317:, derived great benefit. Vitushkin described him as "witty and friendly". At his own request, Kronrod was called simply "Sasha" by his students. He was considered to be a prophet in his field. The Kronod circle met between 1946 and 1953. Kronrod's position was formally at the Institute of Physics, which meant that his students had to register with other advisers, accounting for the decline of the circle into a series of friendly meetings. When he defended thesis in 1949, his committee including
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was a last resort for seriously ill patients and was administered by physicians in one case in a hospital ward A.A. Vishnevskiy reserved for treatments by
Kronrod's method. Kronrod himself never gave the drug to patients and through physicians gave it away free. The drug was unapproved and a criminal
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and others on a cabinet ministry commission and oversaw the computation of the country's material expenditures to correct price formation. Kronrod's student V. D. Belkin further developed this work. At the
Gertsen cancer research institute during the 1960s, with his student P. E. Kunin he studied the
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were colleagues and Luzin's last students. Like his teacher, Kronrod led a series of supplementary seminars for younger mathematics students. Unusually for the time, instead of students merely reporting on the content of courses, Kronrod made his students undertake training exercises, even proving
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He slowly recovered when a stroke took his speech and ability to read and write but was forced to resign at the
Central Geophysical Expedition and stop all work on math. He saved his own life by asking to be soaked in a tub of very hot water for several hours after a second stroke. He died on 6
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Kronrod rewarded accuracy. He held what today are controversial views on the role of gender in computing. He employed women in ITEP's coding and card punching groups, believing that female computing staff members are more accurate than males. He also believed that in order to think, the male
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he was rejected for military service because at the time graduate level students were exempt. They did help to build trenches around Moscow, and when he returned, Kronrod reapplied and was accepted. He served twice, and was injured twice. He was awarded several medals, including
408:, five hundred times faster. Requests for computation were analyzed and sometimes solved by other means. The equipment was maintained and there were almost no hardware malfunctions. A policy said finished programs had to be re-examined if they ran for more than ten minutes.
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reform to stimulate inventions. After gaining support he lost this position to an unsympathetic director. His last position was heading a
Central Geophysical Expedition laboratory that processed drilling data where he made calculations for gas and
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scientists qualified to use the computers needed to be free from operating them. The women did the input and quality assurance side by side with the men and for each month without an error received a 20% raise in salary.
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Kronrod's participation came at great cost. The physics users at ITEP complained, thinking that the lab was being used for game playing, when the division was writing the
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Kronrod was married and about this time his son was born. During next four years he continued his studies at the
University, simultaneously working at the
250:. A biographer wrote Kronrod gave ideas "away left and right, quite honestly being convinced that the authorship belongs to the one who implements them."
290:. The second injury in 1943 hospitalised him for a year and he was discharged from the army in 1944. This injury made him an invalid of sorts for life.
713:[Meeting of the Moscow Mathematical Society 2 November 2021]. Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University. 29 October 2021
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He directed the mathematics division of ITEP. They could surpass the results achieved outside the USSR by far faster machines, in the case of
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He then directed the mathematics laboratory at the
Central Scientific Research Institute of Patent Information (CNIIPI) where he proposed
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basic theorems themselves. The preparation required for this reduced the numbers of participants, but those who remained, including
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Kronrod decided that his best work was to help others and most importantly the terminally ill. He spent his fortune developing
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and a "general recursive search scheme" by
Kronrod. They were advised by Russian chess master A.R. Bitman and world champion
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laboratory so he tested the medicine on himself. Kronrod had no medical degree but he was well-informed in medicine.
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reprimanded him in 1968 for cosigning a letter with many mathematicians in defense of the mathematician and logician
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patients. Kronrod is remembered for his captivating personality and was admired as a student, teacher and leader.
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During the 1960s he worked on mathematics education in high schools by organizing courses and teaching methods.
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which he published in 1964. Earlier, he worked on computational solutions of problems emerging in theoretical
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case was brought against him. He regained his research records when a relative of the plaintiff required
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known in the USSR at the time as heuristic programming. He is well known for saying, "chess is the
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742:(2006). "Half a century as one day". In Bolibruch, A. A.; Osipov, Yu. S.; Sinai, Ya. G. (eds.).
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Typical appearance of a program-writing form in
Kronrod's department at ITEP, as remembered by
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262:. Growing up, he studied math with D. O. Shklyarsky in school and in 1938 entered the
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370:(ITEF or ITEP) during 1950–1955 Kronod collaborated with physicists, among them
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In 1965, ITEP challenged and in 1966–1967 defeated the
American chess program
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Kronod played an important role in building the first major
Russian computer,
270:. He did his first independent mathematical work as a freshman with Professor
378:. For providing theoretical physics with numerical solutions he received the
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686:[A hundred years since the day of birth of Georgy Adelson-Velsky].
859:"International Grandmaster and World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik in Moscow"
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the teacher of many of the Soviet Union's finest scientists. Kronrod and
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from a sour milk extract for cancer patients, to fill a shortage of
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244:"Nodes and weights of quadrature formulas. Sixteen-place tables"
886:(Interview). Interviewed by Dag Spicer. Computer History Museum
710:Заседание Московского математического общества 2 ноября 2021 г.
683:Сто лет со дня рождения Георгия Максимовича Адельсона-Вельского
274:. Kronrod was honored as a student with the first prize of the
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of artificial intelligence." This quote graces the top of the
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was a student, early collaborator and one of his biographers.
939:, I. M. Yaglom (2001). "About Aleksandr Semenovich Kronrod".
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Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics alumni
207:; October 22, 1921 – October 6, 1986) was a Soviet
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He is the author of several well known books, including
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American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
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In 1955, he first used an electronic computer at the
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In his last undergraduate year, Kronrod studied with
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
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861:. Computer History Museum. accession no. 102645357
499:. The developers included Adelson-Velsky who used
470:to help doctors determine when surgery is needed.
368:Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
153:Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
906:"Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess"
490:American Association for Artificial Intelligence
278:and was the only person to win the prize twice.
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337:degree in the physical-mathematical sciences.
231:. Later, Kronrod gave his fortune and life to
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426:punching checked by (a female name)
393:laboratory of the Institute of Energy of the
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744:Mathematical events of the twentieth century
223:. He is also known for his contributions to
603:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
449:He applied computing resources to the USSR
420:coding checked by (a female name)
16:Soviet mathematician and computer scientist
656:for treatment and the case was dismissed.
414:program written by (a male name)
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796:(1). Translated by Brudno, Viola: 22–30.
623:Learn how and when to remove this message
1031:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
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492:"Games & Puzzles" chess home page.
395:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
264:Department of Mechanics and Mathematics
746:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 449–473.
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601:adding citations to reliable sources
529:trying to teach a machine to think.
423:punched by (a female name)
1001:20th-century Russian mathematicians
879:Newborn, Monty (28 February 2005).
478:Kronrod had a profound interest in
816:from the original on 21 July 2006.
417:coded by (a female name)
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384:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
295:Atomic Energy Kurchatov Institute
136:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
782:(2002). Gautschi, Walter (ed.).
660:October 1986 of a third stroke.
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217:Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula
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953:10.1070/RM2001v056n05ABEH000448
881:"Oral History of Monty Newborn"
688:Russian Virtual Computer Museum
1021:Recipients of the Stalin Prize
1016:Moscow State University alumni
511:in what was the first test of
248:"Conversations on Programming"
191:Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kronrod
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976:Mathematics Genealogy Project
205:Алекса́ндр Семёнович Кронро́д
197:Aleksandr Semyonovich Kronrod
42:Aleksandr Semyonovich Kronrod
1066:Burials at Donskoye Cemetery
904:Brudno, Michael (May 2000).
462:differential diagnostics of
342:Moscow Pedagogical Institute
157:Moscow Pedagogical Institute
1051:Russian computer scientists
784:"Remembering A. S. Kronrod"
276:Moscow Mathematical Society
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1006:Mathematicians from Moscow
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333:degree and awarded him a
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189:Not to be confused with
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857:Monroe Newborn (1980).
543:Alexander Esenin-Volpin
480:artificial intelligence
474:Artificial intelligence
268:Moscow State University
100:Moscow State University
518:vs. selective search.
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340:Kronrod taught at the
1061:Soviet mathematicians
1036:Computer chess people
941:Russian Math. Surveys
913:University of Toronto
752:10.1007/3-540-29462-7
740:Vitushkin, Anatoli G.
331:Candidate of Sciences
306:Georgy Adelson-Velsky
288:Order of the Red Star
235:to care for terminal
215:, best known for the
597:improve this section
545:, a son of the poet
361:Relay Computer RVM-1
258:Kronrod was born in
789:Math. Intelligencer
1071:Russian scientists
1041:Numerical analysts
802:10.1007/BF03025307
459:Leonid Kantorovich
335:Doctor of Sciences
213:computer scientist
1046:Jewish scientists
972:Aleksandr Kronrod
838:on 4 October 2006
680:(12 April 2022).
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457:. He served with
372:Isaak Pomeranchuk
323:Andrey Kolmogorov
315:Anatoli Vitushkin
272:Alexander Gelfond
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143:Scientific career
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842:19 December
717:25 December
693:25 December
516:brute force
464:lung cancer
110:Mathematics
86:Nationality
985:Categories
959:in Russian
930:References
918:2006-12-19
890:2006-12-17
865:2006-12-22
485:Drosophila
376:Lev Landau
48:1921-10-22
810:119452130
584:does not
537:When the
468:pneumonia
254:Education
225:economics
118:economics
814:Archived
613:May 2017
565:Medicine
233:medicine
122:medicine
77:Moscow,
974:at the
828:"Chess"
605:removed
590:sources
513:Shannon
453:and to
382:and an
281:During
221:physics
201:Russian
90:Russian
808:
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641:anabol
554:patent
438:Yaglom
434:Landis
406:Geneva
260:Moscow
237:cancer
155:(ITEP)
128:Awards
56:Moscow
909:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
806:S2CID
664:Notes
654:milil
649:Milil
637:milil
527:chess
60:RSFSR
844:2006
756:ISBN
719:2023
695:2023
588:any
586:cite
466:and
436:and
402:CERN
374:and
325:and
313:and
246:and
229:USSR
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67:Died
38:Born
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