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transmitter as well as his receiver, and by mid-1896 he was transmitting radio messages a mile and a half (2400 meters). Popov and
Marconi's early work seems to have been done without knowledge of each other's system, although reading Marconi's June 1896 patent disclosures led Popov to develop a long-range wireless telegraphy system.
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479:. In July 1895 he installed his receiver and a siphon recorder on the roof of the Institute of Forestry building in St. Petersburg. and was able to detect thunderstorms at a range of 50 km, however he was also aware of its communication potential. His paper, read at the 7 May 1895 meeting, concluded:
347:. After receiving a signal, the metal filings in the coherer had to be reset by a manually operated vibrator or by the vibrations of a bell placed on the table nearby that rang every time a transmission was received. Popov set to work to design a more sensitive radio wave receiver that could be used as a
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by Popov was a demonstration on 24 March 1896 at the
Physical and Chemical Society, when some accounts say the Morse code message "ГЕНРИХ ГЕРЦ" ("HEINRICH HERTZ" in Russian) was received from a transmitter 250 meters away and transcribed on the blackboard by the Society president. Historian Charles
276:, where he studied physics. After graduation with honors in 1882, he stayed on as a laboratory assistant at the university. However, the salary at the university was inadequate to support his family, and in 1883 he took a post as teacher and head of laboratory at the Russian Navy's Torpedo School in
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began work on a purpose-built wireless telegraphy system based on "Hertzian" (radio) waves, developing a spark-gap transmitter and a much improved automatically reset coherer receiver. By mid-1895 Marconi had transmitted messages 1/2 mile (800 meters). He then came up with the idea grounding his
977:, Admiralteysky passage, 2. In the building of the Higher Naval Engineering School. F. E. Dzerzhinsky memorial plaque states: “The great Russian scientist, radio inventor A. S. Popov taught at the Marine Engineering School from 1890 to 1900.” Until 1977. Marble, bronze.
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In 1896, the article depicting Popov's invention was reprinted in the 'Journal of the
Russian Physical and Chemical Society'. In March 1896, he effected transmission of radio waves between different campus buildings in St. Petersburg. In November 1897, the French
439:", which described his lightning detector, to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. Most Eastern sources regard Popov's lightning detector as the first radio receiver, and 7 May has been celebrated since 1945 in the Russian Federation as "
343:, a glass tube containing metal filings between two electrodes. When received waves from an antenna were applied to the electrodes, the coherer became conductive allowing the current from a battery to pass through it, with the impulse being picked up by a
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Some of his descendants escaped to
Manchuria during the Bolshevik Revolution and eventually made their way to the United States. Among others were his cousin, Dr. Paul Popov, who became a prominent physician in San Francisco and Paul's son,
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did not arrive until
January 1900 to establish a wireless station on Hogland Island. By 5 February, however, messages were being received reliably. The wireless messages were relayed to Hogland Island by a station some 25 miles away at
403:) of the bell, pulling the arm over to ring the bell. Popov added an innovative automatic reset feature of a "self tapping" coherer where the bell arm would spring back and tap the coherer, restoring it to its receptive state. The two
336:
gave a memorial lecture on Hertz experiments. He set up a demonstration on the quasi optical nature of
Hertzian waves (radio waves) and demonstrated their transmission at distances up to 50 meters. Lodge used a detector called a
300:
Along with his teaching duties at the naval school, Popov pursued related areas of research. Trying to solve a problem with the failure in the electrical wire insulation on steel ships (which turned out to be a problem with
938:, Makarovskaya St., there is a memorial plaque on the house states: “Here, in the former marine technical school, in 1890–1901, radio inventor A. S. Popov worked as a teacher", 1995. Sculptor Sidorenko V. G. Marble, bronze.
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1012:, Professor Popov St., 5/3. Electrotechnical University, memorial plaque: “In 1905 Radio inventor Professor Alexander Stepanovich Popov was the first elected director of this institute” 1947. Arch. Smirnov N.I. Marble.
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at the end of April, 440 official telegraph messages had been handled by the
Hogland Island wireless station. Besides the rescue of the Apraksin's crew, more than 50 Finnish fishermen, who were stranded on a piece of
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from 5 to 9 October 2009, the World
Exhibition “Telecommunication World 2009” was held (ITU Telecom World 2009). Among the events was the opening of a plaque to A. S. Popov at the world communications management
931:, Sovetskaya St., at the house 43 a memorial plaque states: “Here, in the naval assembly, in 1886–1898 the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov gave public lectures", 1995. Sculptor Sidorenko V. G. Marble, bronze.
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I can express my hope that my apparatus will be applied for signaling at great distances by electric vibrations of high frequency, as soon as there will be invented a more powerful generator of such vibrations.
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on the building of the
Russian Physics-chemical Society, Universitetskaya emb., memorial plaque: “Here on March 24 (12), 1896 A.S. Popov received the very first radiogram using the device he invented", 1961.
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399:). The radio noise generated by a lightning strike turned on the coherer, the current from the battery was applied to the relay, closing its contacts, which applied current to the electromagnet (
998:, Professor Popov St., 5/3. Electrotechnical University, memorial plaque: “In this room in 1903–1905 Alexander Stepanovich Popov was a lecturer”, 1959. Arch. Ivanov A.I., Gellerstein R.I. Marble
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following distress telegrams sent by wireless telegraphy. In 1901 Alexander Popov was appointed as professor at the
Electrotechnical Institute. In 1905 he was elected director of the institute.
991:, Professor Popov Str., On the house 3 there is a plaque: "Inventor of the radio A. S. Popov lived, worked and died on December 31, 1905", 1925 – originally installed, 1945 – renewed. Marble.
1030:, Pochtamtskaya St., 7. Central Museum of Communications named. A. S. Popov, lobby, memorial plaque: “In 1945 the Central Museum of Communications was named after A. S. Popov”, marble.
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945:, Makarovskaya St., there is a memorial plaque on the house: “Here, in the former mine officer class, the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov worked. 1883–1901”, 1945. Marble.
411:) in the coherer's leads prevented the radio signal across the coherer from short circuiting by passing through the DC circuit. He connected his receiver to a wire antenna (
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coast. Kotka was selected as the location for the wireless relay station because it was the point closest to Hogland Island served by telegraph wires connected to Russian
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telegraphy based on Popov's instructions. At the same time Popov effected ship-to-shore communication over a distance of 6 miles in 1898 and 30 miles in 1899.
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1005:, Professor Popov St., 5/3. University of Electrical Engineering, memorial plaque: “Office of the inventor of radio, Professor A. S. Popov. 1901–1905.", 1948. Marble.
741:, sculptors: V. Ya. Bogolyubov and V.V. Isaev, architect: N.V. Baranov – (1959; Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, in the square between houses 39 and 41), at the station
970:, Ammerman St., on the house 31 a plaque: “The great Russian scientist, inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popovlived here from 1886 to 1898", 1974. Marble.
963:, Uritsky St., on the house 35 a plaque: “I, the great Russian scientist, inventor of radio Alexander Stepanovich Popov, lived here in 1895–1901.", 1945. Marble.
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Popov's work as a teacher at a Russian naval school led him to explore high-frequency electrical phenomena. On 7 May 1895, he presented a paper on a wireless
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in the courtyard, memorial plaque: “Here, in April–May 1895, the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov tested the world's first radio receiver”, 1945. Marble.
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Radio pioneer Alexander Popov on the 1989 USSR stamp. The text says "Inventor of radio, A. S. Popov, 1859–1906. Demonstration of the first radio, 1895"
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His paper on his experiments: "On the relation of metallic powders to electrical oscillations", was published 15 December 1895. He did not apply for a
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The postal and telecommunications museum in Saint Petersburg, the leading museum in its field in the Russian Federation, has since 1945 bore the name
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984:, Makarova Embankment (formerly Tuchkova Embankment) at building 22, in which A.S. Popov lived in 1901–1902, a memorial plaque was installed. Marble.
1023:, Szedovskaya line, on house 31/22, a plaque: “In this house in 1901–1902 lived the inventor of the radio A. S. Popov", 1947. Smirnov N. I. Marble.
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Electrotechnical Institute of Communications named after A.S. Popov (now Odessa National Academy of # Communications named after A.S. Popov)
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island (Suursaari) to provide two-way communication by wireless telegraphy between the Russian naval base and the crew of the battleship
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711:, Radio Frequency Center of the Southern Federal District, main entrance, 50 Budennovsky Ave., the opening took place on 7 May 2009, on
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were not in immediate danger, but the water in the Gulf began to freeze. Due to bad weather and bureaucratic red tape, the crew of
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2003:
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272:. There he developed an interest in science and mathematics and instead of going on to Theology School in 1877 he enrolled at
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of high-requency electrical currents. His interest in this area of study (including the new field of "Hertzian" or
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in honor of the implementation in 1900 by inventor A.S. Popov of the first practical radio communication session,
351:, to warn of thunderstorms by detecting the electromagnetic pulses of lightning strikes using a coherer receiver.
232:. In a 24 March 1896 demonstration, he transmitted radio signals 250 meters between different campus buildings in
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Susskind in 1962 concluded that Popov did not use radio waves for actual wireless communication before mid-1896.
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when he was a child. His father wanted Alexander to join the priesthood and sent him to the Seminary School at
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Golovin G.I. ("The life of wonderful people" Series, No. 141): Alexander Stepanovich Popov – 1945, 88 pp., 50
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In 1984, the USSR State Bank issued a jubilee coin with a face value of 1 ruble dedicated to A.S. Popov.
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443:". However, there is no evidence Popov sent any type of message on that occasion. The first account of
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era politics than historical evidence. Radio Day is still officially marked in Russia and Bulgaria.
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1209:(1913–2001), who became a UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
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734:, Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov, entrance from the Scout boulevard
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using Popov's lightning detector as a model. By 1898, Ducretet was manufacturing equipment of
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1683:. Saint Petersburg, Russia: The A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications. Archived from
620:, the day they claim Popov invented radio. Historians note this holiday may be more due to
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Many stamps have been issued depict A.S.Popov bearing the honor of him inventing radio.
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to detect radio noise from lightning strikes. This day is celebrated today in Russia as
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Lightning detector and radiostations of Popov's design: history of manufacturing
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The opening of the memorial plaque to A. S. Popov in Geneva // "Radio" magazine
1548:"Eminent scientists of Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University ETU "LETI""
780:, architects: D. Lapshin, E. Koltsova; artist I. Dymshakov; sculptor A. Matveev
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Memorial stone in honor of the invention of the radio in 1895 by A. S. Popov,
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6 years earlier. On 1 June 1894, after the death of Hertz, British physicist
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727:, Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov, main entrance
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328:'s experiments related to the discovery of radio waves by German physicist
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1550:. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University
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Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, page 1
1355:(1). US: National Security Agency: 35–41. January 1960. Archived from
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In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on
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773:, square at the memorial museum of the inventor of radio A. S. Popov
1311:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from
321:, where he was able to confer with other researchers in the field.
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818:, the territory of “Radio Plant named after A. S. Popov", a bust.
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A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications in Saint Petersburg
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In 1945 on the 50th anniversary of Popov's experiment the old
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A huge conference room "Alexander Stepanovich Popov" at the
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On the Relation of Metallic Powders to Electric Oscillations
1305:"Aleksandr Popov's Contributions to Wireless Communication"
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in the territory of school No. 2, named after the inventor.
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in his own laboratory. According to Ducretet, he built his
1411:
A picture of Popov's receiver appears on p. 207, fig. 12.2
1180:
16 March is the birthday of A. S. Popov 7 May – Radio Day
535:. The battleship had run aground on Hogland island in the
1498:, Volume 64, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company – 1960, p. 78
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about the life and work of Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
324:
Popov also read an 1894 article about British physicist
296:
Drawing of Popov's radio wave based lightning detector
2933:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian)
1747:
Connections: The EERI Oral History Series. Egor Popov
675:, Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications of the
583:
in the Gulf of Finland, were saved by the icebreaker
415:) suspended high in the air and to a ground (earth) (
313:) was intensified by his trip in 1893 to the Chicago
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Museum-cabinet and museum-apartment of A. S. Popov,
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236:. His work was based on that of another physicist,
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1509:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion
1484:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion
1467:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion
264:as the son of a priest, he became interested in
209:December 31, 1905] 1906) was a Russian
2938:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
1080:Memorial Museum of Radio Inventor A.S. Popov,
595:In 1905 he became seriously ill and died of a
463:One of Popov's receivers, with chart recorder
205:March 4] 1859 – January 13 [
1806:
1114:House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov,
1074:House-Museum of Alexander Stepanovich Popov,
419:). The antenna idea may have been based on a
8:
1439:Sterling, Christopher H. (2 December 2003),
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1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
800:Monument to A. S. Popov on the territory of
213:who was one of the first people to invent a
2821:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1396:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
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1098:A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications
367:In Popov's lightning detector the coherer (
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1813:
1799:
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1068:Museum of Radio named after A. S. Popova,
435:On 7 May 1895, Popov presented the paper "
63:
45:
1424:, The Minerva Group, Inc. 2001, pp. 37–38
1399:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 205–207.
2928:Saint Petersburg State University alumni
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1760:Alexander Popov: Russia's Radio Pioneer
1629:. Did A Russian Physicist Invent Radio?
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835:, Toulonskaya Alley, Yachtennaya Square
240:, and contemporaneous with the work of
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1051:International Telecommunication Union
363:Circuit of Popov's lightning detector
224:he had built that worked via using a
7:
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1575:. Infobase Publishing. p. 253.
1261:Smith-Rose, Reginald Leslie (2013).
821:The obelisk, a memorial stone and a
379:), and to a separate circuit with a
112:St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
2913:Physicists from the Russian Empire
1511:, MIT Press – 2001, p. 202 (notes)
1342:"Did Alexandr Popov invent radio?"
858:State Radio Engineering University
539:in November 1899. The crew of the
14:
2918:Inventors from the Russian Empire
1422:Alexander Popov Inventor of Radio
1043:Saint Petersburg State University
854:Bust of Popov at the entrance to
704:, Popov Square on Pushkin Street.
2866:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2456:Free-space optical communication
1613:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1124:
1106:
909:
893:
878:
863:
847:
838:Sign 100 years of radio (1997),
571:was freed from the rocks by the
176:
683:, Secretary General of the ITU.
2908:People from Verkhotursky Uyezd
1736:Engineering Pioneer Egor Popov
1641:"150th birthday of Popov A.S."
1269:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1267:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1:
1309:IEEE Engineering Hall of Fame
656:on the back side of the Moon.
305:) led him to further explore
23:Eastern Slavic naming customs
18:Russian physicist (1859–1906)
2842:Telecommunication portal
2623:Telecommunications equipment
1569:Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2014).
1393:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003).
315:World's Columbian Exposition
148:Order of Saint Stanislaus II
2359:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1707:"1 Ruble (Alexander Popov)"
1526:IEEE Global History Network
1443:, Routledge, p. 1820,
1372:declassified 8 January 2008
885:100 years sign of radio in
467:to record lightning strikes
274:Saint Petersburg University
187:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
76:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2959:
2903:People from Krasnoturyinsk
2063:Telecommunications history
1766:Short biographies of Popov
1219:All-Russia Exhibition 1896
616:made 7 May a new holiday,
423:and was an early use of a
199:Александр Степанович Попов
21:In this name that follows
20:
2830:
2671:Public Switched Telephone
2483:telecommunication circuit
2444:Fiber-optic communication
2189:Francis Blake (telephone)
1984:Optical telecommunication
1486:, MIT Press, 2001, p. 202
1162:Films about A. S. Popov:
1151:Books about A. S. Popov:
870:Monument to A.S.Popov in
814:Monument to A. S. Popov,
807:Monument to A. S. Popov,
793:Monument to A. S. Popov,
783:Monument to A. S. Popov,
776:Monument to A. S. Popov,
769:Monument to A. S. Popov,
762:Monument to A. S. Popov,
747:Monument to A. S. Popov,
737:Monument to A. S. Popov,
730:Monument to A. S. Popov,
723:Monument to A. S. Popov,
717:Monument to A. S. Popov,
707:Monument to A. S. Popov,
700:Monument to A. S. Popov,
693:Monument to A. S. Popov,
451:In 1895 Italian inventor
198:
175:
155:Russian Technical Society
62:
55:
2582:Orbital angular-momentum
2019:Satellite communications
1858:Communications satellite
1572:A to Z of STS Scientists
1049:With the support of the
952:, 1 Makarovskaya St., a
697:, Museum of Radiophysics
532:General-Admiral Apraksin
2461:Molecular communication
2284:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2113:Undersea telegraph line
1848:Cable protection system
1732:21 January 2012 at the
757:Moscow State University
751:, Alley of Scientists,
667:was inaugurated at the
2603:Communication protocol
2389:Charles Sumner Tainter
2204:Walter Houser Brattain
2149:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1957:Information revolution
1615:, 2003, vol. 1, p. 253
1166:Alexander Popov (film)
1148:
1041:, in the courtyard of
487:
468:
371:) was connected to an
364:
297:
2577:Polarization-division
2309:Narinder Singh Kapany
2274:Erna Schneider Hoover
2194:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2174:Alexander Graham Bell
1905:online video platform
1441:Encyclopedia of Radio
1349:NSA Technical Journal
1303:McKenna, Joe (2007).
1146:
922:Commemorative plaques
900:Monument to Popov in
481:
462:
362:
295:
201:; March 16 [
135:Order of St. Anna III
2419:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2379:Almon Brown Strowger
2349:Charles Grafton Page
2004:Prepaid mobile phone
1932:Electrical telegraph
647:Lyudmila Zhuravlyova
599:on 13 January 1906.
391:) which operated an
303:electrical resonance
252:Born in the town of
161:Order of St. Anna II
2369:Johann Philipp Reis
2128:Wireless revolution
2090:The Telephone Cases
1947:Hydraulic telegraph
1362:on 10 November 2013
1315:on 10 November 2013
759:n.a. M.V. Lomonosov
663:'s headquarters in
507:wireless telegraphy
355:Operating principle
345:mirror galvanometer
288:Radio wave receiver
234:St. Petersburg
189:(sometimes spelled
90:Turyinskiye Rudniki
2943:Russian scientists
2567:Frequency-division
2544:Telephone exchange
2414:Charles Wheatstone
2344:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2319:Innocenzo Manzetti
2254:Reginald Fessenden
1989:Optical telegraphy
1822:Telecommunications
1665:. 2009. p. 5.
1224:Invention of radio
1149:
916:1955 postage stamp
677:Russian Federation
562:naval headquarters
469:
365:
349:lightning detector
298:
222:lightning detector
2880:
2879:
2618:Store and forward
2613:Data transmission
2527:Network switching
2478:Transmission line
2324:Guglielmo Marconi
2289:Internet pioneers
2154:Mohamed M. Atalla
2123:Whistled language
1786:Grave of A. Popov
1762:by James P. Rybak
1522:"Aleksandr Popov"
1496:Electronics World
1473:, 2001, pp. 30–32
1170:biographical film
1133:
1119:
669:ITU Telecom World
453:Guglielmo Marconi
258:Sverdlovsk Oblast
242:Guglielmo Marconi
184:
183:
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2711:Notable networks
2701:Wireless network
2641:Cellular network
2633:Types of network
2608:Computer network
2495:Network topology
2409:Thomas A. Watson
2264:Oliver Heaviside
2249:Philo Farnsworth
2224:Daniel Davis Jr.
2199:Charles Bourseul
2159:John Logie Baird
1868:Data compression
1863:Computer network
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1263:"Alexandr Popov"
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1035:Saint Petersburg
1028:Saint Petersburg
1017:Saint Petersburg
1010:Saint Petersburg
1003:Saint Petersburg
996:Saint Petersburg
989:Saint Petersburg
982:Saint Petersburg
975:Saint Petersburg
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897:
882:
867:
851:
739:Saint Petersburg
673:Igor Shchyogolev
641:, discovered by
597:brain hemorrhage
567:By the time the
465:(white cylinder)
266:natural sciences
200:
180:
140:Silver medal of
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96:, Russian Empire
94:Perm Governorate
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2329:Robert Metcalfe
2184:Tim Berners-Lee
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1952:Information Age
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1734:Wayback Machine
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1118:in Popov street
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797:, st. Stoletova
695:Nizhny Novgorod
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537:Gulf of Finland
523:
495:Eugène Ducretet
433:
387:) and battery (
357:
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215:radio receiving
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106:
105:13 January 1906
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57:Александр Попов
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50:Alexander Popov
44:
19:
12:
11:
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2923:Radio pioneers
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2399:Camille Tissot
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2364:Tivadar Puskás
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2118:Videotelephony
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2014:Radiotelephone
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1780:External links
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1720:
1698:
1687:on 23 May 2015
1677:"About museum"
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1582:978-1438109251
1581:
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1507:Sungook Hong,
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1482:Sungook Hong,
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1465:Sungook Hong,
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2554:Multiplexing
2429:Transmission
2394:Nikola Tesla
2384:Henry Sutton
2339:Samuel Morse
2269:Robert Hooke
2234:Amos Dolbear
2169:John Bardeen
2088:
2068:Telautograph
1972:Mobile phone
1927:Edholm's law
1910:social media
1843:Broadcasting
1771:(in Russian)
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107:(1906-01-13)
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2898:1906 deaths
2893:1859 births
2754:NPL network
2466:Radio waves
2404:Alfred Vail
2314:Hedy Lamarr
2299:Dawon Kahng
2259:Elisha Gray
2219:Yogen Dalal
2144:Nasir Ahmed
2078:Teleprinter
1942:Heliographs
1643:colnect.com
1627:Dan Maloney
1554:21 December
1184:Numismatics
645:astronomer
628:Named after
573:icebreaker
499:transmitter
311:radio waves
35:family name
31:Stepanovich
2887:Categories
2800:Antarctica
2759:Toasternet
2681:Television
2164:Paul Baran
2096:Television
2080:(teletype)
2073:Telegraphy
2051:transistor
2029:Phryctoria
1999:Photophone
1977:Smartphone
1967:Mass media
1713:6 February
1647:6 February
1406:0471205052
1366:6 November
1319:6 November
1273:6 November
1235:References
1207:Egor Popov
1168:is a 1949
887:Sevastopol
840:Sevastopol
833:Kronshtadt
679:alongside
639:3074 Popov
552:(nowadays
521:Later work
248:Early life
82:1859-03-16
27:patronymic
2784:Americas
2773:Locations
2744:Internet2
2505:Bandwidth
2209:Vint Cerf
2106:streaming
2084:Telephone
2024:Semaphore
1915:streaming
1471:MIT Press
1240:Citations
1229:Radio Day
1192:Philately
1082:Kronstadt
1053:(ITU) in
968:Kronstadt
961:Kronstadt
950:Kronstadt
943:Kronstadt
936:Kronstadt
929:Kronstadt
809:Dalmatovo
771:Kronstadt
713:Radio Day
688:Monuments
618:Radio Day
608:Radio Day
581:drift ice
556:) on the
505:based on
477:invention
441:Radio Day
278:Kronstadt
260:, in the
230:Radio Day
211:physicist
171:Signature
153:Prize of
2852:Category
2739:Internet
2729:CYCLADES
2646:Ethernet
2596:Concepts
2520:terminal
2471:wireless
2294:Bob Kahn
2137:Pioneers
1962:Internet
1853:Cable TV
1730:Archived
1213:See also
1176:Holidays
732:Peterhof
725:Peterhof
671:2011 by
649:in 1979.
622:Cold War
569:Apraksin
545:Apraksin
541:Apraksin
515:wireless
503:receiver
475:for his
425:monopole
217:device.
2872:Commons
2862:Outline
2815:Oceania
2734:FidoNet
2719:ARPANET
2532:circuit
2101:digital
1830:History
1754:Sources
1532:21 July
1063:Museums
1058:center.
1046:Marble.
827:Hogland
789:Finland
652:Crater
558:Finnish
527:Hogland
511:devices
497:made a
373:antenna
340:coherer
317:in the
226:coherer
195:Russian
2810:Europe
2780:Africa
2764:Usenet
2724:BITNET
2661:Mobile
2537:packet
2046:MOSFET
2041:device
1838:Beacon
1691:31 May
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1200:Family
1158:Movies
1055:Geneva
954:gazebo
856:Ryazan
802:Odessa
795:Dnipro
764:Ryazan
749:Moscow
665:Geneva
643:Soviet
603:Honors
585:Yermak
575:Yermak
473:patent
405:chokes
191:Popoff
163:(1902)
157:(1898)
150:(1897)
144:(1896)
137:(1895)
128:Awards
25:, the
2793:South
2788:North
2749:JANET
2686:Telex
2676:Radio
2515:Nodes
2510:Links
2431:media
2009:Radio
1994:Pager
1922:Drums
1888:video
1883:image
1873:audio
1681:About
1588:6 May
1360:(PDF)
1345:(PDF)
1139:Books
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785:Kotka
654:Popov
591:Death
554:Kotka
381:relay
262:Urals
122:Radio
40:Popov
2805:Asia
2691:UUCP
2651:ISDN
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1693:2015
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1590:2018
1577:ISBN
1556:2020
1534:2011
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1368:2013
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1275:2013
1088:LETI
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550:Kymi
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72:Born
2696:WAN
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