37:
255:
India is the largest coconut producing country in the world with contributions of global production totaling 31%. Coconut palms are a major food source and provide livelihood opportunities to more than 12 million people in the country. There are 464 species of whiteflies in India but A. atratus poses
348:
Management of this invasive species involves the removal of infested leaves (during early stages of development). Different methods of management hosing down the plant(s) with a fine but strong blast of water. Another method involves reflective mulch, such as aluminum foil can help repel whiteflies.
205:
remain on the same leaf for the rest of their development until they emerge as winged adults. This cycle takes about 3 weeks in favorable conditions, however, the whiteflies are able to survive in freezing temperatures. Identification of the species is best through mounted slides as most species of
339:
cause are economic strains that lead to social impacts. Some economic strains would cause targeted crops to produce lower yields and negatively change normal cultural practices. Social impacts would be parallel with economic impacts as the livelihood of the farmers would decrease and limit social
218:
was first reported in South
America but new reports have been made in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa and in the lower parts of Asia. They are able to travel short distances by flying most reports are due to infected plants being brought into areas where there are no natural
181:. Originally, this species was only prevalent in Brazil and was known to feed on coconuts native to this country. Now, the species has migrated to the tropics and subtropics and is invasive in many other countries. Aleurotrachelus is one of the largest genus, containing 74 species.
200:
are generally dark yellow with all four larval stages being black. Adult whiteflies are very small bugs with white wings. Females lay eggs on the underside directly onto plant leaves, and eventually, eggs become crawlers after 6 days. These
353:
during mornings or cool evenings is another useful methodology because the insects are sluggish during these time periods. Using insecticidal soaps and Neem may reduce but will not completely eradicate a whitefly problem. Planting
206:
the whiteflies have very similar characteristics. The slides confirmed an elongated oval puparium with an entire dark cuticle, marginal teeth separated, rounded apices/ converging suntruncare,
349:
Another alternative method consists of yellow sticky traps, because they can help monitor whitefly numbers as well as catch a majority of them. Vacuuming the whiteflies off the plants with a
374:
Biological control can have after effects that may cause more invasive damage due to introducing another invasive species or parasite. Introducing insects that feed on whiteflies such as
678:
650:
327:. This leads to premature leaf drop which ultimately reduces yields. In addition to weather damage, large infestations of whiteflies cause death of the palms.
340:
opportunities. Environmental impacts cause changes in cultural practices and may cause official or private programs to take action in controlling the pest.
223:
prefer tropical habitats where coconut palms are cultivated. Whiteflies also migrate towards agricultural land, managed forests, plantations and orchards.
235:
lays anywhere between 50 and 400 eggs in its lifetime. From egg to crawler then through second, third, and fourth instar nymph, and finally, an adult
611:
366:
to deter insect pests is likely that those plants will become a magnet for the pest and one will need to pull the plants at some stage.
394:
for agriculture purposes. An alternative control management is using parasites that feed on whiteflies such as the species
36:
433:"Invasion of the palm infesting whitefly, Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Oriental region"
469:
637:
572:
701:
655:
501:
402:
Sp. These control management work well when the introduced insect or parasite is already in the area where
540:
577:
399:
239:
the full life cycle takes around 48 days or 2 months. Most of the days are spread out between the three
141:
598:
520:
706:
286:
292:
31:
663:
585:
387:
298:
668:
395:
174:
483:
202:
118:
270:
98:
695:
432:
383:
280:
178:
590:
624:
350:
563:
356:
642:
446:
375:
362:
324:
304:
88:
68:
48:
557:
379:
193:
108:
319:
Coconut palm flies feed on the underside of palm leaves. The removal of
616:
629:
470:"Lifecycle and How to Control Whiteflies in the Garden and Greenhouse"
244:
240:
78:
58:
534:
603:
538:
320:
274:(coconut palm) other host plants that may be infected by
243:
while from egg to crawler takes about 4-12 days for the
196:
have wax filaments that cover the bug in its entirety.
547:
502:"Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly)"
447:"Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly)"
302:(African oil palm). Most of the plants from the
484:"Whiteflies | Screening Aid to Palm Pests"
8:
256:a higher threat compared to other species.
535:
20:
525:Pest Rating Proposals and Final Ratings
464:
462:
460:
419:
390:are possible solutions for controlling
7:
427:
425:
423:
14:
35:
519:Beucke, Kyle (15 March 2018).
323:reduces plant vigour, causing
1:
370:Biological control management
219:predators for the whitefly.
335:Some invasive impacts that
723:
264:Primarily host plants for
410:during its larvae phase.
147:
140:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
521:"Aleurotrachelus anonae"
406:is. Both methods target
310:Aleurotrachelus atratus.
192:are small insects whose
549:Aleurotrachelus atratus
404:Aleurotrachelus atratus
392:Aleurotrachelus atratus
337:Aleurotrachelus atratus
308:family are infected by
276:Aleurotrachelus atratus
237:Aleurotrachelus atratus
233:Aleurotrachelus atratus
221:Aleurotrachelus atratus
216:Aleurotrachelus atratus
190:Aleurotrachelus atratus
171:palm-infesting whitefly
166:Aleurotrachelus atratus
151:Aleurotrachelus atratus
25:Aleurotrachelus atratus
296:(Christmas palm), and
169:better known as the
287:Phoenix dactylifera
251:Agricultural threat
231:The life cycle for
16:Species of true bug
400:Eretmocerus cocois
388:Minute pirate bugs
344:Control management
293:Veitchia merrillii
702:Insects of Brazil
689:
688:
664:Open Tree of Life
541:Taxon identifiers
315:Damage by feeding
299:Elaeis guineensis
281:Washingtonia spp.
210:Range and habitat
162:
161:
714:
682:
681:
672:
671:
659:
658:
646:
645:
633:
632:
620:
619:
607:
606:
594:
593:
581:
580:
568:
567:
566:
536:
529:
528:
516:
510:
509:
498:
492:
491:
480:
474:
473:
466:
455:
454:
443:
437:
436:
429:
396:Encarsia formosa
331:Invasive impacts
175:invasive species
153:
40:
39:
21:
722:
721:
717:
716:
715:
713:
712:
711:
692:
691:
690:
685:
677:
675:
667:
662:
654:
649:
641:
636:
628:
623:
615:
610:
602:
597:
589:
584:
576:
571:
562:
561:
556:
543:
533:
532:
518:
517:
513:
500:
499:
495:
482:
481:
477:
472:. May 19, 2012.
468:
467:
458:
445:
444:
440:
431:
430:
421:
416:
372:
346:
333:
317:
262:
253:
229:
212:
187:
158:
155:
149:
136:
133:A. atratus
120:Aleurotrachelus
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
720:
718:
710:
709:
704:
694:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
673:
660:
647:
634:
621:
608:
595:
582:
569:
553:
551:
545:
544:
539:
531:
530:
511:
493:
475:
456:
438:
418:
417:
415:
412:
371:
368:
345:
342:
332:
329:
316:
313:
271:Cocos nucifera
261:
258:
252:
249:
228:
225:
211:
208:
186:
183:
160:
159:
156:
145:
144:
138:
137:
130:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
99:Sternorrhyncha
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
719:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
680:
676:White-Files:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
639:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
565:
559:
555:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
526:
522:
515:
512:
507:
503:
497:
494:
489:
485:
479:
476:
471:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
448:
442:
439:
434:
428:
426:
424:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Big-eyed bugs
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
364:
359:
358:
352:
343:
341:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
314:
312:
311:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
294:
290:(date palm),
289:
288:
284:(fan palms),
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
267:
259:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
224:
222:
217:
209:
207:
204:
199:
195:
191:
184:
182:
180:
179:coconut palms
177:that affects
176:
172:
168:
167:
154:
152:
146:
143:
142:Binomial name
139:
135:
134:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
548:
524:
514:
506:www.cabi.org
505:
496:
487:
478:
451:www.cabi.org
450:
441:
407:
403:
391:
373:
361:
355:
347:
336:
334:
318:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
275:
269:
265:
263:
254:
236:
232:
230:
220:
215:
213:
197:
189:
188:
170:
165:
164:
163:
157:Hempel, 1922
150:
148:
132:
131:
119:
24:
18:
625:iNaturalist
488:idtools.org
357:Nasturtiums
351:dust buster
260:Host plants
214:Originally
185:Description
109:Aleyrodidae
707:Whiteflies
696:Categories
414:References
408:A. atratus
398:wasps, or
266:A. atratus
247:to hatch.
227:Life cycle
198:A. Atratus
95:Suborder:
69:Arthropoda
376:Lacewings
363:Calendula
325:chlorosis
305:Arecaceae
278:includes
127:Species:
89:Hemiptera
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
604:13802926
564:Q2111956
558:Wikidata
380:Ladybugs
105:Family:
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
669:6317719
617:7498361
194:puparia
115:Genus:
85:Order:
79:Insecta
75:Class:
656:594397
643:112108
630:538109
578:985348
245:larvae
241:instar
203:nymphs
173:is an
651:NCBI
612:GBIF
591:BR3K
573:BOLD
386:and
268:are
679:640
638:ISC
599:EoL
586:CoL
360:or
321:sap
698::
666::
653::
640::
627::
614::
601::
588::
575::
560::
523:.
504:.
486:.
459:^
449:.
422:^
382:,
378:,
527:.
508:.
490:.
453:.
435:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
