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495:, a former sailor who aspired to be a proletarian writer. By January 1925, Voronsky was no longer listed as an editor, but soon afterwards he was reinstated and Raskolnikov had been removed - possibly because Maxim Gorky had angrily refused to contribute to the journal under the new editorship. But over the next three years "RAPP cleverly targeted Voronsky's most vulnerable point, his friendship with Trotsky"
436:
matter of mobilizing or manipulating group emotions on behalf of a class-determined world view. It was a distinctive form of cognition, a largely intuitive mode of apprehending reality ... a true artist, armed by intuition and creative integrity, cannot help seeing and embodying in his work certain truths that run counter to his conscious bias and to the interests of his class ... No wonder
458:
disinterested, and in this regard it is organically bound up with our general conceptions of the beautiful (although, of course, it is narrower than these concepts). The aesthetic evaluation of a work is the criterion of its truthfulness or falseness. Artistic truth is determined and established precisely through such an evaluation.
146:, initially turned him away because they thought he was too excitable and liable to buckle under arrest. but he persisted, and was put to work first as a courier, and then running a printing press. In September 1906 he was arrested and sentenced to a year of solitary confinement. Soon after his release he was arrested again in
169:, at which he took the minutes of the conference and spoke strongly for a mass daily workers' newspaper. On his return to Russia he continued underground work and was rearrested on May 8; his exile ended in September 1914, when he returned to Tambov with his wife and newborn daughter, Galina, moving to
435:
He combined political orthodoxy with a strong personal commitment to literature, a commitment underpinned by an aesthetic which, though not incompatible with
Marxism, could be easily construed within the Soviet Marxist framework as a "bourgeois-idealistic" heresy. To Voronsky, art was not primarily a
422:
In an autobiography, published in 1927, he described hearing
Trotsky speak at a public meeting in 1917 - "His words were cooling, sober, and among the jubilation and joyful excitement they sounded for the first time for me on that day, the exorbitance and heaviness of the paths of the revolution, the
399:
Voronsky's strongest ally at the top end of the communist party was Leon
Trotsky, who did not believe that in this early stage of the revolution there was any such thing as 'proletarian art', but only "the simple formula of a pseudo-proletarian art", which, he wrote, was "not Marxism, but reactionary
527:
I leave the
Opposition. I support the party’s main line. I find my previous factional activity substantially wrong and I renounce to it. I also consider wrong the Opposition’s accusation that the party leadership is only able to solve difficulties through right wing policies. I condemn Trotsky’s
457:
When does the artistic image appear convincing? When we experience a special psychic state of joy, satisfaction, elevated repose, love or sympathy for the author. This psychic state is the aesthetic evaluation of a work of art. Aesthetic feeling lacks a narrowly utilitarian character; it is
560:
Twenty years after his execution, in 1957, Voronsky received official state rehabilitation in the U.S.S.R. However, his work remained heavily censored and devoid of the criticism of socialist realism as well as of the growing
Stalinist bureaucracy from his time with the Left Opposition.
453:. Voronsky, in agreement with Trotsky, viewed art as an exercise between the subjective and the objective world of the artist to facilitate a deeper understanding of humanity. Aesthetic evaluation, he wrote, requires a strong correlation to the nature of the object portrayed.
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551:
on 1 February 1937. At his trial, on 13 August 1937, which lasted only a few minutes he stood up and told the judges that history's judgement would be that they had betrayed the revolution, not he. He was sentenced to death, and shot the same day.
115:; his father was the village priest, Konstantin Osipovich Voronsky, who died when Aleksandr was a few years old. It is likely Voronsky was not the family name, but was taken up his father because his parish was located on the river
54:
516:. In response, Voronsky denied the political charges, offerted to co-operate with RAPP if Averbakh was removed form its leadership, and declared that any fate was better than being suffocated by Averbakh's "literary fumes."
380:, Voronsky had "become a weapon in the cause of reinforcing the position of the bourgeoisie," and was "utterly hopeless in the resolution of the active political tasks of the proletariat in the field of literature."
568:
in 1998 after four years of extensive research inside Moscow libraries between 1991 and 1995. These writings were finally accessible as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union and the change in political climate.
448:
that combined the search for objective truth with the complexity of human emotion and feeling. Voronsky's criticism of art lay in opposition to the artificial representation of life presented in Stalin's school of
412:, where guests included Trotsky, Radek, and Isaac Babel, at which Radek spoke disparagingly about the party leadership. This soiree formed of the case against Babel when he was arrested and shot 16 years later.
431:
Although
Voronsky considered himself an orthodox Marxist, he was far from the ideological rigidity that was enforced after Stalin took control. Victor Ehrlich called him "flexible and humane" and wrote:
387:
convened the first officially sponsored debate on literary politics, held over two days in May 1924, Voronsky was the main speaker in defence of 'fellow travellers', backed by
Trotsky, Radek, Bukharin,
313:
What proved to be the most controversial section of the magazine at the time was the literary section. Voronsky accepted contributions from "ideologically confused" writers, , who were classed as "
384:
286:
was a revival of a 19th century
Russian tradition of the 'thick' journal - a periodical containing hundreds of pages, with sections on history, science, literature etc. The first issue of
1224:
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119:. After attending a Tambov religious school, in 1900 he enrolled in the Tambov Seminary, where he helped organize an illegal library for the seminary students. In 1904 he joined the
519:
In
October 1927, Voronsky was relieved of his duties as editor of the journal. In February 1928 he was expelled from the Party, and in January 1929 he was arrested and exiled to
476:
Voronsky's friendship with
Trotsky, which was an asset at the start of the controversy over 'proletarian literature' became the cause of his political destruction, and death.
282:(Red Virgin Soil) when the first issue was published in June, with Gorky listed as editor of its literary section. In 1923 he organized a new publishing house, Krug (Circle).
631:
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activities, including his activities abroad. I remove my signature from all factional documents. All the resolutions of the party leadership are obligatory to me.
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were relatively minor figures. The outcome was a cautiously worded statement which established the principle of party intervention in literary disputes.
369:
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165:, where he helped form a provincial group of Bolsheviks and organize a number of major strikes. In January 1912 he was one of 18 delegates to the
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were "fortresses and beachheads of the armies of literature" and therefore by publishing works by 'bourgeois' writers, according to the critic
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to attack Averbakh over the way he was controlling the newly formed Federation of Organisations of Soviet Writers. In a reply, published in
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guberniya Voronsky met his future wife, Serafima Solomonovna Pesina, another young Bolshevik. After finishing his exile in 1910 he moved to
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At the start of this campaign, Voronsky was in a strong position because he had high level party support. When the Press Section of the
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and others - who wrote "not the polite testimonials one might expect of busy politicians, but substantial and thoughtful articles."
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361:, where writers and leading Bolsheviks met, everyone brought a bottle of red wine and poetry or prose was read by their authors.
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Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters - from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein - Under Stalin
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describes Voronsky's increasingly untenable position in a chapter called "Voronsky's Fight For Truth" in his 1934 book
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was "the principal refuge of fellow travellers". Voronsky also hosted literary evenings in his double room in the
423:
inflexibility and ruthlessness of its iron heel, its calculation and its will to subdue chaos and the elements."
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in 1924. Also in 1924, Voronsky hosted a literary evening in his flat, to hear a recitation of a poem by
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and Pavel Sakulin standing left to right: Ivan Evdokimov, Vasily Lvov-Rogachevsky, Vyacheslav Polonsky,
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83:
literary critic, theorist and editor of the 1920s, disfavored and purged in 1937 for his work with the
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142:. The local organisers, Sergei Malyshev and Maria Ulyanova, younger sister of the Bolshevik leader,
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Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies and edited the local Bolshevik newspaper,
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372:(RAPP), who argued that literature was a weapon in the class struggle, and thick journals like
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Voronsky was expelled from the party for a second time in 1935, and was arrested early in the
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contained 300 pages. Contributors to early issues included high ranking Bolsheviks - Lenin,
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Voronsky's essays were translated by researcher Frederick Choate and published in the book
127:, and the following year he was expelled from the seminary for "political unreliability".
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In 1930, he was permitted to return to Moscow, where he continued to write and edit for
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95:. Voronsky's writings were hidden away in the Soviet Union, until his autobiography,
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197:, he helped the Bolsheviks take power in Odessa and in early 1918 moved to
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In June 1924, the party leadership, now controlled by Trotsky's enemies,
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683:"Воронский Александр Константинович 1884-1937 Биографический Указатель"
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In January 1921 Voronsky left for Moscow, where he met with Lenin and
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and other major Bolsheviks, while his leading opponents, Vardin, and
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Voronsky expounded the idea of aesthetic evaluation, an exercise in
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In the fractured cultural scene of the early 1920s, Voronsky and
647:"WSWS publishes interviews with children of the Left Opposition"
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and was one of the few Party critics to recognize the gifts of
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Artists in Uniform: A Study of Literature and Bureaucratism
757:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 72
213:(Workers' Land), and headed the provincial Party Committee.
600:
Brent, Jonathan (2008). Atlas & Co. Publishers (ed.).
523:. From there he wrote to the Central Committee declaring:
508:, the head of the Press Section of the Central Committee,
1011:. Centro de Estudios e Investigacion en Ciencias Sociales
76:
27 August] – 13 August 1937) was a prominent
872:"За живой и мертвой водой (Waters of Life and Death)"
487:
appointed two new members of the editorial board of
984:McLean, Hugh (October 1949). "Voronskij and RAPP".
111:Voronsky was born in the village of Khoroshavka in
536:but was no longer prominent as a critic. American
512:accused Voronsky of being a Trotskyist, and/or a
1054:, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1934) pp. 149-155
27:Russian literary critic and theorist (1884–1937)
1225:All-Russian Central Executive Committee members
709:Red Virgin Soil, Soviet Literature in the 1920s
525:
455:
1205:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
1003:Rosana López Rodriguez, and Eduardo Sartelli.
1145:The Penguin Companion to Literature: European
8:
986:The American Slavic and East European Review
897:Twentieth-Century Russian Literary Criticism
1068:"Воронский Александр Константинович (1884)"
349:. According to the eminent Russian critic,
630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
491:. One was a party official, the other was
370:Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
368:became the main target of groups like the
272:" (the traditional Russian combination of
103:were translated and published in English.
849:. London: The Harvill Press. p. 29.
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276:and political journal), which was called
177:Participation in the Bolshevik Revolution
1005:"Aleksndr Voronski, a Trotskyist Sword?"
584:, 1936), "two fine volumes of memoirs."
1142:R.D.B. Thompson in A.K. Thorlby (ed.),
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1031:Russian Literature Since the Revolution
963:. New York: The New Press. p. 48.
592:
711:. Ithaca: Cornell U.P. pp. 23–24.
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193:(Voice of the Proletariat). After the
150:and sentenced to two years of exile.
1126:"New Release -- Major Cultural Event"
870:Voronsky, Aleksandr Konstantinovich.
125:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
70:Алекса́ндр Константи́нович Воро́нский
7:
668:. Mehring Books. pp. vii=xxiii.
245:, Aleksandr Voronsky, Petr Oreshin,
913:. Mehring Books. pp. 328–329.
645:Williams, Fred (25 February 2014).
751:Soviet Russian Literature, 1917-50
62:Aleksandr Konstantinovich Voronsky
25:
1033:(Harvard University Press, 1982:
415:In October 1923, Voronsky signed
1195:People from Inzhavinsky District
229:Jun 1926 sitting left to right:
185:came, he became a member of the
1275:Great Purge victims from Russia
1108:"Interview with Tatiana Isaeva"
205:, where he assisted his friend
938:. Mehring Books. p. 120.
1:
1200:People from Kirsanovsky Uyezd
845:Shentalinsky, Vitaly (1995).
217:Literary and political career
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
936:Art as the Cognition of Life
934:Voronsky, Aleksandr (1988).
911:Art as the Cognition of Life
909:Voronsky, Aleksandr (1988).
666:Art as the Cognition of Life
566:Art as the Cognition of Life
465:Art as the Cognition of Life
404:was originally published in
400:populism." Trotysky's book,
268:to discuss plans for a new "
101:Art as the Cognition of Life
707:Maguire, Robert A. (1987).
498:In May 1927, Voronsky used
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1255:Soviet literary historians
1094:Inside the Stalin Archives
847:The KGB's Literary Archive
664:Choate, Frederick (1998).
606:. New York, USA. pp.
603:Inside the Stalin Archives
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138:, and applied to join the
30:In this name that follows
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1265:20th-century male writers
824:Literature and Revolution
574:Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi
402:Literature and Revolution
225:Five year anniversary of
153:On his way to Yarensk in
72:; 8 September 1884 [
69:
1230:Russian literary critics
1148:(Penguin, 1969), p. 814.
1130:World Socialist Web Site
1112:World Socialist Web Site
651:World Socialist Web Site
582:Waters of Life and Death
97:Waters of Life and Death
1250:Soviet literary critics
899:(Yale UP, 1975), p. 20.
514:Socialist Revolutionary
446:dialectical materialism
209:, edited the newspaper
167:Prague Party Conference
1280:Soviet rehabilitations
1270:20th-century essayists
1235:Russian male essayists
1166:A. K. Voronsky Archive
1161:A. K. Voronsky website
959:McSmith, Andy (2015).
722:A. K. Voronsky website
580:) (1927, 1929; tr. as
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359:Hotel National, Moscow
304:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
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748:Struve, Gleb (1951).
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427:Voronsky's aesthetics
417:The Declaration of 46
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91:during and after the
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173:the following year.
1260:Soviet male writers
1240:Russian avant-garde
1220:Russian Trotskyists
1132:. 2 September 1998.
1114:. 28 February 2014.
390:Anatoly Lunacharsky
201:, Moscow, and then
183:February Revolution
1245:Soviet journalists
795:. pp. 162–63.
542:Artists in Uniform
493:Fyodor Raskolnikov
292:Nadezhda Krupskaya
262:
257:, Abram Ėfros and
239:Christian Rakovsky
195:October Revolution
113:Tambov Governorate
93:October Revolution
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57:Aleksandr Voronsky
18:Alexander Voronsky
1029:Edward J. Brown,
970:978-1-59558-056-6
945:978-0-929087-76-4
920:978-0-929087-76-4
617:978-0-9777433-3-9
451:socialist realism
385:Central Committee
315:fellow travellers
274:literary magazine
255:Mikhail Gerasimov
191:Golos proletariya
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