2066:
505:. Conversely, Florence’s vocal exile community judged his rule as harsh, depraved, and incompetent, an assessment debated by historians. In 1535, the exiles enlisted Cardinal Ippolito to meet with Emperor Charles V to denounce Alessandro's government; however, en route to the meeting, Ippolito died under questionable circumstances. Rumors spread that he was poisoned on Alessandro's orders. After the exiles voiced their complaints to Charles, Florentine diplomat
450:
550:
49:
344:
538:
593:
Alessandro with a dagger several times while the Duke fought back to the point that he bit off a significant portion of one of
Lorenzino's fingers. Eventually, Alessandro succumbed to his wounds and Lorenzino and Scoronconcolo fled from the palace – after locking the door to the chamber to prevent their crime from being discovered too quickly."
473:. Clement’s choice increased tension between the Medici cousins; for the rest of Ippolito’s life, he spoke openly about wanting to overthrow Alessandro and lead Florence. Alessandro arrived in Florence to rule on 5 July 1531. Nine months later he was made hereditary duke by Charles, as Tuscany was technically part of the
488:
Duke
Alessandro’s government drew both praise and criticism. His “common sense and his feeling for justice won his subjects’ affection”; and he “enjoyed some status as the champion of the poor and the helpless, as ballads and novelle record.” He was also a patron of the arts, commissioning notable
480:
The
Florentine Constitution of 1532 consolidated Duke Alessandro’s power. While Clement lived, Alessandro ruled "with the advice of elected councils, trying to calm the nerves of the defeated republicans"; however, as his reign progressed he showed authoritarian tendencies. In 1534, he ordered
592:
On 5/6 January, the Night of
Epiphany, Lorenzino entrapped Duke Alessandro through the ruse of a promised sexual encounter with a beautiful widow. As Duke Alessandro waited alone and unarmed, Lorenzino and his servant Piero di Giovannabate, also called Scoronconcolo, ambushed him and "stabbed
413:. Unfortunately, Alessandro and Ippolito were “alike in one respect only, their mutual hatred of each other.” They openly feuded throughout their short lives. Passerini was extremely unpopular with the anti-Medici faction in Florence, as well as with members of the Medici family such as
310:, the court historian of the Medicean grand duchy writes that "...some whose authority is credible and that have obtained this secret from penetralia servants, think he was son of Clement, born of a servant of the house when he was a knight of Saint John."
509:
responded, “his
Excellency’s virtue, his fame, the opinion of him held throughout the city, of his prudence, of his virtuous habits, are a sufficient reply". Emperor Charles dismissed the complaints, continuing to support Alessandro.
1499:
Baker, Nicholas Scott. 2010. "Power and
Passion in Sixteenth-century Florence: The Sexual and Political Reputations of Alessandro and Cosimo I De' Medici". Journal of the History of Sexuality 19 (3). University of Texas Press:
440:
were advised to leave the city with
Cardinal Passerini. Many of the Medicis’ main supporters fled Florence; but eight-year-old Catherine de' Medici was left behind. Alessandro lived in exile for the next three years.
421:. She disparaged not only Passerini but Alessandro as well, calling him unworthy of the family name. Outrage over the Medici-backed Passerini regency led to a popular revolt four years later.
2754:
607:
Lorenzino, in a declaration published later, said that he had killed
Alessandro to preserve the Republic of Florence. When Florence's anti-Medici faction failed to rise, Lorenzino fled to
708:
733:
Origins of legislative sovereignty and the legislative state: Modern origins,developments, and perspectives against the
Background of "Machiavelism".Book I: Pre-Modern "Machiavelism"
278:
to rule
Florence as a hereditary monarch, Alessandro was also the last Medici from the senior line of the family to lead the city. His assassination at the hands of distant cousin
1577:
Brackett, John (2005) "Race and Rulership: Alessandro de' Medici, first Medici Duke of Florence, 1529–1537," in T.F. Earle and K.J.P. Lowe,
1532:
1605:
online page discussing his ancestry, and his heirs (Note: this article is known to contain at least one elementary error, involving the well-known Medici tombs.). Updated in
390:(1519); and eventually Pope Leo X (1521). This prompted Cardinal Giulio (then Gran Maestro of Florence, later Pope Clement VII), to relocate the remaining Medici heirs to
340:
too, described this rumour as unfounded, instead tracing Alessandro's mother to a peasant from the Roman countryside who would later go on to marry a carrier from Lazio.
1910:
596:
For fear of starting an uprising if news of his death became public, Medici officials wrapped Alessandro's corpse in a carpet and secretly carried it to the cemetery of
1513:, J. M.ª y Gutiérrez Baños, F. (coords.), Estudios de historia del arte. Homenaje al profesor De la Plaza Santiago. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. pp. 161–66.
485:, “to secure the Medici’s control of the city following their recent return after the Siege of Florence, and to provide lodging for a massive contingent of troops.”
409:
When Cardinal Giulio became Pope Clement VII in 1523, he left leadership of Florence to Alessandro and Ippolito, under the regency of Papal representative Cardinal
332:. French author Jean Nestor reported in the 1560s that the claim of a Moorish slave origin was a false rumor first spread by Alessandro's exiled enemies in Naples.
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225:
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1978:
1509:
Cfr. Pascual Molina, JesĂşs F. (2009). "Alexander Florentiae Dux: el primer duque de Florencia y el Imperio. Muerte, polĂtica y arte" en
2598:
2393:
1452:
1398:
1326:
1108:
944:
788:
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1905:
402:, (later Vice-Chancellor of the Catholic Church). In 1522, Cardinal Giulio purchased the title 'Duke of Penne' for Alessandro from
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2195:
2004:
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627:
522:
187:
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462:
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and Cardinal Giulio de’ Medici. During those years, a number of unexpected deaths occurred in the Medici family’s senior line:
267:
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troops, Alessandro was named head of state. Pope Clement VII chose him for the position over Ippolito, who was made
2749:
2185:
2030:
1815:
1795:
703:
65:
2230:
2155:
1533:"A Renaissance Mystery Solved: Lorenzino de' Medici's assassination was ordered by the Emperor Charles V Habsburg"
2301:
2175:
2160:
2100:
2025:
1790:
1606:
878:
874:
585:
2276:
2165:
2135:
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2363:
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611:, where he was killed in 1548 at the direct orders of Emperor Charles V. Florence's Medici supporters – called
375:
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1810:
647:
353:
348:
295:
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558:
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279:
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2009:
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329:
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506:
437:
333:
103:
93:
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299:
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635:
526:
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199:
193:
130:
294:
Born in Florence, Alessandro was recognized by a plurality of his contemporaries as the only son of
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2650:
1836:
1554:
651:
429:
425:
317:
30:
This article is about the first Duke of Florence. For the Alessandro de' Medici who was pope, see
2701:
2322:
1586:
The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
1566:
1391:
The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
1081:
765:
The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
399:
283:
1963:
1943:
449:
2469:
2442:
2130:
1958:
1948:
1514:
1448:
1394:
1104:
1032:
940:
917:
897:
818:
784:
737:
514:
498:
482:
474:
357:. Motto: "Non buelvo sin vencer" (old Spanish for "I shall not return without victory") (From
307:
302:"the Magnificent". Others believed him to be the illegitimate son of Giulio de' Medici (later
179:
159:
147:
812:
2691:
2681:
2640:
2150:
1973:
1888:
1857:
1754:
1733:
1628:
1366:
1159:
1143:
1073:
631:
580:
562:
518:
410:
321:
303:
229:
73:
1464:
1352:
2552:
2536:
1968:
1677:
1654:
1484:
971:
572:
494:
414:
391:
275:
1330:
1240:
Glory and Infamy: Making the Memory of Duke Alessandro de' Medici in Renaissance Florence
374:
Alessandro spent his early childhood in Rome, where he received a humanist education by
2676:
2671:
2494:
2389:
2200:
1953:
604:, Spain, at the imperial court of Charles V, a solemn funeral was held for Alessandro.
490:
466:
454:
325:
320:, present two hypotheses as to Alessandro de Medici's ancestry: he was "rumoured to be
263:
2723:
2266:
2087:
1085:
61:
549:
477:. This ended the Florentine Republic and started over 200 years of Medici monarchy.
17:
2635:
2452:
2410:
2398:
2271:
2235:
975:
967:
889:
671:
537:
428:
in 1527, a faction of Florentines overthrew the Medici and installed a theocratic,
358:
337:
48:
1426:
1257:
1194:
513:
In 1536, Emperor Charles kept a promise to Pope Clement by marrying his daughter,
934:
778:
731:
258:(22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537), nicknamed "il Moro" due to his dark complexion,
2645:
2619:
2573:
2384:
1899:
1862:
567:
247:
31:
1367:"Alessandro de' Medici, 1512-1537, 1st Duke of Florence 1523 [obverse]"
561:, "Lorenzaccio" ("bad Lorenzo"), assassinated him. The event is the subject of
2479:
1882:
1852:
1718:
879:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/mediciupdate.html
875:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/mediciupdate.html
601:
379:
2593:
2510:
2474:
612:
343:
313:
His nickname "il Moro" is attributed to his relatively dark pigmentation.
1077:
517:, to Duke Alessandro. He seems to have remained faithful to one mistress,
2348:
620:
271:
126:
57:
1062:"Mistaken Identities?: Alessandro de' Medici and the Question of "Race""
699:"Africans in Medieval & Renaissance Art: Duke Alessandro de' Medici"
2686:
2353:
210:
2338:
643:
608:
542:
215:
846:"The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Alessandro De Medici"
1646:
630:(aged four at the time of his father's death) married to Angelica
548:
536:
448:
342:
615:
from the balls on the Medici arms – ensured that power passed to
259:
1650:
1353:"Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence – the Medici Family"
1313:"The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence"
1181:"The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence"
1125:"The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence"
557:
In 1537, Duke Alessandro's distant cousin and close friend
1243:(PhD thesis). The City University of New York. p. 10.
814:
Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes
626:
Alessandro was survived by two illegitimate children: son
324:
son by either a Moorish slave or a peasant woman from the
1465:"Lorenzino de' Medici | Italian writer and assassin"
1103:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–40.
619:, the first of the "junior" branch of the Medici to rule
1006:
The Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti
1445:
Medici Women: Portraits of Power, Love, and Betrayal
1221:"Queens of Infamy: The Rise of Catherine de' Medici"
988:
Histoire des hommes illustres de la maison de Medici
2664:
2628:
2612:
2586:
2561:
2545:
2524:
2503:
2430:
2423:
2377:
2331:
2310:
2244:
2086:
2079:
2044:
2018:
1987:
1871:
1845:
1824:
1776:
1753:
1691:
1684:
525:(c. 1533/37–1600), who had illegitimate issue, and
243:
235:
221:
209:
178:
153:
136:
113:
109:
99:
89:
79:
72:
54:
Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici, duke of Florence
41:
398:, (later Queen Consort of France); and his cousin
2755:16th-century people from the Republic of Florence
1160:"The Tragedies of the Medici, by Edgcumbe Staley"
966:So named because for being a native or living in
1002:"ALESSANDRO de' Medici, primo duca di Firenze"
1662:
394:, near Florence: Alessandro; his half-sister
328:". His mother was identified in documents as
306:), but at the time that was a minority view.
8:
869:
867:
767:(London: Bodley Head, 2016), pp. 16, 280–81.
1031:. Manchester: Carcanet Press. p. 192.
970:, a small town in the historical region of
2427:
2083:
2052:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
1688:
1669:
1655:
1647:
1612:
274:from 1530 to his death in 1537. The first
47:
38:
1066:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
541:Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici in the
1384:
1382:
1380:
1307:
1305:
1282:
1232:
1230:
1175:
1173:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
916:, p. 9 (Oxford University Press, 2008),
363:Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose
1447:. University of Toronto Press, p. 233.
1413:
1270:
1252:
1250:
663:
1559:The House of Medici, Its Rise and Fall
1008:. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
936:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
780:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
453:Portrait of Alessandro de’ Medici, by
2780:Assassinated heads of state in Europe
1579:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe.
693:
691:
689:
388:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
7:
1427:"Alessandro | duke of Florence"
1258:"Alessandro | duke of Florence"
894:World's Great Men of Color, Volume 2
600:, where it was hurriedly buried. In
384:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
282:caused the title of Duke to pass to
1480:"'Lorenzaccio': Murder Most Medici"
1393:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
939:. Harper Perennial. pp. 236–.
783:. Harper Perennial. pp. 151–.
711:from the original on 5 January 2019
672:"Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici"
286:, from the family's junior branch.
2599:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
2431:Painters, sculptors and architects
461:In 1530, after a nearly ten month
226:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
27:Duke of Florence from 1532 to 1537
25:
2775:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
2504:Poets and other literary figures
2064:
1607:A View on Race and the Art World
1478:Marks, Peter (25 January 2005).
2770:16th-century monarchs in Europe
503:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
268:Duke of the Florentine Republic
168:
2785:16th-century murdered monarchs
1060:Gallucci, Mary (Summer 2015).
521:, who bore his only children:
1:
2760:16th-century Italian nobility
2682:Stories set to music: "opera"
404:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1584:Fletcher, Catherine (2016).
1389:Fletcher, Catherine (2020).
1127:. March 2016. Archived from
1101:The Black Prince of Florence
1099:Fletcher, Catherine (2016).
933:Christopher Hibbert (2003).
896:, p. 31 (Touchstone, 1996),
777:Christopher Hibbert (2003).
674:. Philadelphia Museum of Art
2458:Michelangelo and the Medici
2302:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
2252:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
1443:Langdon, Gabrielle (2006).
1145:The Tragedies of the Medici
1027:Bedini, Silvano A. (1997).
914:Murder of a Medici Princess
817:. McFarland. pp. 74–.
811:George L. Williams (2004).
481:construction of Florence’s
378:, under the supervision of
84:1 May 1532 – 6 January 1537
2801:
2525:Humanists and philosophers
2277:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
704:Victoria and Albert Museum
270:(from 1532), was ruler of
66:Philadelphia Museum of Art
29:
2062:
2026:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
1709:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
1635:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1201:. Encyclopedia Britannica
330:Simonetta da Collevecchio
316:Some historians, such as
239:Simonetta da Collevecchio
46:
1285:, pp. 482, 513–514.
376:Pierio Valeriano Bolzani
2765:Italian Roman Catholics
2257:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1988:Bishops and archbishops
1431:Encyclopedia Britannica
1237:Tracy E. Robey (2012).
730:A. London Fell (1993).
2604:Order of Saint Stephen
2485:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
1778:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
1531:Leeds, University of.
586:The Revenger's Tragedy
554:
546:
507:Francesco Guicciardini
458:
366:
334:University of Florence
2404:Cappella dei Principi
2311:Fountains and gardens
1763:Alessandro "The Moor"
1745:Alessandro "The Moor"
1296:"History of Florence"
1078:10.1353/jem.2015.0023
648:Bernadetto de' Medici
638:, married firstly to
589:, among other works.
552:
540:
452:
419:Piero the Unfortunate
349:Alessandro de' Medici
346:
296:Lorenzo II de' Medici
256:Alessandro de' Medici
42:Alessandro de' Medici
2569:Emilio de' Cavalieri
2532:Pico della Mirandola
2490:Jacopo della Quercia
2465:Bernardo Buontalenti
2448:Filippo Brunelleschi
2438:Bartolomeo Ammannati
2287:Palazzo delle Vedove
1719:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
1600:Alessandro de Medici
1555:Hibbert, Christopher
1333:on 26 September 2021
1223:. 27 September 2018.
1148:. Project Gutenberg.
912:Caroline P. Murphy,
763:Catherine Fletcher,
579:; and the basis for
559:Lorenzino de' Medici
131:Republic of Florence
18:Alessandro de Medici
2594:Medici coat of arms
2516:Niccolò Machiavelli
1979:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
1571:History of Florence
1567:Schevill, Ferdinand
1327:"Fortezza da Basso"
1273:, pp. 250–252.
1131:on 28 January 2021.
1029:The Pope's Elephant
707:. 13 January 2011.
553:Margaret of Austria
515:Margaret of Austria
438:Ippolito de' Medici
318:Christopher Hibbert
104:Cosimo I de' Medici
94:Ippolito de' Medici
2323:Villa di Pratolino
1699:Cosimo "The Elder"
1142:Staley, Edgcumbe.
652:Prince of Ottajano
640:Francesco Cantelmo
555:
547:
459:
367:
354:DĂĽrer's Rhinoceros
300:Lorenzo de' Medici
284:Cosimo I de Medici
2750:Dukes of Florence
2717:
2716:
2656:Arazzeria Medicea
2582:
2581:
2470:Leonardo da Vinci
2443:Sandro Botticelli
2419:
2418:
2359:San Piero a Sieve
2060:
2059:
1959:Bernardo Salviati
1949:Giovanni Salviati
1755:Dukes of Florence
1714:Piero "The Brief"
1704:Piero "The Gouty"
1692:Lords of Florence
1645:
1644:
1636:Succeeded by
1519:978-84-8448-521-6
1164:www.gutenberg.org
1038:978-1-85754-277-6
922:978-0-19-531439-7
873:{{cite web |url=
824:978-0-7864-2071-1
743:978-0-275-93975-5
527:Giulia de' Medici
523:Giulio de' Medici
499:Benvenuto Cellini
483:Fortezza da Basso
475:Holy Roman Empire
463:siege of Florence
436:. Alessandro and
322:Cardinal Giulio's
308:Scipione Ammirato
253:
252:
200:Porzia de' Medici
194:Giulia de' Medici
188:Giulio de' Medici
160:Margaret of Parma
148:Duchy of Florence
16:(Redirected from
2792:
2692:Pazzi conspiracy
2651:Venus de' Medici
2641:Medici porcelain
2511:Agnolo Poliziano
2428:
2186:Poggio Imperiale
2084:
2074:
2068:
2000:Bernardo Antonio
1974:Ferrante Gonzaga
1825:Queens of France
1689:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1629:Duke of Florence
1621:Preceded by
1613:
1589:
1574:
1562:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1522:
1511:Parrado del Olmo
1507:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1329:. Archived from
1323:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1057:
1044:
1042:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1000:Spini, Giorgio.
997:
991:
984:
978:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
930:
924:
910:
904:
887:
881:
871:
862:
861:
859:
857:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
774:
768:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
695:
684:
683:
681:
679:
668:
581:Thomas Middleton
563:Alfred de Musset
519:Taddea Malaspina
445:Duke of Florence
411:Silvio Passerini
304:Pope Clement VII
230:Pope Clement VII
172:
170:
143:
123:
121:
85:
74:Duke of Florence
64:, c. 1534–1535,
51:
39:
21:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2745:House of Medici
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2660:
2624:
2608:
2578:
2557:
2553:Galileo Galilei
2541:
2537:Marsilio Ficino
2520:
2499:
2415:
2373:
2327:
2318:Medici fountain
2306:
2240:
2126:Poggio a Caiano
2075:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2040:
2014:
1983:
1969:Lorenzo Strozzi
1964:Niccolò Ridolfi
1944:Luigi de' Rossi
1938:
1931:Francesco Maria
1867:
1841:
1820:
1772:
1749:
1680:
1678:House of Medici
1675:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1596:
1583:
1565:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1485:Washington Post
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
999:
998:
994:
990:, 1564, p. 187.
985:
981:
965:
961:
951:
949:
947:
932:
931:
927:
911:
907:
888:
884:
872:
865:
855:
853:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
825:
810:
809:
805:
795:
793:
791:
776:
775:
771:
762:
758:
748:
746:
744:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
697:
696:
687:
677:
675:
670:
669:
665:
660:
634:, and daughter
573:Alexandre Dumas
535:
495:Jacopo Pontormo
447:
415:Clarice Strozzi
392:Poggio a Caiano
372:
292:
205:
174:
171: 1536)
166:
162:
145:
141:
125:
119:
117:
83:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Galilean moons
2674:
2672:Medici giraffe
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
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2623:
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2616:
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2610:
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2596:
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2565:
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2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2495:Giorgio Vasari
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2445:
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2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2390:Medici Chapels
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
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2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
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2314:
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2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Palazzo Madama
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Montevettolini
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Innocenzo Cybo
1951:
1946:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
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1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1774:
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1765:
1759:
1757:
1751:
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1731:
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1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
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1676:
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1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:Regnal titles
1611:
1610:
1595:
1594:External links
1592:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1563:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1523:
1502:
1492:
1470:
1456:
1436:
1418:
1416:, p. 254.
1406:
1399:
1376:
1358:
1344:
1318:
1301:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1246:
1226:
1212:
1186:
1169:
1151:
1134:
1116:
1109:
1091:
1045:
1037:
1019:
992:
979:
959:
945:
925:
905:
882:
863:
837:
823:
803:
789:
769:
756:
742:
722:
685:
662:
661:
659:
656:
646:, and then to
642:, the Duke of
534:
531:
491:Giorgio Vasari
455:Giorgio Vasari
446:
443:
417:, daughter of
371:
368:
326:Roman Campagna
298:, grandson of
291:
288:
266:and the first
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
223:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
204:
203:
202:(illegitimate)
197:
196:(illegitimate)
191:
190:(illegitimate)
184:
182:
176:
175:
164:
158:
157:
155:
151:
150:
144:(aged 26)
140:6 January 1537
138:
134:
133:
115:
111:
110:
107:
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101:
97:
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91:
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52:
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26:
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2319:
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2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Palazzo Pitti
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Cerreto Guidi
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Collesalvetti
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2072:Festina Lente
2067:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:(Clement VII)
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Ferdinando II
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:(Clement VII)
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
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1690:
1687:
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1658:
1653:
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1649:
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1631:
1630:
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1614:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:0-8020-3825-5
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1400:9780190092146
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1315:. March 2016.
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:Schevill 1936
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1183:. March 2016.
1182:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1110:9780190612726
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
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1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
989:
986:Jean Nestor,
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
963:
960:
948:
946:0-688-00339-7
942:
938:
937:
929:
926:
923:
919:
915:
909:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Rogers, J. A.
886:
883:
880:
876:
870:
868:
864:
851:
847:
841:
838:
826:
820:
816:
815:
807:
804:
792:
790:0-688-00339-7
786:
782:
781:
773:
770:
766:
760:
757:
745:
739:
735:
734:
726:
723:
710:
706:
705:
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694:
692:
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686:
673:
667:
664:
657:
655:
653:
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637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
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614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
594:
590:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
551:
544:
539:
533:Assassination
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
486:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
465:supported by
464:
456:
451:
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
345:
341:
339:
338:Giorgio Spini
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
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208:
201:
198:
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177:
161:
156:
152:
149:
139:
135:
132:
128:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:oil on canvas
59:
56:, painted by
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2636:Medici lions
2613:Institutions
2453:Michelangelo
2411:Old Sacristy
2399:New Sacristy
2272:Villa Medici
2196:L'Ambrogiana
2181:Arena Metato
2071:
2031:Don Giovanni
1939:
1921:Giovan Carlo
1911:Ferdinando I
1878:
1816:Gian Gastone
1796:Ferdinando I
1762:
1744:
1627:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1558:
1536:
1526:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1483:
1473:
1459:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1414:Hibbert 1999
1409:
1390:
1370:
1361:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1321:
1290:
1278:
1271:Hibbert 1999
1266:
1239:
1215:
1205:11 September
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1195:"Alessandro"
1189:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1137:
1129:the original
1119:
1100:
1094:
1069:
1065:
1028:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
987:
982:
976:Papal States
968:Collevecchio
962:
950:. Retrieved
935:
928:
913:
908:
893:
885:
854:. Retrieved
840:
828:. Retrieved
813:
806:
794:. Retrieved
779:
772:
764:
759:
747:. Retrieved
732:
725:
713:. Retrieved
702:
676:. Retrieved
666:
625:
606:
595:
591:
584:
576:
566:
556:
512:
487:
479:
460:
432:-influenced
426:Sack of Rome
423:
408:
373:
362:
359:Paolo Giovio
352:
315:
312:
293:
255:
254:
142:(1537-01-06)
124:22 July 1510
53:
36:
2740:1537 crimes
2735:1537 deaths
2730:1510 births
2646:Medici Vase
2620:Medici Bank
2574:Jacopo Peri
2394:San Lorenzo
2385:Magi Chapel
2019:Condottieri
1940:female line
1858:Clement VII
1791:Francesco I
1371:www.nga.gov
736:. Praeger.
598:San Lorenzo
568:Lorenzaccio
424:During the
351:, based on
280:Lorenzaccio
248:Catholicism
90:Predecessor
32:Pope Leo XI
2724:Categories
2697:Savonarola
2546:Scientists
2480:Michelozzo
2332:Fortresses
2176:Marignolle
2156:Camugliano
2151:La Petraia
2146:Spedaletto
2136:Mezzomonte
2096:Cafaggiolo
1900:Alessandro
1811:Cosimo III
1729:Lorenzo II
1633:1532–1537
1623:new office
1199:Britannica
1012:16 January
902:0684815826
856:22 October
830:12 January
749:12 January
658:References
602:Valladolid
430:Savonarola
380:Pope Leo X
370:Early life
347:Emblem of
336:historian
146:Florence,
120:1510-07-22
2702:TV series
2562:Musicians
2475:Donatello
2424:Patronage
2231:Seravezza
2166:La Topaia
2116:La Quiete
2080:Buildings
2045:Genealogy
1936:Francesco
1879:male line
1872:Cardinals
1801:Cosimo II
1086:153239187
1072:(3): 44.
974:, in the
852:. c. 1995
850:Frontline
632:Malaspina
613:Palleschi
577:Lorenzino
489:works by
396:Catherine
100:Successor
2707:episodes
2587:Heraldry
2369:Volterra
2349:Piombino
2344:Grosseto
2297:Materdei
2221:Artimino
2201:La MĂ gia
2131:Castello
2005:Giuliano
1926:Leopoldo
1906:Giovanni
1902:(Leo XI)
1895:Ippolito
1883:Giovanni
1832:Caterina
1786:Cosimo I
1768:Cosimo I
1740:Ippolito
1724:Giuliano
1639:Cosimo I
1569:(1936).
1557:(1999).
1337:16 April
709:Archived
621:Florence
583:’s play
565:’s play
471:cardinal
434:Republic
400:Ippolito
386:(1516);
272:Florence
244:Religion
127:Florence
58:Pontormo
2687:Albizzi
2665:Related
2378:Chapels
2354:Pistoia
2282:Livorno
2245:Palaces
2211:Coltano
2206:Liliano
2191:Lapeggi
2161:Stabbia
2111:Fiesole
2106:Careggi
2101:Trebbio
2036:Mattias
1995:Filippo
1885:(Leo X)
1548:Sources
1500:432–57.
952:10 June
796:10 June
575:’ play
467:Spanish
457:(1534).
365:, 1557)
173:
165:
2339:Arezzo
2236:Madama
2141:Agnano
2088:Villas
2010:Zanobi
1889:Giulio
1863:Leo XI
1734:Giulio
1685:People
1517:
1451:
1397:
1107:
1084:
1035:
972:Sabina
943:
920:
900:
821:
787:
740:
650:, the
644:Popoli
636:Giulia
628:Giulio
617:Cosimo
609:Venice
543:Uffizi
501:, and
276:Medici
236:Mother
222:Father
216:Medici
154:Spouse
2364:Siena
1916:Carlo
1853:Leo X
1846:Popes
1837:Maria
1537:PRLog
1082:S2CID
715:6 May
678:7 May
264:Penne
228:, or
211:House
180:Issue
167:(
163:
80:Reign
2292:Pisa
2226:Buti
1515:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1339:2023
1207:2021
1105:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1014:2022
954:2022
941:ISBN
918:ISBN
898:ISBN
858:2022
832:2012
819:ISBN
798:2022
785:ISBN
751:2012
738:ISBN
717:2018
680:2023
290:Life
260:Duke
137:Died
114:Born
2629:Art
1603:PBS
1074:doi
361:'s
262:of
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2392:,
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