46:
33:
261:
The initiation and duration of the life cycle, as well as the number of generations per year is highly dependent on the surrounding climate. A mild temperature along with high humidity provides an ideal environment for successful growth and development. Kuwana et al. (1927) were able to record about
374:
Many whitefly species have become serious pests, especially when first introduced to new geographical regions, where they typically outcompete other pests. This is amplified in the absence of natural enemies, e.g. its
815:
Uesugi, R.; Sato, Y.; Han, B.-Y.; Huang, Z.-D.; Yara, K.; Furuhashi, K. (2016). "Molecular evidence for multiple phylogenetic groups within two species of invasive spiny whiteflies and their parasitoid wasp".
398:, or for this instance, to control insect numbers in crop protection. Whiteflies have been shown to prefer the colour yellow, therefore methods using this information have been used to create a
630:
Kanmiya, K., Ueda, S., Kasai, A., Yamashita, K., Sato, Y., & Yoshiyasu, Y. 2011. Proposal of new specific status for tea-infesting populations of the nominal citrus spiny whitefly
1238:
1184:
976:
Ping, P., Min, T., Yujia, H., Qiang, L., Shanglun, H., Min, D., Xiang, H., & Ying, Z. 2010. Study on the effect and characters of yellow sticky trap sticking
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262:
4 generations per year, with as many as 7 generations under the best laboratory conditions. (This study demonstrated the variability of life-cycle duration.)
1158:
1197:
358:. Infested plants suffer indirect damage from the flies' excretion of honeydew on their leaf surfaces, which promotes the development of
391:
outbreaks. The wasp method was aided by their ability to migrate and adapt to new environments, as well as populate those new areas.
409:, which can be considered effective but not without detriment. The presumptively high concentrations of pesticides can result in
648:
Tang, Xiao-Tian; Tao, Huan-Huan; Du, Yu-Zhou (2015). "Microsatellite-based analysis of the genetic structure and diversity of
1202:
922:
Van Den Berg, M. A.; Hoppner, G.; Greenland, J. (2000). "An
Economic Study of the Biological Control of the Spiny Blackfly,
45:
1106:
1093:
1261:
1215:
226:
are known: the citrus spiny whitefly, as well as the tea spiny whitefly, named for the kind of plant they infest.
581:
El Kenawy, Ahmed; Baetan, Raul; Corrado, Isabella; Cornara, Daniele; Oltean, Ion; Porcelli, Francesco (2015).
362:
on the leaves, branches, and fruit. This interferes with the plant's health, including its ability to conduct
384:
1048:
410:
1111:
285:
where it was first discovered (c. 1903). In the 1920s, Japan conducted a biological control program to
218:, soon after which it spread around the world. Wherever it is found, it has become a highly destructive
150:
32:
486:
265:
Varieties have been shown to be exclusive in terms of the plants they lay eggs on. The females of the
1132:
1080:
935:
880:
712:
1266:
395:
1085:
959:
904:
849:
40:
1098:
591:
Bulletin of
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture
1189:
413:, and toxic pesticides could be consumed by humans, e.g. via the drinking of contaminated tea.
1223:
1119:
1028:
951:
896:
841:
833:
797:
748:
730:
677:
669:
608:
563:
544:"Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)"
462:
266:
191:
405:
Overall, chemical controls have been attempted in response to the outbreaks such as spraying
1228:
1018:
943:
888:
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787:
738:
720:
661:
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555:
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183:
587:(Quaintance) (Orange Spiny Whitefly, Osw) (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) Invaded South of Italy"
376:
247:
219:
939:
884:
716:
743:
696:
363:
107:
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1001:
Wang, Y.; Gao, N.; Shi, L.; Qin, Z.Y.; He, P.; Hu, D.Y.; Tan, X.F.; Chen, Z. (2015).
278:
205:
127:
963:
908:
853:
701:(Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Implications for the Phylogeny of Whiteflies"
286:
254:(their fourth instar, when they closely resemble related whiteflies), then finally
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681:
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195:
117:
383:, the introduction of which has been successfully employed as a form of
1163:
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441:(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), does not Accept Citrus Leaves as Host Plants"
290:
1176:
310:
306:
243:
235:
187:
87:
67:
1042:
867:
Berg, M. A.; Greenland, J. (1997). "Classical biological control of
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234:
Adult whiteflies typically lay their eggs in groups on plants (e.g.
1150:
1003:"Evaluation of the attractive effect of coloured sticky traps for
340:
332:
328:
302:
282:
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plants, all of which were observed with the fly in Guam in 1951.
336:
324:
298:
294:
251:
1137:
1046:
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Colour preference is another method researchers use to monitor
1007:(Quaintance) and its monitoring method in tea garden in China"
695:
Chen, Zhi-Teng; Mu, Li-Xia; Wang, Ji-Rui; Du, Yu-Zhou (2016).
355:
926:(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in a Citrus Orchard in Swaziland".
301:
in 1974) as well as multiple continents including Europe (in
697:"Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Citrus Spiny Whitefly
269:-infesting variety only lay eggs on tea plants, not citrus.
772:
on a Tea-Infesting
Population of the Citrus Spiny Whitefly
435:
Kasai, Atsushi; Yamashita, Koji; Yoshiyasu, Yutaka (2010).
766:
Kishida, Akira; Kasai, Atsushi; Yoshiyasu, Yutaka (2010).
542:
Gyeltshen, Jamba; Hodges, Amanda; Hodges, Greg S. (2019).
293:
by 1922, and ultimately reached various
Pacific Islands (
437:"Tea-Infesting Population of the Citrus Spiny Whitefly,
246:, or developmental stage). These go through two sessile
871:(Hem.: Aleyrodidae), on citrus in Southern Africa".
652:(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from tea plants in China".
277:
The citrus spiny whitefly is indigenous to parts of
1055:
182:, is an insect native to Asia. It is considered an
1011:Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research
780:Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
445:Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
986:Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,
354:directly damage trees via the ingestion of their
323:can be observed on not only citrus but also on
402:that can aid in controlling these outbreaks.
8:
507:
505:
503:
768:"Oviposition and Host-Feeding Behaviors of
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31:
20:
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791:
742:
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523:Quaintance, imported from Canton, China.
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485:Gyelshen, Jamba; Hodges, Amanda (2005).
238:), usually on a leaf. Eggs give rise to
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996:
994:
7:
626:
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480:
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208:, where it was first discovered in
818:Bulletin of Entomological Research
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928:Biocontrol Science and Technology
44:
1:
212:
194:plants. They are part of the
726:10.1371/journal.pone.0161385
525:Review of Applied Entomology
511:Kuwana I, Ishii T. 1927. On
604:10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:11148
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666:10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.050
634:(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).
204:is indigenous to parts of
830:10.1017/s0007485315001030
156:
149:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1099:Aleurocanthus_spiniferus
1086:Aleurocanthus_spiniferus
1057:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
1005:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
978:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
924:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
869:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
774:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
699:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
650:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
632:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
585:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
560:10.32473/edis-in618-2005
521:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
439:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
273:Distribution and habitat
186:pest, notably affecting
175:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
160:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
25:Aleurocanthus spiniferus
487:"Orange Spiny Whitefly"
385:biological pest control
1024:10.4081/jear.2015.4603
948:10.1080/09583150029350
793:10.1303/jjaez.2010.189
458:10.1303/jjaez.2010.140
411:insecticide resistance
222:. Two populations of
180:citrus spiny whitefly
519:sp., the enemies of
317:, and the Americas.
940:2000BioST..10...27V
885:1997BioCo..42..459V
717:2016PLoSO..1161385C
513:Prospaltella smithi
396:population dynamics
289:. It had spread to
16:Species of true bug
893:10.1007/bf02769805
389:A. spiniferus
321:A. spiniferus
250:instars, becoming
224:A. spiniferus
202:A. spiniferus
166:(Quaintance, 1903)
142:A. spiniferus
1262:Hemiptera of Asia
1249:
1248:
1224:Open Tree of Life
1049:Taxon identifiers
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170:
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984:in tea garden.
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770:Encarsia smithi
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711:(8): e0161385.
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387:in response to
377:parasitoid wasp
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988:vol 23: 87-90.
982:Empoasca vitis
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879:(4): 459–465.
859:
824:(3): 328–340.
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786:(4): 189–195.
758:
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660:(1): 107–113.
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527:, vol 15: 463.
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451:(3): 140–143.
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381:E. smithi
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364:photosynthesis
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108:Sternorrhyncha
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279:tropical Asia
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242:(their first
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206:tropical Asia
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151:Binomial name
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129:Aleurocanthus
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934:(1): 27–32.
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517:Cryptognatha
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492:November 24,
490:. Retrieved
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281:, including
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24:
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1172:iNaturalist
873:Entomophaga
515:Silv., and
400:sticky trap
230:Description
216: 1903
118:Aleyrodidae
1267:Whiteflies
1256:Categories
417:References
407:pesticides
370:Management
360:sooty mold
104:Suborder:
78:Arthropoda
1033:2279-7084
1017:(3): 86.
956:0958-3157
901:0013-8959
838:0007-4853
802:0021-4914
735:1932-6203
674:0378-1119
613:1843-5386
568:2576-0009
467:0021-4914
315:Australia
297:in 1951;
136:Species:
98:Hemiptera
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1190:10202550
1072:Q2650771
1066:Wikidata
964:85062399
909:29912618
854:20582849
846:26782948
753:27551782
705:PLOS ONE
682:25662872
636:Zootaxa,
240:crawlers
198:family.
196:whitefly
184:invasive
114:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1164:2012158
936:Bibcode
881:Bibcode
744:4995055
713:Bibcode
347:Ecology
291:Jamaica
248:nymphal
124:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1229:546333
1216:593793
1203:200527
1177:514346
1151:ALECSN
1138:588080
1112:359914
1031:
962:
954:
907:
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852:
844:
836:
800:
751:
741:
733:
680:
672:
611:
566:
465:
339:, and
311:Africa
307:Greece
256:adults
244:instar
236:citrus
188:citrus
178:, the
1185:IRMNG
960:S2CID
905:S2CID
850:S2CID
597:(1).
554:(6).
341:guava
333:peach
329:grape
303:Italy
283:Japan
210:Japan
1211:NCBI
1198:ITIS
1159:GBIF
1146:EPPO
1125:BQ9T
1107:BOLD
1029:ISSN
980:and
952:ISSN
897:ISSN
842:PMID
834:ISSN
798:ISSN
749:PMID
731:ISSN
678:PMID
670:ISSN
654:Gene
609:ISSN
564:ISSN
552:2005
548:EDIS
494:2018
463:ISSN
337:pear
325:rose
305:and
299:Oahu
295:Guam
252:pupa
220:pest
190:and
1239:258
1133:EoL
1120:CoL
1094:AFD
1081:ADW
1019:doi
944:doi
889:doi
826:doi
822:106
788:doi
739:PMC
721:doi
662:doi
658:560
599:doi
556:doi
453:doi
356:sap
309:),
267:tea
192:tea
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1009:.
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958:.
950:.
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887:.
877:42
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668:.
656:.
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455::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
