 1862, Prus's brother, Leon, a teacher thirteen years his senior, took him to

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Consonant with Prus' interest in commerce and technology, a Polish Ocean Lines

1945:. In this square stands St. Alexander's Church, where Prus' funeral was held. 1664: 485:

Five months later, in early February 1864, Prus was arrested and imprisoned at

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on what he had referred to in an 1884 letter as "great questions of our age":

972: 698: 687: 392: 179: 4795:("Several Loose Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus"), in Stanisław Fita, ed., 4276:("Several Loose Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus"), in Stanisław Fita, ed., 1912:, commemorates Prus' years at the university in 1866–68. Across the street ( 844:

In 1882, on the recommendation of an earlier editor-in-chief, the prophet of

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of the 19th century" and wrote: "I grew up under the influence of Spencerian

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Parallels between discovery in science and art, including the phenomenon of

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For example, by Janina Kulczycka-Saloni, in Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed.,

3022: 2794: 2642: 2621:, the world's tallest structure, then yet to be constructed for the 1889 1426: 1123: 1027: 1003: 914: 793: 778: 691: 622: 2893: 2871: 1863: 1261:'s 1897 visit to Warsaw. As a rule, Prus did not affiliate himself with 1210:. He was nevertheless pleased to find that his descriptions of Paris in 763:

and an engineer, and died in a German camp after the suppression of the

585:, Prus commented on the achievements of scholars and scientists such as 406:, and, four years later, in the care of his aunt, Domicela Olszewska of 4397:(Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work), edited by 4293:(Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work), edited by 4100:

Oral account by Prus's widow, Oktawia Głowacka, cited by Tadeusz Hiż, "

2659: 2330: 1941:(Bolesław Prus Street) debouches into the southeast corner of Warsaw's 1898: 1434: 1164: 1038: 1023: 999: 918: 760: 455: 444: 425: 376: 5176:: A Public Lecture Delivered on 23 March 1873 by Aleksander Głowacki 3383:(2003). "A Futurological Note: Prus on H.G. Wells and the Year 2000". 1985:

For 10 years, from 1975 to 1984, Poles honored Prus' memory with a 10-

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Prus' fiction and nonfiction writings continue relevant in our time.

1878: 1829: 1798: 1496: 1160: 1015: 906: 853: 494: 429: 411: 407: 270: 88: 3826:(Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: A Calendar of His Life and Work), p. 251. 1445:” on the grave of the English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1234:, 1897, celebrating Prus's 25 years as journalist and fiction writer 1187:

and spending much time with his friends, the promising young writer

375:, now in southeastern Poland, very near the present-day border with 5377: 4932:

Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus)

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Poglądy estetyczne i działalność krytycznoliteracka Bolesława Prusa

4151:(Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work), 1969, 3263:

Wspomnienia o Bolesławie Prusie (Reminiscences about Bolesław Prus)

2645:; these helped inspire the solar-eclipse scenes in his 1895 novel, 3499:

A Half Century of Polish Mathematics: Remembrances and Reflections

2622: 1237: 1225: 1199: 1073: 1011: 818: 572: 472: 214:(20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), better known by his pen name 5276:

Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Creative Writing of Bolesław Prus)

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Twórczość Bolesława Prusa (The Creative Writing of Bolesław Prus)

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outlook, much in his fiction shows qualities compatible with pre-

1441:” ("Heart of Hearts"), was deliberately borrowed from the Latin “ 1343:, is generally regarded as part of the essential Prus canon, and 1195:, housed in the Rapperswil Castle, where Żeromski was librarian. 5299:(Bolesław Prus's Youth), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 4147:

Tokarzówna, Krystyna; Stanisław Fita; Zygmunt Szweykowski, ed.;

2666: 1745: 1446: 1254: 860:(News). The newspaper had been bought in June 1882 by financier 5396: 2818:

Prus's writings have been translated into many languages – his

1288:" ("Ode to Youth"), whose title harked back to an 1820 poem by 5106:, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, Camden House, 2007, 4017:(The Genesis of the Short Story, "A Legend of Old Egypt"), in 1824:); was dogged from early adulthood by a health problem (Prus, 1791: 1421:. On three sides it bears, respectively, the novelist's name, 1202:, where he was prevented by his agoraphobia from crossing the 837:

for writing his novels and stories in English, rather than in

3363:(Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: A Calendar of His Life and Work), 3215: 3213: 2789:—Prus's contribution to 16 December 1911 issue of the Warsaw 2528:), 1872: Prus's first composition signed with the pseudonym 1732:

view of society-as-organism, retains interest especially for

235:), was a Polish novelist, a leading figure in the history of 5064:, second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2694:; these helped inspire similar scenes in Prus's 1895 novel, 2577:"Szkic programu w warunkach obecnego rozwoju społeczeństwa," 1191:

and his wife Oktawia. The couple sought Prus's help for the

277:

by Russia, Prussia and Austria. Głowacki took his pen name "

4331:("An Hour at Oktawia Głowacka's"), in Stanisław Fita, ed., 4021:(Not Only about Prus: Sketches), 1st ed., 1967, pp. 256–61. 2833:, into twenty-eight. Works by Prus have been rendered into 1886:

writer, and a portrait of him was commissioned from artist

1417:

Prus's tomb was designed by his nephew, the noted sculptor

1383:

On 19 May 1912, in his Warsaw apartment at 12 Wolf Street (

1144:. The work of greatest sweep and most universal appeal is 5264:

Nie tylko o Prusie: szkice (Not Only about Prus: Sketches)

1615:, and continues to point analogies to more recent times. 2785:"What We... Never Learned from the History of Napoleon" ( 1755:

of the millions of potential "individual types" of human

749:(Homeless People)—a character resembling Dr. Stockman in 3013:

Logology (science of science)—Discoveries and inventions

2946:(Mrs. Latter's Boarding School), adapted from the novel 1055:

portraying 17th-century Polish history, to describe the

613:; and extolled man-made and natural wonders such as the 250:

As a 15-year-old, Aleksander Głowacki joined the Polish

5157:(2nd ed.). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 3647: