211:
271:
242:, and to investigate possible routes for climbing the mountain. Reaching the summit was not a primary objective. For geographical survey work the Survey of India appointed its own officers and the Geological Survey of India appointed Heron to conduct a widespread geological survey and to produce a map.
435:
I have to plead "Not Guilty" to the charge of being a
Disturber of Demons. I did no mining and the gentle hammer tapping which I indulged in was, I am sure, insufficient to alarm the most timid of the fraternity. Perhaps it was Wheeler through his cairn-building propensity! However this time I shall
390:
and he thought that its headwaters had cut backwards and to the north until the east–west river had been captured in the middle of its course. The Arun Gorge is 5,000 feet (1,500 m) deep as it cuts completely through the
Himalayan ridge and for the origin of its upper part Heron was "unable to
157:
in engineering in 1906 and in that year he joined the
Geological Survey of India. In 1911, in South Stoneham, Hampshire, he married Margaret Kirsopp of Musselburgh and in 1915 they had a daughter, Marjorie Edgware Heron. Returning to study at the University of Edinburgh, he was granted his D.Sc. in
419:
It was agreed that Mount
Everest might be explored but if this is used as an excuse for digging earth and stones from the most sacred hills of Tibet, inhabited by fierce demons, the very guardians of the soil, fatal epidemics may break out amongst men and cattle. Kindly prevent officials wandering
286:
he formed a much better opinion. In letters home to his wife Ruth he wrote that Heron was a "solid treasure", was "cheerful and good-natured", and that although he was good at dealing with the porters he was no climber. Later, while exploring north of
Everest, Mallory's photographs with one camera
343:
Heron based his map on the topographical map that was being drawn by
Morshead and his team, although for much of the time the region he was in had not yet been mapped so he had to transcribe his observations later. The scale was four miles to an inch (1:250,000). Heron discovered that the Tibetan
334:
For Heron the expedition ended on 20 October when the group he was with arrived back in
Darjeeling. Largely working alone, he had made geological investigations over 8,000 square miles (21,000 km) and had produced the promised geological map. He also wrote the geological chapter for
375:. The high peaks north west of Everest had granite intrusions and possibly the same would apply on Everest itself. He considered that the biotite gneiss was probably an igneous intrusion into the calcareous gneiss. There were no ores or minerals of commercial interest.
166:, he became the Survey's director in 1936 until stepping down from that post in 1939. From 1934 to 1937 he was president of the Calcutta Geographical Society (which in 1951 became the Geographical Society of India). In 1948 Heron was geological advisor for
318:
was suitable. Heron separately surveyed from Kharta back to Tingri and went on to make several geological expeditions to the north. He returned to Kharta on 19 August after exploring, in very bad weather, a broad east-west region as far north as the
539:, of the Survey of India, took part as a surveyor in 1921 and was allowed in as a member of the climbing party in 1922. However, the latter was not in his professional capacity but and a private individual.
39:
386:
flowing into Nepal. Heron considered that a river had once flowed east–west just north of
Himalaya, possibly joining the Tsangpo as a tributary. The Arun River flows southwards between Everest and
474:, the leader of the expedition, not to allow Heron to participate – he had to return to Darjeeling. Despite all this Heron's discoveries were to be the foundation for the unofficial later work of
440:
Bell was infuriated and no official geologist, and certainly not Heron, would ever take part in an
Everest expedition again. Moreover, officers of the Survey of India were also to be excluded.
1419:
200:
134:
424:
Bell knew that no precious stones had been found but he was well attuned to Tibet culture and sympathetic with it so he understood the sensitivities. To make matters worse, a
462:) had replaced Charles Bell as Britain's political advisor for Tibet and he continued with Bell's decision not to allow geologists. So, even though Heron joined the party at
1429:
1424:
1384:
747:
38:
1264:
403:, who was in Sikkim as the British diplomatic representative to Tibet, received a telegram from the Tibetan prime minister passing on a complaint from the
125:
121:
799:
287:
were ruined because he had been putting in the photographic plates back to front. Writing home he blamed Heron for not instructing him properly.
360:
and later, contained fossils but the shale had little by way of fossils. Nearer to the mountains the shale was underlain by limestone (possibly
454:
The Survey of India nominated Heron to accompany the 1922 expedition as geologist even though the
Tibetan authorities had refused permission.
323:. Heron visited the main party at Kharta on 14 September and then set off to explore Everest's eastern valleys taking no part in reaching the
314:
and then they headed on north and then east to find a suitable base from which to explore the eastern approaches to Everest. They decided the
524:
487:
479:
449:
1404:
573:
1365:
1274:
1159:
783:
306:
where Heron discovered marine fossils in the limestone at heights never thought possible. By 4 July they had moved to see Mallory and
254:
were to lead the climbing team but, after Kellas' sudden death on the walk-in, and Raeburn's illness requiring him to return to base,
149:, Edinburgh on 31 July 1884, son of William Heron, a coal agent for William Baird & Co of Garthsherrie, who later became a macer (
773:
118:
1399:
174:. He continued publishing research papers for the Geological Survey into the 1950s and, after 23 years of geological survey in
642:
378:
The region surveyed was in Tibet from the Tsangpo in the north down to the Nepalese border. It included the basin of the
282:
on 19 May 1921. To begin with Mallory had found Heron dull in conversation but in the course of the long trek across the
1414:
459:
1444:
1409:
1394:
1260:
754:
1389:
516:
219:
159:
130:
886:
455:
878:
471:
379:
154:
810:
697:
320:
1439:
1434:
672:
302:. Howard-Bury joined them later and while Wheeler surveyed on his own, they explored the area of the
295:
182:, "The Geology of Central Rajasthan", in 1953. He died in 1971 aged 86 while he was staying in the
1330:
400:
243:
210:
22:
603:
1318:
1195:
163:
1285:
1361:
1270:
1155:
1149:
779:
412:
356:
with, he considered, the folding indicating movement from the north. The uppermost limestone,
183:
171:
1310:
1187:
729:
586:
353:
251:
612:
581:
415:
and, moreover, climbers had been digging up rubies, turquoises and other precious stones.
311:
283:
227:
436:
exorcise them by the pious refrain of "kiki so so lha so lha" to a hammer accompaniment.
1175:
835:
536:
520:
483:
467:
372:
299:
259:
255:
247:
1378:
425:
387:
315:
291:
231:
1344:
1151:
Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet
862:
383:
307:
223:
150:
146:
1334:
650:
475:
382:, the region north and east of Everest, and in the west the headwaters of the
365:
357:
349:
279:
79:
137:
following which he produced a geological map of the Everest region of Tibet.
463:
328:
324:
303:
175:
167:
64:
778:. New York: Simon & Schuster, Royal Geographical Society. p. 245.
129:(31 July 1884 – 1971), was a Scottish geologist who became Director of the
404:
361:
345:
1178:(1937). "The Arun River Drainage Pattern and the Rise of the Himalaya".
1322:
1199:
408:
864:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
733:
270:
1266:
Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory, and the Conquest of Everest
368:
235:
1314:
1298:
1191:
1286:"Appendix III. A note on the geological results of the expedition."
723:
548:
Bailey had himself made secretive visits to Tibet in earlier years.
470:
in London, not wanting to cause diplomatic difficulty, instructed
269:
239:
209:
800:"Council of the National Institute of Sciences of India for 1935"
748:"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783 – 2002"
1292:(1 ed.). New York: Longman & Green. pp. 338–340.
218:
The 1921 Everest reconnaissance expedition was funded by the
1228:
1226:
574:"1884 Heron, Alexander MacMi (Statutory Births 684/02 0023)"
1107:
1105:
1103:
604:"31/03/1901 Heron, William (Census 1901 684/00 001/00 003)"
1299:"Geological Results of the Mount Everest Expedition, 1921"
364:
or Jurassic) metamorphosed into crystalline form and into
908:
Heron, A. M. (1953). "The geology of central Rajasthan".
399:
While the expedition was underway, on 28 September 1921,
1213:
1211:
1209:
1154:. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–272, 361–363.
428:
epidemic had indeed broken out in Tibet in late 1921.
371:. In the vicinity of the high mountains the rock was
201:
1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition
153:), and Joan Heron, née Macmillan. He graduated from
135:
1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition
725:
The Baluchistan earthquake of the 21st October 1909
102:
94:
86:
72:
50:
29:
21:For the 19th century Philadelphia businessman, see
602:
585:
294:on 25 June, Heron set off south west towards the
433:
417:
698:"Children of William Heron And Joan Mcmillan"
677:. University of Edinburgh. 1906. p. 330.
674:The Edinburgh University Calendar 1906 – 1907
458:(who in 1913 with Morshead, had explored the
8:
1339:(1 ed.). New York: Longman & Green.
753:. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from
649:. Royal Geographical Society. Archived from
411:. The expedition had disturbed the monks at
1420:Fellows of the Geological Society of London
1094:
1082:
1022:
998:
986:
962:
230:with a remit to explore the approaches to
37:
26:
1430:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1425:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
910:Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India
861:Academy, Indian National Science (1976).
344:plateau was intensely folded sedimentary
335:Howard-Bury's book about the expedition.
1360:. Seattle, WA, USA: Mountaineers Books.
1232:
950:
214:Heron's geological map of Everest region
190:Mount Everest regional geological survey
170:, where he became a mentor to the young
1135:
1123:
565:
499:
466:hoping for a last-minute reprieve, the
290:Starting from the expedition's base at
1336:Mount Everest the Reconnaissance, 1921
1290:Mount Everest the Reconnaissance, 1921
1070:
1385:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1244:
1217:
1111:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1010:
974:
938:
926:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
525:1933 British Mount Everest expedition
506:They also knew it as the Khumbu Pass.
450:1922 British Mount Everest expedition
431:Heron's explanation was not helpful:
7:
775:Everest : summit of achievement
420:about and effect their early return.
158:1919. He was elected fellow of the
1358:Everest, The Mountaineering History
879:"Geologists from abroad tour North"
141:Early life and professional career
14:
258:effectively became lead climber.
1288:. In Howard-Bury, C. K. (ed.).
842:. Geographical Society of India
16:Scottish geologist and explorer
941:, pp. 207, 206, 234, 344.
45:on the 1921 Everest expedition
1:
106:1921 Mount Everest expedition
352:limestone with an east-west
162:in 1925 and, succeeding Sir
145:Alexander Heron was born in
643:"Alexander Macmillan Heron"
1461:
1405:Explorers of the Himalayas
1297:Heron, A. M. (June 1922).
772:Venables, Stephen (2003).
578:Statutory Births 1855-2013
517:antecedent drainage stream
515:It is now known to be an "
447:
274:Heron in ceremonial attire
220:Royal Geographical Society
198:
160:Royal Society of Edinburgh
131:Geological Survey of India
20:
887:British Newspaper Archive
840:Presidents of the Society
133:. He participated in the
113:Alexander Macmillan Heron
36:
31:Alexander Macmillan Heron
1351:. J. M. Dent & Sons.
1180:The Geographical Journal
807:Digital Library of India
519:" as first suggested by
1356:Unsworth, Walt (2000).
265:
155:University of Edinburgh
1400:20th-century explorers
438:
422:
391:give an explanation".
275:
215:
1284:Heron, A. M. (1922).
1148:Searle, Mike (2013).
722:Heron, A. M. (1919).
321:Yarlung Tsangpo River
273:
262:led the survey work.
213:
1349:The Story of Everest
1303:Geographical Journal
760:on 19 September 2015
395:Complaint from Lhasa
246:led the expedition.
1415:Scottish geologists
1114:, pp. 338–340.
1049:, pp. 345–346.
1013:, pp. 297–303.
889:. 20 September 1948
590:on 21 November 2008
278:Heron's party left
244:Charles Howard-Bury
186:of southern India.
23:Alexander Heron Jr.
1445:Explorers of Nepal
1410:Scottish surveyors
1395:Scottish explorers
1331:Howard-Bury, C. K.
1095:Howard-Bury (1922)
1083:Howard-Bury (1922)
1025:, pp. 94–120.
1023:Howard-Bury (1922)
999:Howard-Bury (1922)
987:Howard-Bury (1922)
963:Howard-Bury (1922)
929:, pp. 85–371.
339:Geological results
276:
216:
164:Lewis Leigh Fermor
1390:Explorers of Asia
1073:, pp. 27–28.
1001:, pp. 82–92.
965:, pp. 74–81.
816:on 20 August 2014
413:Rongbuk Monastery
327:and, beyond, the
178:he published his
172:Calamur Mahadevan
128:
110:
109:
1452:
1371:
1352:
1340:
1326:
1293:
1280:
1269:. Random House.
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:, p. 74-75.
1230:
1221:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
917:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
883:Aberdeen Journal
875:
869:
868:
858:
852:
851:
849:
847:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
815:
809:. Archived from
804:
796:
794:
792:
769:
767:
765:
759:
752:
744:
738:
737:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
694:
688:
685:
679:
678:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
639:
624:
623:
621:
619:
606:
599:
597:
595:
589:
584:. Archived from
570:
549:
546:
540:
534:
528:
513:
507:
504:
456:Frederick Bailey
252:Alexander Kellas
116:
60:
58:
41:
27:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1355:
1343:
1329:
1315:10.2307/1780634
1296:
1283:
1277:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1233:Unsworth (2000)
1231:
1224:
1216:
1207:
1192:10.2307/1785796
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
951:Unsworth (2000)
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
877:
876:
872:
860:
859:
855:
845:
843:
834:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
802:
798:
797:
790:
788:
786:
771:
770:
763:
761:
757:
750:
746:
745:
741:
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
696:
695:
691:
686:
682:
671:
670:
666:
656:
654:
653:on 17 June 2013
647:Imaging Everest
641:
640:
627:
617:
615:
613:ScotlandsPeople
601:
600:
593:
591:
582:ScotlandsPeople
572:
571:
567:
563:
558:
553:
552:
547:
543:
535:
531:
514:
510:
505:
501:
496:
488:1933 expedition
480:1924 expedition
452:
446:
444:1922 expedition
397:
341:
296:Kyetrak Glacier
284:Tibetan plateau
268:
266:Heron's travels
228:Survey of India
208:
203:
197:
195:1921 expedition
192:
143:
82:
77:
68:
62:
56:
54:
46:
44:
43:Alexander Heron
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:978-0898866704
1366:
1353:
1341:
1327:
1309:(6): 418–431.
1294:
1281:
1276:978-0099563839
1275:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1247:, p. 395.
1237:
1222:
1220:, p. 367.
1205:
1186:(3): 239–250.
1167:
1161:978-0199653003
1160:
1140:
1138:, p. 421.
1136:Heron-a (1922)
1128:
1126:, p. 419.
1124:Heron-a (1922)
1116:
1099:
1087:
1085:, p. 338.
1075:
1063:
1061:, p. 364.
1051:
1039:
1037:, p. 336.
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
977:, p. 266.
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
900:
870:
853:
827:
785:978-0743243865
784:
739:
714:
689:
687:Ancestry.co.uk
680:
664:
625:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
550:
541:
537:Henry Morshead
529:
523:following the
521:Lawrence Wager
508:
498:
497:
495:
492:
484:Lawrence Wager
468:Foreign Office
448:Main article:
445:
442:
396:
393:
373:biotite gneiss
340:
337:
312:Rongbuk valley
300:Oliver Wheeler
267:
264:
260:Henry Morshead
256:George Mallory
248:Harold Raeburn
207:
204:
199:Main article:
196:
193:
191:
188:
142:
139:
108:
107:
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
76:1971 (aged 86)
74:
70:
69:
63:
52:
48:
47:
42:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1457:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Murray, W. H.
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:Murray (1953)
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
989:, p. 77.
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
956:
953:, p. 57.
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
915:
911:
904:
901:
888:
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
865:
857:
854:
841:
837:
831:
828:
812:
808:
801:
787:
781:
777:
776:
756:
749:
743:
740:
735:
731:
727:
726:
718:
715:
703:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
676:
675:
668:
665:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
614:
610:
605:
588:
583:
579:
575:
569:
566:
560:
555:
545:
542:
538:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
509:
503:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Charles Bruce
469:
465:
461:
460:Tsangpo Gorge
457:
451:
443:
441:
437:
432:
429:
427:
426:scarlet fever
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
392:
389:
388:Kangchenjunga
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
316:Kharta valley
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
272:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Mount Everest
229:
225:
221:
212:
205:
202:
194:
189:
187:
185:
184:Nilgiri Hills
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
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702:ancestry.com
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238:and through
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61:31 July 1884
18:
1440:1971 deaths
1435:1884 births
1261:Davis, Wade
609:1901 Census
384:Bhote Koshi
308:Guy Bullock
224:Alpine Club
180:magnum opus
151:court usher
147:Duddingston
87:Nationality
1379:Categories
734:1842/32415
618:28 January
594:28 January
556:References
476:Noel Odell
380:Arun River
366:calcareous
358:Cretaceous
350:Cretaceous
348:shale and
280:Darjeeling
206:Background
95:Occupation
80:Tamil Nadu
67:, Scotland
57:1884-07-31
893:19 August
846:20 August
836:"History"
820:19 August
791:19 August
764:19 August
707:19 August
657:19 August
561:Citations
464:Kalimpong
329:North Col
325:Lhakpa La
304:Nangpa La
176:Rajasthan
168:Hyderabad
98:Geologist
65:Edinburgh
1347:(1953).
1333:(1922).
1263:(2012).
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405:dzongpen
362:Triassic
346:Jurassic
226:and the
117:BSc DSc
1323:1780634
1254:Sources
1200:1785796
486:on the
478:on the
310:in the
90:British
1364:
1321:
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409:Shekar
369:gneiss
354:strike
292:Tingri
236:Sikkim
222:, the
1319:JSTOR
1196:JSTOR
814:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
758:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
494:Notes
298:with
240:Tibet
234:from
1362:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1156:ISBN
895:2014
848:2014
822:2014
793:2014
780:ISBN
766:2014
709:2014
659:2014
620:2015
596:2015
482:and
250:and
126:FRSE
122:FRGS
73:Died
51:Born
1311:doi
1188:doi
730:hdl
407:of
119:FGS
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