931:
648:, the colonies gather along Pacific coastlines of Alaska and Russia. More precisely, breeding colonies have been located along the coast of Chukchi Sea (western Alaska), on the Seward Peninsula and Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta along the Alaska Peninsula, in the Aleutian Island, in the Kodiak Archipelago, on the Kenai Peninsula and Copper River delta, and along the Gulf of Alaska. The current worldwide minimum breeding population has been estimated at 31 000 birds, with most colonies occurring in the Siberian region of Russia (25 602 birds in 89 colonies) and the remaining 18% occurring in Alaska (5 529 birds in 111 colonies). However, within the last decade, there have been reports of colony declines and disappearances at individual sites in Alaska.
46:
896:
844:
because of their small webs and short legs. Aleutian terns usually forage in shallow water, including tidal rips, along rivers, and over inshore marine waters. Occasionally adults and fledgling juveniles catch insects by hawking over freshwater ponds. This species can forage in nearshore marine waters up to 11 km (6.8 mi) offshore from Seward
Peninsula, and up to 50 km (31 mi) offshore from other colonies. Individuals occasionally attempt to steal fish from other adults bringing fish to chicks. Aleutian terns are skilled flyers and can take insects out of the air while flying.
655:, and although the wintering range is poorly known, it is believed to lie off Indonesia and Malaysia. Small flocks of the species have been increasingly sighted in coastal areas around Hong Kong in spring and fall, around Singapore and Indonesia between October and April, and in coastal waters of Java, Bali and Sulawesi during December. The regular appearance of Aleutian terns in fall off Hong Kong suggests one possible route for southbound migrants. The Aleutian tern stands out from its congeners because it is the only species to show an annual migratory behaviour between a
496:
109:
231:
84:
633:
31:
736:). In 2007, an Aleutian tern Working Group was organized in Alaska in order to examine the necessity to develop an accurate population estimation method and therefore prioritizing the management of the species and the identification of its migration pathway. In 2010, they began to deploy geolocators on Aleutians terns from colonies in
778:
The eggs typically have an elongate ovate shape and range from 40–46 mm (1.6–1.8 in) length. Their color ranges from a clay/olive green to a honey yellow, they tend to be darker than eggs of other terns. Distinctive large and smaller black spots are irregularly marked over the egg. After a
479:
Breeding adult and juvenile are the only plumages likely to be encountered in North
America. Breeding adult (definitive alternate plumage) has a white forehead, a black cap, a mid-grey mantle with darkish grey underparts, and white rump and tail. Its underwing is whitish, with dark-tipped primaries
766:
if their habitat is sufficiently stable. Pairs form on the breeding area, shortly after arrival. The pairs build the nest during the last half of May and first half of June, shortly before egg-laying. The typical clutch size is 2 eggs (occasionally 1 or 3). The nest is a shallow depression usually
699:
Trends in the
Aleutian tern distribution indicates that overall, the species seems to undergo rapid declines over generations. Indeed, the numbers at known colonies in Alaska have declined 8.1% annually since 1960, which corresponds to 92.9% over three generations, with large colonies experiencing
843:
mostly by flying, hovering low over water and swooping down or surface-dipping into the water to take their food from the surface. Only contact- and surface-dipping have been observed, even in places where other species have been seen plunge-diving. Indeed, terns are considered as poor swimmers
872:
are settled within loose mixed-species colonies. Monospecific colonies or isolated pairs are rare. Colony size usually ranges from 4–150 pairs, but up to 700 pairs on
Sakhalin Island (Siberia). The Aleutian terns frequently nests with Arctic Terns in Alaska and Common Terns in Siberia. It also
487:
of the non-breeding adult (definitive basic plumage) is poorly known. It is thought to be similar to plumage of the breeding adult. It has white underparts, a white speckled crown, and a gray tail with white sides. Whereas the forehead bar disappears in winter, the dark secondary bar remains.
315:
has not been thoroughly studied yet. If its winter migratory range was completely unknown until the late 1980s; it is now known that many
Aleutian terns spend the winter near the Equator in the western Pacific. The Aleutian tern breeds in wide-ranging coastal colonies only in
1967:
Mickelson, P. G., J. S. Hawkings, D. R. Herter and S. M. Murphy (1980). Habitat use by birds and other wildlife on the eastern Copper River Delta, Alaska (Report) – via
University of Alaska, Fairbanks: Unpub. rep., Alaska Coop. Wildl. Res.
744:
actions for the species. Further research should focus on the monitoring of populations and colonies in Alaska, Russia and South
Pacific regions and the understanding of the main causes of the recent decline of the species.
470:
The
Aleutian tern is medium-sized tern (32–39 cm (13–15 in) long), with a 75–80 cm (30–31 in) wingspan, a short pointed bill and a long, deeply forked tail. It weighs 84–140 g (2.9–5.0 oz).
1764:
Winker, Kevin; McCracken, Kevin G.; Gibson, Daniel D.; Pruett, Christin L.; Meier, Rose; Huettmann, Falk; Wege, Michael; Kulikova, Irina V.; Zhuravlev, Yuri N.; Perdue, Michael L.; Spackman, Erica (April 2007).
814:
The
Aleutian tern pre-courtship flights have been described in literature. Beginning on May, several terns participate in a synchronous ascending spiral flight, before the beginning of courtship in early June.
491:
Lee described juveniles with a white collar, extensive white forehead, white underparts, and gray tail with white outer web of outer tail-feather. They usually do not have clear dark bar on their secondaries.
810:
of the
Aleutian tern has never been thoroughly described, but all terns are thought to display the same strategies of courtship: ceremonial “fish flight,” “low flight,” “high flight,” and ground “parade”.
708:. Moreover, wintering area in Southeast Asia could be related to breeding population declines because this region undergoes several ecological stresses from unregulated fishing, coastal development, and
779:
three-week incubation period, the eggs hatch from early June until late July. Several days after hatching, young birds move to taller vegetation before moving with adults to staging areas along coast (
767:
built on low vegetation such as mosses, lichens, field horsetail, cottongrass, hairgrass or coastal bluegrass. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks, although the female does more
884:
is frequently chased at colonies and often excluded from mixed-species foraging areas by Arctic terns. The latter can also jeopardize the Aleutian tern foraging activity by stealing its food.
798:, which, like most white terns, are fiercely defensive of their nest and young and will attack large predators. The Aleutian tern, however, is not aggressive in defence of its nests or young.
700:
greater declines than small colonies. The Aleutian tern has therefore been listed as a “Vulnerable” species. Precise factors of declines are unclear but likely include habitat modification,
790:
Aleutian terns are easily disturbed from nests. As soon as an intrusion is detected, the adults fly off the nest. They are much slower at returning to nests after being disturbed than are
507:
Molt strategies are very poorly known in the Aleutian tern but are presumably similar to those of other medium-sized, northern-breeding, migratory terns, such as the much better-studied
1199:
Bridge, E. S., A. W. Jones and A. J. Baker. (2005a). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: Implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution".
819:
do not always copulate at the colony; indeed, Mickelson et al. observed Aleutian terns that were courting on surrounding beaches of the Copper River Delta (Alaska), away from colonies.
480:
and a diagnostic dark bar on the secondaries. The Aleutian tern has a black bill as well as black legs. There are no significant differences between the male and the female.
1075:; however, breeding success in the species is lower in the absence of Arctic terns as they often rely on their aggressivity to chase potential predators from the colony.
2046:
1979:
1887:
1713:
1234:
860:. They mostly fly above the ocean rather than above mainland. Similarly to other terns species, the Aleutian tern walks relatively slowly because of its short legs.
2724:
2488:
1067:
If Aleutian terns frequently fly high over the colony when disturbed by humans, they can nonetheless aggressively chase avian predators (but not as aggressively as
2803:
2553:
712:. Aleutian terns are very sensitive to disturbance at colonies and may seasonally or even permanently abandon their colonies in response to human disturbance.
1175:
1253:"Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds"
2778:
930:
2711:
2452:
1948:
Baird, P. A. and R. A. Moe. (1978). "The breeding biology and feeding ecology of marine birds in the Sitkalidak Strait area, Kodiak Island, 1977".
297:, which it closely resembles. While both species have a black cap, the Aleutian tern may be distinguished by its white forehead (although juvenile
2737:
2501:
1727:
Corcoran, Robin (2012). "Aleutian Tern counts from seabird colony and nearshore marine bird surveys in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska 1975–2012".
2793:
895:
2579:
2685:
721:
1822:
1386:
733:
2798:
2750:
2618:
1173:
A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution
2788:
2426:
2255:
729:
2742:
2506:
1151:
2540:
852:
Aleutian terns fly very gracefully; their flight is strong and undeviating, and their wing beats are slower than those of
587:
The Aleutian tern is associated with different calls reported in the literature. Their call can be distinguished from the
2808:
2314:
663:
breeding in Alaska appear to have a connection to East Asia. In December 2017, they were spotted for the first time on
2364:
108:
2558:
2444:
1172:
324:. Although Alaskan and Siberian populations are not well monitored, both are thought to be in significant decline.
2703:
2305:
771:
and less fishing than her partner. Aleutian terns are reported to spend less time brooding chicks than do
2227:"Arctic and Aleutian Terns." In The breeding biology and feeding ecology of marine birds in the Gulf of Alaska
892:
Eggs and chicks of the Aleutian tern have been reported to be preyed on by the following list of predators:
2229:. Final Rep. Principal Invest.: Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf. pp. 349–380.
220:
2351:
2267:
2369:
2040:
1881:
1707:
1228:
705:
203:
1849:
1836:
1128:
1692:"Assessing the breeding distribution and population trends of the Aleutian tern Onychoprion aleuticus"
2783:
2755:
2623:
2413:
2343:
2325:
1973:
1902:
1654:
1016:
741:
607:
725:
1036:
73:
2532:
687:, either on isolated rocky islands or along coasts, often near river mouths. The Aleutian tern is
2610:
2239:
2204:
2131:
1618:
1527:
1477:
1084:
255:
103:
88:
1864:
Goldstein, M.I., Duffy, D.C., Oehlers, S., Catterson, N., Freferick, J. & Pyare, S. (2019).
2729:
2493:
495:
2672:
2592:
2519:
2387:
2196:
2123:
2081:
1804:
1786:
1672:
1610:
1519:
1469:
1425:
1404:"Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Volume 3: Waders to Gulls"
1382:
1290:
1272:
1216:
1046:
807:
2104:"Birds of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Their Biogeography, Seasonality, and Natural History"
1766:
659:
breeding zone and tropical wintering areas in the South Pacific. Only a very small number of
454:
are sisters. Relationships between various tern species, and between the terns and the other
2188:
2115:
2073:
1866:"Interseasonal movements and non-breeding locations of Aleutian Terns Onychoprion aleuticus"
1844:
1794:
1778:
1691:
1662:
1574:
1511:
1461:
1415:
1374:
1344:
1280:
1264:
1208:
1123:
1006:
720:
The Aleutian tern has been designated as a species of concern by several agencies and NGOs (
591:
ones, since it has a higher pitch and is characterized by a soft and rolling whistled tone.
387:
345:
302:
230:
2597:
2356:
1865:
740:. The lack of data on breeding biology and ecological behaviours limits the development of
606:
stressed on the first syllable. Aleutian terns also have a call that is similar to call of
59:
2566:
1643:"Distribution patterns and population trends of breeding seabirds in the Aleutian Islands"
1179:
1026:
660:
645:
455:
399:
356:
353:
160:
2467:
1993:
1823:"High hopes for the return of the rare Alaskan Aleutian tern to intern again this summer"
1105:
2330:
1658:
2698:
2636:
2439:
1799:
1285:
1252:
768:
652:
368:
286:
2772:
2514:
1667:
1642:
1114:
816:
404:
372:
93:
1745:
Hill N.P. and Bishop K.D. (1999). "Possible winter quarters of the Aleutian Tern?".
598:” described by Olsen and Larsson in 1995, less harsh than the sustained note of the
2677:
2392:
2027:
Haney, J. C., J. M. Andrew and D. S. Lee. (1991a). "A closer look: Aleutian Tern".
1056:
780:
688:
435:), are related only distantly to the "typical" terns retained in a much-restricted
432:
309:
have bright red bills, feet, and legs while those of the Aleutian terns are black.
45:
2379:
2663:
2431:
2605:
2545:
2527:
2475:
2299:
1212:
1072:
1068:
857:
853:
836:
795:
791:
772:
759:
675:
The Aleutian tern usually lives in partially vegetated sandy beaches and grassy
599:
588:
508:
444:
306:
298:
294:
180:
775:; consequently, Aleutian tern mortality rate is higher during the chick stage.
2631:
1420:
1403:
996:
986:
976:
911:
828:
763:
632:
424:
2690:
2290:
2200:
2150:
2127:
2085:
2060:
Gill Jr., Robert E.; Petersen, Margaret R.; Jorgensen, Paul D. (1981-01-01).
1790:
1676:
1614:
1568:
1523:
1473:
1429:
1276:
1578:
1336:
709:
701:
664:
656:
290:
120:
1808:
1782:
1570:
Life histories of North American gulls and terns : order Longipennes /
1368:
1348:
1294:
1268:
1220:
30:
1378:
827:
Aleutian terns primarily feed on small fish, but their diet also includes
2657:
2571:
2284:
2061:
840:
140:
2077:
2716:
2457:
2338:
2208:
2135:
1930:
A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds
1622:
1598:
1531:
1481:
484:
349:
341:
321:
170:
2480:
2176:
2103:
1690:
Renner, H.M., Romano, M.D., Renner, M., Pyare, S., Goldstei. (2015).
1641:
VERNON BYRD, G.; RENNER, HEATHER M.; RENNER, MARTIN (November 2005).
1499:
1449:
966:
921:
832:
784:
737:
676:
459:
450:
317:
130:
2405:
2261:
2192:
2119:
1599:"Do Aleutian Terns Exhibit Extraordinary Anti-Predator Adaptations?"
1515:
1465:
293:
of the globe most of the year. It is frequently associated with the
2400:
956:
684:
631:
440:
2418:
602:. Another distinctive sound of the Aleutian tern is a prolonged "
411:. However, a phylogenetic analysis found that the species in the
2584:
869:
364:
360:
150:
2265:
2177:"Observations on Certain Birds of the Region of Kodiak, Alaska"
1448:
Nisbet, Ian C. T.; Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995).
1251:
Baker, Allan J; Pereira, SĂ©rgio L; Paton, Tara A (2007-02-06).
2240:
https://www.fws.gov/r7/mbsp/mbm/seabirds/pdf/asis_complete.pdf
1767:"Movements of Birds and Avian Influenza from Asia into Alaska"
946:
680:
794:, taking up to 30 min to return. It sometimes nests among
511:. The Aleutian tern exhibits a Complex Alternate Strategy:
1335:
North, Michael R. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M (ed.),
1950:
Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf
1901:
Oehlers, S; Catterson, N; Goldstein, M; Pyare, S (2010).
1500:"Specimen Records of Aleutian Terns from the Philippines"
1547:
Peterson Reference Guide to Molt in North American Birds
624:
The Aleutian tern is generally silent while incubating.
2062:"Birds of the Northcentral Alaska Peninsula, 1976-1980"
1171:
Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. (2005).
458:, were formerly difficult to resolve because of a poor
1549:. Boston, MA, USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company.
2647:
2274:
1850:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t22694716a119185243.en
1129:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694716A178964431.en
868:Aleutian terns are highly social. Usually, their
1597:Buckley, Francine Geber; Buckley, P. A. (1980).
462:record and the misidentification of some finds.
39:
941:) attacking to protect its offspring, Svalbard.
2256:The North American Waterbird Conservation Plan
1493:
1491:
734:The North American Waterbird Conservation Plan
1932:. Brattleboro, VT, USA: Stephen Greene Press.
783:juvenils). After 4–5 weeks, the chicks start
8:
2045:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1978:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1886:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1712:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1233:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1603:Proceedings of the Colonial Waterbird Group
2262:
1152:"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names"
594:The most distinctive sound is the choppy “
229:
82:
29:
20:
2151:"Status and Distribution of Alaska Birds"
1848:
1798:
1666:
1419:
1284:
1127:
1729:Kodiak, AK: US Fish and Wildlife Service
929:
894:
877:) are close to the Aleutian tern nests.
621:possibly uttered during social contact.
513:
494:
2149:Brina Kessel, Daniel D. Gibson (1978).
2102:Gill, Robert E.; Kessel, Brina (1992).
1414:(3). Oxford University Press: 148–149.
1337:"Aleutian Tern (Onychoprion aleuticus)"
1096:
1071:do). Some chicks may also be killed by
2220:
2218:
2097:
2095:
2038:
1971:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1879:
1705:
1226:
340:(Baird, 1869) is a bird in the family
2804:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1825:. Australia: ABC News. 9 August 2018.
1740:
1738:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1201:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1184:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
60:Listen to Aleutian tern on xeno-canto
7:
2704:53c54a03-407a-4e63-9169-25a0505a3cad
1443:
1441:
1439:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1246:
1244:
503:in breeding plumage in Nome, Alaska.
2242:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2006
1903:"Aleutian Terns: Migration Mystery"
1450:"Terns of Europe and North America"
1367:Dunning Jr., John B. (2007-12-05).
1115:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
880:Less aggressive than Arctic terns;
873:happens that colonies of Mew Gull (
301:also have white foreheads). During
722:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
14:
1370:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
2779:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1668:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00368.x
1573:. Washington: Govt. Print. Off.
1402:Stanley Cramp, ed. (July 1983).
107:
44:
2175:Howell, Joseph C. (July 1948).
1567:Bent, Arthur Cleveland (1921).
1498:Lee, David S. (February 1992).
1104:BirdLife International (2020).
754:Breeding and Parental Behaviour
1343:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
730:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
439:. Still, in broader terms the
407:placed the terns in the genus
382:, "saw". The specific epithet
1:
2794:Birds of the Aleutian Islands
1771:Emerging Infectious Diseases
614:), which is a short, sharp "
1213:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010
906:) on an ice floe, Svalbard.
704:, egg harvesting and human
371:. The generic name is from
238:Aleutian Tern Distribution
2825:
1150:Jobling, James A. (2010).
957:North American river otter
1928:Harrison, C. A. (1984a).
1421:10.1017/s0030605300029604
1122:: e.T22694716A178964431.
691:when it is not breeding.
651:This species is strongly
261:
254:
237:
228:
209:
202:
104:Scientific classification
102:
80:
71:
37:
28:
23:
2158:Studies in Avian Biology
1545:Howell, S. N. G (2010).
1011:Stercorarius parasiticus
1001:Haliaeetus leucocephalus
904:Stercorarius parasiticus
758:Aleutian terns breed in
628:Distribution and habitat
378:, "claw" or "nail", and
2799:Birds described in 1869
2108:Northwestern Naturalist
1837:"Onychoprion aleuticus"
1579:10.5962/bhl.title.61506
888:Predators and parasites
525:Juvenile (First Basic)
2789:Native birds of Alaska
1841:BirdLife International
1783:10.3201/eid1304.061072
1647:Fisheries Oceanography
1349:10.2173/bow.aleter1.01
1269:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606
942:
907:
641:
504:
415:clade, which includes
397:. Indeed, in his 1758
393:It was formerly named
2637:Onychoprion-aleuticus
2306:Onychoprion aleuticus
2276:Onychoprion aleuticus
2225:Baird, P. A. (1986).
1379:10.1201/9781420064452
1108:Onychoprion aleuticus
933:
898:
882:Onychoprion aleuticus
635:
573:Definitive Alternate
501:Onychoprion aleuticus
498:
338:Onychoprion aleuticus
313:Onychoprion aleuticus
282:Onychoprion aleuticus
213:Onychoprion aleuticus
2699:Fauna Europaea (new)
1017:Glaucous-winged gull
608:Red-necked Phalarope
2809:Birds of North Asia
2078:10.14430/arctic2532
1659:2005FisOc..14S.139V
1454:Colonial Waterbirds
1037:Black-billed magpie
520:Period of the Year
74:Conservation status
1870:Marine Ornithology
1696:Marine Ornithology
1341:Birds of the World
1178:2006-07-20 at the
1085:Wildlife of Alaska
943:
908:
667:'s eastern coast.
642:
612:Phalaropus lobatus
505:
359:that includes the
249: Non-breeding
2766:
2765:
2593:Open Tree of Life
2268:Taxon identifiers
1910:US Forest Service
1047:Northwestern crow
1021:Larus glaucescens
991:Rattus norvegicus
961:Lontra canadensis
939:Sterna paradisaea
823:Diet and Foraging
808:courtship display
640:(Western Alaska).
604:whee-hee-hee-hee"
580:
579:
565:Definitive Basic
557:Second Alternate
273:
272:
268:
195:O. aleuticus
97:
66:
65:
2816:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2546:NHMSYS0021053551
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2344:BEE4F34A70214978
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2263:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1332:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1196:
1190:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1101:
1007:Parasitic jaeger
951:Canis familiaris
900:Parasitic Jaeger
864:Social behaviour
596:chif-chif-chu-ak
541:First Alternate
514:
395:Sterna aleutica.
388:Aleutian Islands
291:subarctic region
266:
248:
242:
233:
215:
112:
111:
91:
86:
85:
48:
40:
33:
21:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2649:Sterna aleutica
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2567:Observation.org
2565:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2331:Sterna_aleutica
2329:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2270:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2193:10.2307/4080484
2174:
2173:
2169:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2120:10.2307/3536694
2101:
2100:
2093:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1994:"Aleutian Tern"
1992:
1991:
1987:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1878:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1747:Wilson Bulletin
1744:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1653:(s1): 139–159.
1640:
1639:
1630:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1516:10.2307/1368817
1497:
1496:
1489:
1466:10.2307/1521490
1447:
1446:
1437:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1334:
1333:
1302:
1257:Biology Letters
1250:
1249:
1242:
1225:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1180:Wayback Machine
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1081:
1051:Corvus caurinus
1027:Short-eared owl
890:
866:
850:
825:
804:
756:
751:
718:
697:
673:
661:Charadriiformes
646:breeding season
630:
585:
477:
468:
456:Charadriiformes
400:Systema Naturae
357:Charadriiformes
330:
303:breeding season
264:Sterna aleutica
250:
246:
244:
240:
224:
217:
211:
198:
161:Charadriiformes
106:
98:
87:
83:
76:
67:
62:
57:
56:
54:Songs and calls
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2628:
2615:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2462:
2449:
2440:Fauna Europaea
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2311:
2296:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2250:External links
2248:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2214:
2187:(3): 352–358.
2167:
2141:
2091:
2052:
2010:
1985:
1959:
1935:
1915:
1893:
1856:
1843:. 2017-10-01.
1828:
1814:
1777:(4): 547–552.
1756:
1734:
1719:
1682:
1628:
1584:
1552:
1537:
1510:(1): 276–279.
1487:
1435:
1394:
1387:
1359:
1300:
1263:(2): 205–210.
1240:
1207:(2): 459–469.
1191:
1164:
1142:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
964:
954:
944:
919:
916:Vulpes lagopus
889:
886:
865:
862:
849:
846:
824:
821:
803:
800:
755:
752:
750:
747:
726:Audubon Alaska
717:
714:
696:
693:
672:
669:
629:
626:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
522:
521:
518:
476:
473:
467:
464:
386:refers to the
329:
326:
289:living in the
287:migratory bird
271:
270:
259:
258:
252:
251:
245:
243: Breeding
239:
235:
234:
226:
225:
218:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
81:
78:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
58:
52:
50:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Aleutian tern
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2821:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:aleutian-tern
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1388:9780429149825
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1061:Corvus corax)
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:Asio flammeus
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
945:
940:
936:
932:
927:
926:Canis latrans
923:
920:
917:
913:
910:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
863:
861:
859:
855:
847:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
812:
809:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
781:semiprecocial
776:
774:
770:
765:
764:site-faithful
761:
753:
748:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
639:
634:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
582:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:Second Basic
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
502:
497:
493:
489:
486:
481:
474:
472:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:O. anaethetus
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
373:Ancient Greek
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Aleutian tern
327:
325:
323:
319:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:Aleutian tern
269:
265:
260:
257:
253:
236:
232:
227:
222:
216:
214:
208:
205:
204:Binomial name
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
101:
95:
90:
79:
75:
70:
61:
55:
51:
49:
47:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2648:
2275:
2235:
2226:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2111:
2107:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2041:cite journal
2032:
2028:
2002:. Retrieved
2000:. 2014-11-13
1997:
1988:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1929:
1909:
1896:
1882:cite journal
1873:
1869:
1859:
1840:
1831:
1817:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1728:
1722:
1708:cite journal
1699:
1695:
1685:
1650:
1646:
1606:
1602:
1569:
1546:
1540:
1507:
1503:
1457:
1453:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1369:
1362:
1352:, retrieved
1340:
1260:
1256:
1229:cite journal
1204:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1119:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1073:Arctic terns
1069:Arctic terns
1066:
1060:
1057:Common raven
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
981:Ursus arctos
980:
970:
960:
950:
938:
934:
925:
915:
903:
899:
891:
881:
879:
874:
867:
858:Common terns
851:
826:
813:
805:
796:Arctic terns
792:Arctic terns
789:
777:
773:Arctic terns
757:
742:conservation
719:
716:Conservation
698:
674:
650:
643:
637:
623:
618:
615:
611:
603:
595:
593:
586:
506:
500:
490:
482:
478:
469:
449:
443:
436:
433:Bridled tern
428:
420:
417:O. aleuticus
416:
412:
408:
398:
394:
392:
383:
379:
375:
337:
333:
331:
320:and eastern
312:
311:
307:Arctic terns
299:Arctic terns
281:
280:
276:
274:
263:
262:
212:
210:
194:
193:
181:
53:
43:
18:
2784:Onychoprion
2606:SeaLifeBase
2528:NatureServe
2476:iNaturalist
2300:Wikispecies
1974:cite report
1135:12 November
935:Arctic tern
875:Larus canus
837:zooplankton
829:crustaceans
706:disturbance
638:Chukchi Sea
636:Map of the
600:Arctic tern
589:Common tern
509:common tern
466:Description
445:Onychoprion
421:O. fuscatus
413:Onychoprion
295:Arctic tern
267:Baird, 1869
182:Onychoprion
2773:Categories
2632:Xeno-canto
2035:: 346–351.
2004:2020-10-15
1956:: 313–524.
1753:: 559–560.
1702:: 179–187.
1609:: 99–107.
1504:The Condor
1460:(2): 235.
1354:2020-10-14
1189:: 459–469.
1157:31 October
1091:References
997:Bald eagle
977:Brown bear
912:Arctic fox
769:incubating
762:, and are
533:Formative
425:Sooty tern
89:Vulnerable
2664:Q50407540
2201:0004-8038
2128:1051-1733
2114:(2): 63.
2086:1923-1245
1791:1080-6040
1677:1054-6006
1615:1556-5785
1524:0010-5422
1474:0738-6028
1430:0030-6053
1277:1744-9561
1041:Pica pica
987:Brown rat
802:Courtship
749:Behaviour
710:pollution
702:predation
665:Australia
657:subarctic
653:migratory
384:aleuticus
189:Species:
127:Kingdom:
121:Eukaryota
2730:10189075
2658:Wikidata
2533:2.103746
2520:22694716
2494:11736481
2419:45509321
2357:22694716
2352:BirdLife
2285:Wikidata
2164:: 1–100.
1876:: 67–76.
1809:17553268
1295:17284401
1221:15804415
1176:Archived
1079:See also
785:fledging
760:colonies
681:boglands
679:, mossy
576:Mar–Sep
568:Sep–Feb
560:Sep–Feb
552:Sep–Feb
544:Mar–Aug
536:Oct–Mar
528:Jul–Oct
517:Plumage
405:Linnaeus
369:skimmers
350:seabirds
328:Taxonomy
256:Synonyms
167:Family:
141:Chordata
137:Phylum:
131:Animalia
117:Domain:
94:IUCN 3.1
2717:5229266
2458:5789282
2406:aleter1
2380:aleter1
2339:Avibase
2291:Q793494
2209:4080484
2181:The Auk
2136:3536694
2029:Birding
1998:Audubon
1800:2725966
1655:Bibcode
1623:4626703
1532:1368817
1482:1521490
1286:2375939
971:Mustela
839:. They
833:insects
689:pelagic
685:marshes
677:meadows
671:Habitat
644:During
485:plumage
475:Plumage
427:), and
352:in the
342:Laridae
322:Siberia
285:) is a
223:, 1869)
177:Genus:
171:Laridae
157:Order:
147:Class:
92: (
2756:343925
2743:176893
2691:100945
2624:567791
2585:567791
2559:564713
2507:824103
2481:144528
2465:GNAB:
2427:EURING
2370:113672
2319:aleter
2207:
2199:
2134:
2126:
2084:
2066:Arctic
1807:
1797:
1789:
1675:
1621:
1613:
1530:
1522:
1480:
1472:
1428:
1385:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1219:
973:spp.),
967:Weasel
922:Coyote
854:Arctic
848:Flight
841:forage
738:Alaska
695:Status
499:Adult
460:fossil
451:Sterna
441:genera
437:Sterna
409:Sterna
346:family
318:Alaska
305:, the
247:
241:
2751:WoRMS
2725:IRMNG
2686:EUNIS
2678:6ZSBG
2619:WoRMS
2611:74528
2598:47413
2572:73091
2489:IRMNG
2445:96962
2401:eBird
2393:49RDY
2377:BOW:
2205:JSTOR
2154:(PDF)
2132:JSTOR
2072:(4).
1968:Unit.
1906:(PDF)
1619:JSTOR
1528:JSTOR
1478:JSTOR
870:nests
817:Pairs
616:chit"
583:Voice
380:prion
365:terns
361:gulls
354:order
221:Baird
2738:ITIS
2712:GBIF
2580:OBIS
2554:NCBI
2515:IUCN
2502:ITIS
2453:GBIF
2432:6170
2365:BOLD
2197:ISSN
2124:ISSN
2082:ISSN
2047:link
1980:link
1888:link
1805:PMID
1787:ISSN
1714:link
1673:ISSN
1611:ISSN
1520:ISSN
1470:ISSN
1426:ISSN
1408:Oryx
1383:ISBN
1291:PMID
1273:ISSN
1235:link
1217:PMID
1159:2022
1137:2021
1120:2020
856:and
835:and
806:The
683:and
483:The
448:and
376:onux
367:and
344:, a
332:The
275:The
151:Aves
2673:CoL
2541:NBN
2414:EoL
2388:CoL
2326:ADW
2315:ABA
2189:doi
2116:doi
2074:doi
1845:doi
1795:PMC
1779:doi
1751:111
1663:doi
1575:doi
1512:doi
1462:doi
1416:doi
1375:doi
1345:doi
1281:PMC
1265:doi
1209:doi
1124:doi
947:Dog
928:),
348:of
2775::
2753::
2740::
2727::
2714::
2701::
2688::
2675::
2660::
2634::
2621::
2608::
2595::
2582::
2569::
2556::
2543::
2530::
2517::
2504::
2491::
2478::
2455::
2442::
2429::
2416::
2403::
2390::
2367::
2354::
2341::
2328::
2317::
2302::
2287::
2217:^
2203:.
2195:.
2185:65
2183:.
2179:.
2160:.
2156:.
2130:.
2122:.
2112:73
2110:.
2106:.
2094:^
2080:.
2070:34
2068:.
2064:.
2043:}}
2039:{{
2033:23
2031:.
2013:^
1996:.
1976:}}
1972:{{
1952:.
1938:^
1918:^
1908:.
1884:}}
1880:{{
1874:47
1872:.
1868:.
1839:.
1803:.
1793:.
1785:.
1775:13
1773:.
1769:.
1749:.
1737:^
1710:}}
1706:{{
1700:43
1698:.
1694:.
1671:.
1661:.
1651:14
1649:.
1645:.
1631:^
1617:.
1605:.
1601:.
1587:^
1555:^
1526:.
1518:.
1508:94
1506:.
1502:.
1490:^
1476:.
1468:.
1458:18
1456:.
1452:.
1438:^
1424:.
1412:17
1410:.
1406:.
1381:.
1373:.
1339:,
1303:^
1289:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:.
1255:.
1243:^
1231:}}
1227:{{
1215:.
1205:35
1203:.
1187:35
1182:.
1118:.
1112:.
1053:),
1043:),
1033:),
1023:),
1013:),
1003:),
993:),
983:),
963:),
953:),
918:),
831:,
787:.
732:,
728:,
724:,
419:,
403:,
390:.
363:,
336:,
2258:)
2211:.
2191::
2162:1
2138:.
2118::
2088:.
2076::
2049:)
2007:.
1982:)
1954:3
1912:.
1890:)
1853:.
1847::
1811:.
1781::
1731:.
1716:)
1679:.
1665::
1657::
1625:.
1607:3
1581:.
1577::
1534:.
1514::
1484:.
1464::
1432:.
1418::
1391:.
1377::
1347::
1297:.
1267::
1261:3
1237:)
1223:.
1211::
1161:.
1139:.
1126::
1110:"
1106:"
1063:.
1059:(
1049:(
1039:(
1029:(
1019:(
1009:(
999:(
989:(
979:(
969:(
959:(
949:(
937:(
924:(
914:(
902:(
619:,
610:(
431:(
423:(
279:(
219:(
96:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
