179:
345:
by using armored personnel carriers to transport troops who shot, stabbed to death, and crushed hundreds of
Azerbaijanis. Lebed recanted on his previous use of force in this manner, reflecting that, "I know for sure that constitutional order cannot be restored by using air force, tanks and artillery.
209:
Initially after announcing his campaign, Lebed had the support of
Congress of Russian Communities party leader Skokov. However, a rift arose between them. Nevertheless, Lebed was able to win the support of other party leaders, securing the party's nomination as his Skokov would later be voted out as
247:
After reaching an informal agreement with
Yeltsin in April (under which Lebed promised to endorse Yeltsin in the second round of the election), Lebed began to see positive news coverage, as well as a greater overall quantity of media coverage. This was done as part of an effort by Yeltsin's camp to
150:
In June 1995, after he had been relieved of his command of the 14th Army, Lebed resigned from the military and entered the realm of politics. He soon joined and became vice-chairman of the
Congress of Russian Communities. The party was a centrist nationalist party headed by Yury Skokov, a military
158:
In
September 1995 Lebed was polling as the most popularly liked politician amongst Russian citizens. He particularly benefited from his perceived separation from the political establishment, as well as the corruption associated with it. Polls showed him likely to win in the pending presidential
303:. Lebed alleged that the west was "attempting to turn Russia into a cheap supplier of raw materials, a reservoir of free labor, and a huge hazardous waste dump for the industrial world." Lebed argued that since, "everybody is wiping their feet on Russia ... Russia has to show her teeth."
875:
868:
346:
We used military power in
Tbilisi, Baku, Vilnius. Where are they today-Georgia, Azerbaijan, Lithuania? Everything we tried to keep by force was lost. Now everything is being done in order to lose Chechnya."
213:
Lebed was formally nominated by the KRO on
January 11, 1996. Lebed also ran as the nominee of a new party he founded named Honor and Motherland which he built as a campaign organization separate from KRO.
861:
884:
259:
Lebed promoted himself as an authoritative leader that would introduce law and order, tackle corruption and allow capitalism to blossom. He had praised the leadership of
226:
1008:
313:. He had demonstrated that he personally regarded violence to be a means of persuasion, and had acted accordingly while a general. In the years leading up to the
128:(KRO). Lebed ultimately placed a surprisingly strong third place in the first-round of the election, thus disqualifying him from the second-round. He endorsed
1118:
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991:
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While he was regarded to be a pro-democracy candidate, Lebed had skeptical past credentials in regards to his history with supporting democracy.
438:
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451:
1003:
888:
495:
385:
121:
25:
163:
798:
The 1996 Russian presidential election / Jerry F. Hough, Evelyn
Davidheiser, Susan Goodrich Lehmann. Brookings occasional papers.
727:
Sigelman, Lee; Shiraev, Eric (2002). "The
Rational Attacker in Russia? Negative Campaigning in Russian Presidential Elections".
969:
549:
314:
267:
125:
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40:
65:
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promote Lebed in the hopes that he would syphon off votes from other nationalist candidates in the first-round.
672:
51:
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288:. During his presidential campaign he was strongly critical of the decision to send troops into Chechnya.
152:
144:
public, Lebed had been speculated as a potentially strong presidential candidate since as early as 1994.
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Lebed was also known to brag about his use of aggressive military force. As commander of the
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56:
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318:
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701:"THE RUSSIAN VOTE: THE HEARTLAND;How Yeltsin Won Over a City That Looked on Him Coldly"
244:-sized space and was headed by a retired military major with no political experience.
178:
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903:
782:
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651:
418:
330:
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263:. While he presented an authoritarian personality, he held some moderate positions.
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317:, Lebed was involved in military efforts to suppress ethnic unrest. This included,
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237:
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troops commanded by Lebed used sapper shovels and chemical weapons on crowds.
233:
809:
750:
358:
326:
141:
140:
Since he was among the military figures most popularly liked amongst the
424:. Stanford University in Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press.
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758:
365:
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241:
325:
in which more than twenty people were killed and dozens wounded when
166:
concluded, discuss whether or not he intended to run for president.
420:
Russia's 1996 Presidential
Election: The End of Polarized Politics
364:
Lebed argued in support of maintaining the 14th army presence in
653:
Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State
342:
857:
291:
Lebed was skeptical towards the west, particularly towards the
251:
In his campaign speeches, Lebed rarely attacked his opponents.
173:
550:"General Alexander Lebed: Russia's Rising Political Star"
236:
presence in many locations. For instance, in the city of
217:
Up until early May, Lebed entertained negotiations with
190:
496:"OUTSPOKEN GENERAL RISING IN RUSSIAN POLITICAL FIELD"
277:
Lebed argued in defense of Russia's control over the
147:
By 1994 Lebed had arisen as a top critic of Yeltsin.
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956:
923:
895:
86:
75:
31:
21:
781:
417:
295:. He had warned that a potential central-European
309:Lebed had a problematic history with respect to
788:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
673:"KRO OFFICIALLY NOMINATES LEBED FOR PRESIDENT"
240:his campaign's field office operated out of a
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8:
16:
114:Alexander Lebed presidential campaign, 1996
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862:
854:
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17:Alexander Lebed 1996 presidential campaign
15:
836:"15 July 1996 Monitor -- Vol. II No. 137"
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679:. Jamestown Foundation. January 12, 1996
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299:could be enough to warrant the start of
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494:Shargorodsky, Sergei (13 August 1994).
452:Power struggle sparks unrest in Moldova
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657:. Cambridge University Press. p.
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353:he had once threatened to capture the
162:Lebed had refused to, until after the
471:THE WARS OF ALEKSANDR IVANOVICH LEBED
386:"Russian Election Watch, May 9, 1996"
333:, Lebed carried out orders to impose
7:
808:McFaul, Michael (October 30, 1997).
699:Gordon, Michael R. (June 17, 2017).
469:Specter, Michael (13 October 1996).
439:Central Connecticut State University
1119:1996 Russian presidential campaigns
838:. Jamestown Foundation. 15 Jul 1996
548:Cohen, Ariel (September 26, 1995).
889:1996 Russian presidential election
124:. Lebed ran as the nominee of the
122:1996 Russian presidential election
26:1996 Russian presidential election
14:
580:Hockdtader, Lee (June 25, 1996).
625:. Belfer Center. October 1, 1995
177:
450:Barber, Tony (16 August 1994).
321:, an effort to quash unrest in
315:dissolution of the Soviet Union
126:Congress of Russian Communities
80:Congress of Russian Communities
41:Congress of Russian Communities
649:Hale, Henry E. (Dec 5, 2005).
619:"Russian Election Watch no. 9"
66:106th Guards Airborne Division
1:
479:. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
460:. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
441:. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
151:industrialist, and guided by
784:Mythmaking in the New Russia
435:Biography of Alexander Lebed
388:. 9 May 1996. Archived from
232:Lebed's campaign had a weak
780:Smith, Kathleen E. (2002).
1135:
608:Obshchaya Gazetta 5/18/95
582:"LEBED'S METEORIC ASCENT"
556:. The Heritage Foundation
164:1995 legislative election
50:Second-in-Command of the
416:McFaul, Michael (1997).
44:Member of the State Duma
751:10.1111/1468-2508.00117
729:The Journal of Politics
210:party chairman in May.
52:Russian Airborne Troops
255:Positions and policies
153:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
810:"The Election of ´96"
361:in just seven hours.
331:In the winter of 1990
319:in the spring of 1989
284:Lebed pledged to end
132:in the second-round.
82:/Honor and Motherland
39:Vice-chairman of the
999:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
816:. Hoover Institution
623:www.belfercenter.org
1063:Vladimir Bryntsalov
1016:Svyatoslav Fyodorov
297:enlargement of NATO
286:the war in Chechnya
223:Svyatoslav Fyodorov
120:'s campaign in the
18:
1094:Viktor Chechevatov
706:The New York Times
476:The New York Times
225:to jointly form a
189:. You can help by
1106:
1105:
1028:Mikhail Gorbachev
982:Grigory Yavlinsky
677:www.jamestown.org
392:on 4 January 2001
301:a third world war
219:Grigory Yavlinsky
207:
206:
110:
109:
91:Nominated by KRO:
71:
64:Commander of the
62:
55:Commander of the
48:
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957:Other candidates
935:Gennady Zyuganov
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357:capital city of
261:Augusto Pinochet
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57:14th Guards Army
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118:Alexander Lebed
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94:11 January 1996
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36:Alexander Lebed
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266:Lebed mourned
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904:Boris Yeltsin
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185:This section
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130:Boris Yeltsin
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100:19 April 1996
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67:
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1084:Aman Tuleyev
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840:. Retrieved
830:
820:September 2,
818:. Retrieved
813:
803:
794:
783:
775:
735:(1): 45–62.
732:
728:
722:
710:. Retrieved
704:
694:
681:. Retrieved
676:
667:
652:
627:. Retrieved
622:
613:
589:. Retrieved
585:
558:. Retrieved
553:
500:. Retrieved
474:
465:
455:
446:
430:
419:
394:. Retrieved
390:the original
380:
363:
348:
311:human rights
308:
305:
290:
283:
276:
272:Soviet Union
268:the collapse
265:
258:
250:
246:
231:
216:
212:
208:
195:
191:adding to it
186:
161:
157:
149:
146:
139:
116:was General
113:
111:
106:16 June 1996
102:
96:
90:
1098:Independent
1088:Independent
1067:Independent
1057:Independent
1053:Yury Vlasov
1047:Independent
1032:Independent
908:Independent
341:capital of
339:Azerbaijani
335:martial law
229:coalition.
227:third force
198:August 2018
97:Registered:
76:Affiliation
61:(1992-1995)
885:Candidates
683:August 23,
591:August 25,
560:August 23,
372:References
234:grassroots
159:election.
136:Background
767:154960655
737:CiteSeerX
359:Bucharest
351:14th Army
281:enclave.
70:(1988-91)
47:(1995-96)
32:Candidate
1113:Category
1076:Withdrew
1036:campaign
1009:campaign
992:campaign
975:campaign
946:campaign
924:Lost in
913:campaign
629:July 16,
355:Romanian
327:spetsnaz
170:Campaign
987:Yabloko
887:in the
842:22 June
759:2691664
502:21 June
396:26 July
366:Moldova
337:in the
323:Georgia
270:of the
242:cubicle
142:Russian
926:runoff
896:Winner
765:
757:
739:
87:Status
763:S2CID
755:JSTOR
1004:LDPR
844:2019
822:2017
714:2017
685:2018
631:2018
593:2018
562:2018
504:2019
398:2018
343:Baku
238:Perm
221:and
112:The
1021:PST
970:KRO
747:doi
193:.
1115::
812:.
761:.
753:.
745:.
733:64
731:.
703:.
675:.
659:77
639:^
621:.
601:^
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570:^
552:.
512:^
484:^
473:.
454:.
437:.
406:^
368:.
274:.
155:.
1038:)
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1011:)
1007:(
994:)
990:(
977:)
973:(
877:e
870:t
863:v
846:.
824:.
769:.
749::
716:.
689:.
687:.
661:.
633:.
595:.
564:.
506:.
400:.
200:)
196:(
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