Alexandra Kollontai - Knowledge (XXG)

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families as legacies of an oppressive, property-rights-based, and individualistic past in which women were simultaneously subjected to both wage labour outside the home and unpaid maternal and domestic labour within it. Kollontai admonished men and women to discard their nostalgia for traditional family life. "The worker-mother must learn not to differentiate between yours and mine; she must remember that there are only our children, the children of Russia's communist workers." Under Communism, both men and women would work for, and be supported by, society, not their families. Similarly, their children would be wards of society, raised in common. However, she also praised parental attachment: "Communist society will take upon itself all the duties involved in the education of the child, but the joys of parenthood will not be taken away from those who are capable of appreciating them."

3071:, recommended the "unrepentant" three be purged from the party. In her defensive speech before the Congress, Kollontai emphasized her loyalty to the party and her devotion to giving the leading role in the party and outside it to the working class, she proclaimed her full observance of the previous year's decree on party unity, and concluded: "If there is no place for this in our party, then exclude me. But even outside the ranks of our party, I will live, work and fight for the Communist party." Eventually, a resolution was passed allowing the three to remain in the party unless they committed further violations of its discipline. 4150:, apart from Stalin and Kollontai, there were 19 full members in the Central Committee at the time of the Bolshevik Revolution: two of them were killed by counter-revolutionaries; five, including Lenin, died for other causes before Stalin's accession to power; the 12 members left fell all victims of Stalinist repression, including Trotsky who was assassinated in Mexico . However, Matvei Muranov too came unharmed through purges, outliving all his former colleagues until 1959: the exact number of those who fell victims of Stalin must thus be calculated as 11. For the list and dates of death of the full members of the 2827: 2722:, she soon abandoned this for other revolutionary projects. Marxism, with its emphasis on the class consciousness of factory workers, the revolutionary seizure of power, and the construction of modern industrial society, attracted Kollontai and many of her peers in Russia's radical intelligentsia. Kollontai's first activities were timid and modest, helping out a few hours a week with her sister Zhenia at a library that supported Sunday classes in basic literacy for urban workers, sneaking a few socialist ideas into the lessons. Through this library Kollontai met 2845:. The couple appeared quite oddly assorted: she was a Menshevik intellectual, of noble origins, thirteen years older than him; he was a self-taught metalworker from provincial Russia and a Bolshevik leading exponent of some prominence. Their romantic relationship came to an end in July 1916, but evolved thereafter into a long-lasting friendship as they wound up sharing many of the same general political views. They were still in contact in the early 1930s when Kollontai lived abroad in a sort of diplomatic exile, and Shliapnikov was going to be executed during 3433:. However, this does not mean that she advocated casual sexual encounters; indeed, she believed that due to the inequality between men and women that persisted under socialism, such encounters would lead to women being exploited, and being left to raise children alone. Instead she believed that true socialism could not be achieved without a radical change in attitudes to sexuality, so that it might be freed from the oppressive norms that she saw as a continuation of bourgeois ideas about property. A common myth describes her as a proponent of the 2995:: it expounded her personal views on the subjects under discussion, was intended to be distributed only to the delegates and has since remained probably her most famous work. "Kollontai's propositions for reform mostly repeated those enumerated by the Workers' Opposition, but she placed a greater emphasis on reducing 'bureaucratisation'," and denouncing petty-bourgeois or non-proletarian influences on Soviet institutions and on the party. Her language "conveyed much harsher criticism of the party and 3485:

all the dangers of this environment. The woman who is wife, mother and worker has to expend every ounce of energy to fulfil these roles. She has to work the same hours as her husband in some factory, printing-house or commercial establishment and then on top of that she has to find the time to attend to her household and look after her children. Capitalism has placed a crushing burden on woman's shoulders: it has made her a wage-worker without having reduced her cares as housekeeper or mother.

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the general interests of women. But once the barrier is down and the bourgeois women have received access to political activity, the recent defenders of the "rights of all women" become enthusiastic defenders of the privileges of their class, content to leave the younger sisters with no rights at all. Thus, when the feminists talk to working women about the need for a common struggle to realise some "general women's" principle, women of the working class are naturally distrustful.

2861:". After leaving Germany, Kollontai traveled to Denmark, only to discover that the Danish social democrats also supported the war. The next place where Kollontai tried to speak and write against the war was Sweden, but the Swedish government imprisoned her for her activities. After her release, Kollontai traveled to Norway, where she at last found a socialist community that was receptive to her ideas. Kollontai stayed primarily in Norway until 1917. She travelled twice to the 3376: 3109:, asking to be sent on a mission abroad. Stalin granted her request and, starting from October 1922, she began to be entrusted with diplomatic appointments abroad and was thus prevented from playing any further political role at home. At first she hoped it was just a passing phase in her life and that she would soon return to her political work in the Zhenotdel, but eventually she had to realize that the diplomatic assignment had become a sort of exile. 2619: 3080: 2927: 3256: 2687: 539: 257: 3731: 2816: 3226:

regime.' Yet, it could also be argued that she had just internalized for good the lesson Trotsky had taught her at the aforementioned 1922 meeting of the Comintern, when he had tamed her last remnants of recalcitrance, forcing her into bowing to party discipline. Kollontai had, as it were, countered in advance, in her 1927 article through which she finally aligned herself, once and for all, with the Stalinists:

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Formerly every girl would learn to knit stockings. Nowa- days, what working woman would think of making her own? In the first place she doesn't have the time. Time is money, and no one wants to waste time in an unproductive and useless manner. Few working women would start to pickle cucumbers or make other preserves when all these things can be bought in the shop. – Alexandra Kollontai (1920),

3717: 4174:'Misha' Kollontai managed to live most of his time in the United States where he worked as an engineer; meanwhile his mother raised her grandson Vladimir Mikhailovich in Sweden (Clements, p. 251). Misha, however, died during the Second World War, probably in Stockholm, where he had sought his mother's nursing because he had fallen ill with heart disease (Clements, pp. 265 e 270). 2643: 468: 2631: 3012:, on the last day the congress passed, among others, two secret resolutions: one, specially aimed at the Workers' Opposition, condemned 'Anarcho-syndicalist deviation' within the party; the other ('On party unity') simply banned all factions. Thus, the Workers' Opposition was forcibly dissolved, and Kollontai was practically sidelined. 6018: 3218:

personal nature that might be regarded as forms of self-celebration. On asking the publisher to make the changes requested, Kollontai apologized with obvious embarrassment, inviting repeatedly to debit her all expenses and writing twice that, under current circumstances, it was not absolutely possible "to do otherwise".

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On the other hand, Kollontai is rather unlikely to have ever been so quiet and safe during the Terror. Jenny Morrison writes that "she lived the last 20 years of her life in constant fear of assassination or imprisonment". Barbara Allen learnt from Kollontai's grandson of a family tradition (based on

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was assassinated two weeks later by less sophisticated means when he changed his ordinary route through the streets, but Mravinskii was arrested when the dynamite tunnel was discovered, charged with misleading the police. Alexandra's mother persuaded her second husband to use his influence to aid her

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Kollontai's views on the role of marriage and the family under Communism were arguably more influential than her advocacy of "free love". Kollontai believed that, like the state, the family unit would wither away once the second stage of communism became a reality. She viewed marriage and traditional

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movement. While proponents of Wages for Housework argue that the domestic labour is productive labour worthy of monetary compensation, Kollontai devalued "women's work", believing it to be an antiquated vestige of the past. Unlike supporters of Wages for Housework who advocated for the integration of

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It is a well-known fact that the Soviet Union has achieved exceptional successes in drawing women into the active construction of the state. This generally accepted truth is not disputed even by our enemies. The Soviet woman is a full and equal citizen of her country. In opening up to women access to

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The followers of the faction among the delegates, however, remained quite few and proved to be declining during the proceedings, when Lenin did not even hesitate to draw snickers from delegates by hinting at the amatory past of the Kollontai-Shliapnikov couple. Although Kollontai and her comrades had

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Class instinct – whatever the feminists say – always shows itself to be more powerful than the noble enthusiasms of "above-class" politics. So long as the bourgeois women and their "younger sisters" are equal in their inequality, the former can, with complete sincerity, make great efforts to defend

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later recounted that, on his departure from Moscow in 1922, Kollontai jokingly warned him not to believe any news of her being arrested for stealing Kremlin silverware, for such news could only mean that she was "not entirely in agreement with about some little problem of agricultural or industrial

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In 1890 or 1891, Alexandra, aged around 19, met her cousin and future husband, Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai (9 July 1867 – July/August 1917), an engineering student of modest means enrolled at a military institute. Alexandra's mother objected bitterly to the potential union since the young man was

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melodrama, the first husband of Alexandra Kollontai's mother, an engineer named Mravinskii, was enlisted by the Tsar's secret police in 1881 to help ferret out a plot to kill the Tsar with dynamite placed under the street in a tunnel. Mravinskii helped police agents check for secret tunnels made by

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What kind of "family life" can there be if the wife and mother is out at work for at least eight hours and, counting the travelling, is away from home for ten hours a day? Her home is neglected; the children grow up without any maternal care, spending most of the time out on the streets, exposed to

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All that was formerly produced in the bosom of the family is now being manufactured on a mass scale in workshops and factories. The machine has superseded the wife. What house- keeper would now bother to make candles, spin wool or weave cloth? All these products can be bought in the shop next door.

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The workers' state needs new relations between the sexes, just as the narrow and exclusive affection of the mother for her own children must expand until it extends to all the children of the great, proletarian family, the indissoluble marriage based on the servitude of women is replaced by a free

3399:, which she saw as bourgeois. At the same time, Kollontai was a champion of women's liberation, believing that it "could take place only as the result of the victory of a new social order and a different economic system". She criticized bourgeois feminists for prioritizing political goals, such as 513:

You work! You, who can't even make up your own bed to look neat and tidy! You, who never picked up a needle! You, who go marching through the house like a princess and never help the servants with their work! You, who are just like your father, going around dreaming and leaving your books on every

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official responsible was arrested. Kollontai left Moscow for Scandinavia before a new official could be assigned to the case" and it was later closed somehow or other. According to Allen, moreover, neither Kollontai nor Shliapnikov (nor even other major exponents of the Workers' Opposition) would

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than did Shlyapnikov's language" in the official faction platform. Lenin was very upset about Kollontai joining the Workers' Opposition and, when he was given a copy of her pamphlet, he just 'leafed through' it and immediately castigated Kollontai. He stated she had written 'the platform of a new

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Another of Kollontai's half-nephews (the son of her eldest half-sister Adèle and also her own cousin), who was an out-and-out Bolshevik from 1917, committed suicide in 1931. "They overdid vigilance," bitterly wrote Kollontai in her diary, as she prepared, "trembling", to tell her half-sister the

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Kollontai's saw domestic labour as an impediment to her ideal of the "universal family". Rather than viewing the tasks that were traditionally reserved for women as productive labour, Kollontai believed that housework stood in the way of industrialization and modernization and that under a fully

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was contemptuously critical of Kollontai's political attitude, writing that 'In Russia, Kolontay took from the very first an ultra-left stand, not only toward me but toward Lenin as well. She waged many a battle against the "Lenin-Trotsky" regime, only to bow most movingly later on to the Stalin

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After the Eleventh Congress, Kollontai became a political outcast. She was badly shaken by having teetered dangerously close to expulsion, and regarded the idea of being excluded from the 'revolutionary community of the elect' as a dreadful "nightmare". She even speculated she might be arrested.

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peasant who had made a fortune selling wood. Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina became known as Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina-Mravinskaya after her marriage to her first husband, Konstantin Iosipovich Mravinsky (originally spelled Mrovinsky) (1829–1921). Her marriage to Mravinsky was an arranged

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publisher Helga Kern, she deemed it necessary to completely revise the first draft of her work she had handed over to the publisher, by deleting practically all references to 'dangerous' topics, as well as the parts mentioning or just hinting at her former critical positions and those having a

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in 1920, but was eventually defeated and sidelined, narrowly avoiding her own expulsion from the party altogether. From 1922 on, she was appointed to various diplomatic posts abroad, serving in Norway, Mexico and Sweden. In 1943, she was promoted to the title of ambassador to Sweden. Kollontai

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Though Kollontai believed in the eventual obsolescence of the traditional family, she held that institution marriage could survive if it underwent a radical transformation. She advocated for a transformed marriage that would be compatible with many other social relations, such as friendship.

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The resurgence of radicalism in the 1960s and the growth of the feminist movement in the 1970s spurred a new interest in the life and writings of Alexandra Kollontai all around the world. A spate of books and pamphlets by and about Kollontai were subsequently published, including full-length

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over factories and generally over "the management of the national economy", on the grounds that the construction of a communist society could only be carried out by the industrial proletariat through its class work in history and through the intelligence it would acquire in concrete economic

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The masses do not believe in the opposition. They greet every statement of the opposition with smiles. Is it possible that the opposition thinks the masses' memory is so short? If they come across defects in the party, in the political line, who, if not the famous members of the opposition,

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union of two equal members of the workers' state who are united by love and mutual respect. In place of the individual and egoistic family, a great universal family of workers will develop, in which all the workers, men and women, will above all be comrades. – Alexandra Kollontai (1920),

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Nevertheless, despite subsequent misunderstandings with the former leaders of the Workers' Opposition and Kollontai's own resentment at their having renounced the pamphlet she had written to support the faction, on 5 July 1921 she tried again "to help by speaking on their behalf to the

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Alexandra was a good student growing up, sharing her father's interest in history, and mastering a range of languages. She spoke French with her mother and sisters, English with her nanny, Finnish with the peasants at a family estate inherited from her maternal grandfather in Kuusa (in

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in 1914, Kollontai left Germany due to the German social democrats' support of the war. Kollontai was strongly opposed to the war and very outspoken against it, and in June 1915 she broke with the Mensheviks and officially joined the Bolsheviks, "those who most consistently fought

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Kollontai felt that by liberating women and men from their traditionally hierarchical roles, communism would free marriage from the "conjugal slavery of the past", allowing spouses to thrive in egalitarian marriages grounded in mutual love and trust. As Kollontai wrote in 1920:

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exile for over twenty years, Kollontai gave up "her fight for reform and for women, retreating into relative obscurity" and bowing to the new political climate. She discarded her feminist concerns and "offered no objection to the patriarchal legislation of 1926 and the

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According to John Simkin, on 27 February trade unionists supporting the Workers' Opposition published a proclamation calling for 'freedom of speech, press and assembly for all who labour', and for the 'liberation of all arrested Socialists and non-partisan workers.'

505:, and that impressionable youngsters encountered too many dangerous radical ideas at universities. Instead, Alexandra was to be allowed to take an exam to gain certification as a school teacher before making her way into society to find a husband, as was the custom. 487:

My mother and the English nanny who reared me were demanding. There was order in everything: to tidy up toys myself, to lay my underwear on a little chair at night, to wash neatly, to study my lessons on time, to treat the servants with respect. Mama demanded this.

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On 13 March Kollontai boasted before the congress "that it was members of the Workers' Opposition faction who had been 'the first' to volunteer 'for Konstadt' and thus 'to fulfil our duty in the name of Communism and the international workers' revolution'."

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of sexuality. The quote "...the satisfaction of one's sexual desires should be as simple as getting a glass of water" is often mistakenly attributed to her. This is likely a distortion of the moment in her short story "Three Generations" when a young female

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Years later, she wrote about her marriage, "We separated although we were in love because I felt trapped. I was detached, , because of the revolutionary upsettings rooted in Russia." In 1898 she left little Mikhail with her parents to study economics in

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in the hope that she would forget Vladimir, but the pair remained committed to one another despite it all and married in 1893. Alexandra became pregnant soon after her marriage and bore a son, Mikhail, in 1894. She devoted her time to reading radical

2903:, she was arrested along with many other Bolshevik leaders, but was given again her full freedom of movement in September: she was then a member of the party's Central Committee and as such she voted for the policy of armed uprising that led to the 4151: 2865:

to speak about war and politics, and to renew her relationship with her son Mikhail; in 1916, she had arranged for him to avoid conscription by going to the United States to work on Russian orders from U.S. factories. In 1917, upon hearing of the

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residence". Notwithstanding, it should also be pointed out that, even so, Kollontai did not enjoy a full liberty of action and had to worry about the possible fates of her family. It might not have been pure chance if both her only son and her

483:. "Shura", as she was called growing up, was close to her father, with whom she shared an analytical bent and an interest in history and politics. Her relationship with her mother, for whom she was named, was more complex. She later recalled: 2826: 5894:

Novikova, N., Ghodsee, K. (2023). Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952): Communism as the Only Way Toward Women's Liberation. In: de Haan, F. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

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She went into exile, to Germany, in 1908 after publishing "Finland and Socialism", which called on the Finnish people to rise up against oppression within the Russian Empire. She traveled across western Europe and became acquainted with

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In the first Soviet government, formed in the fall of 1917, Kollontai was appointed people's commissar (minister) for social welfare. She was the only woman in the cabinet but also the first woman in history who became a member of the

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During this time, Kollontai was also in the process of a painful divorce from her second husband, Pavel Dybenko, which made her want a change of scenery. In the latter half of 1922 she wrote a "personal letter" to the newly appointed

3210:: "Everything's changed so much. What can I do about this? One cannot go against the 'apparatus'. For my part, I have put my principles aside in a corner of my conscience and I pursue as best I can the policies they dictate to me". 3930:. At the opening session of the congress, on entering the foyer, Lenin saw Kollontai conversing with a French delegate, and immediately rushed over to the latter, blatantly marvelling that he still spoke "to this individual" ( 2726:, an activist in the budding Marxist movement in St. Petersburg. Stasova began to use Kollontai as a courier, transporting parcels of illegal writings to unknown individuals, which were delivered upon utterance of a password. 438:

censors, presumably for showing insufficient Russian nationalist zeal. Alexandra's mother, Alexandra Alexandrovna Masalina (Massalina) (1848–1899), was the daughter of Alexander Feodorovich Masalin (Massalin) (1809–1859), a

377:, the then-new women's department of the Central Committee that was aimed at improving the status of women in the Soviet Union. She was a champion of women's liberation, and later came to be recognized as a key figure in 4205:

secondhand information) to the effect that Kollontai had once been on the very verge of arrest. During a visit of hers in Moscow, an order had already been issued for her arrest, but, "before could be implemented, the

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every sphere of creative activity, our state has simultaneously ensured all the conditions necessary for her to fulfil her natural obligation – that of being a mother bringing up her children and mistress of her home.

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The degree of her adherence to the prevailing ideas of the Stalinist regime, whether it was spontaneous or not, may be gauged from the opening of an article she wrote in 1946 for a Russian magazine. It bore the title

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However, Flor Anisimovich Mitin (1882–1937) and Nikolai Vladimirovich Kuznetsov (1884–1937), two others of the signatories of the appeal to the Comintern, who were not "old Bolsheviks", were expelled from the party

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These words were reported by Kollontai's erstwhile diplomatic colleague and fighting comrade Marcel Body (1894–1984) in the obituary he published in 1952 in a political review ("Mémoires: Alexandra Kollontaï";

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also adds she "was uniquely privy to one meeting of the inner sanctum of the League Council" (Sluga, Glenda (2015): "Women, Feminism and Twentieth-Century Internationalism", in id. and Clavin, Patricia (eds):

4109:, Milan, Feltrinelli, 1975, p. 67). Fetscher's book presents a collation of both the versions written by Kollontai, the initial draft and the second expurgated one. The two versions are also collated in the 3323:(whom she had much supported at the beginning of his career) also came unscathed through the persecution of the Stalinist regime, to the establishment of which she had, however, significantly contributed. 2882:

too got back to Russia in April 1917, Kollontai was the only major leader of the Petrograd Bolsheviks who immediately voiced her full support for his radical and nonconformist new proposals (the so-called

4377: 3837:"The library loaned maps, globes, textbooks, and other materials to groups meeting in various parts of the city and sent out illegal populist and Marxist tracts under the cover of the legal activity." 4372:Обзор Русско-Турецкой войны 1877-1878 гг. на Балканском полуостровѣ / Obzor Russko-Turet︠s︡koĭ voĭny 1877-1878 gg. na Balkanskom poluostrovi︠e︡ (St. Petersburg: V. Gosudarstvennoi tipografii, 1900) ( 2788:

in 1903, Kollontai did not side with either faction at first, and "offered her services to both factions". In 1906, however, disapproving of "the hostile position taken by the Bolsheviks towards the

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women, and was further distrustful that bourgeois champions of feminism would continue to support their working class counterparts after succeeding in their struggle for "general women's" rights:

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had her name removed from the list of orators and insisted that she should not take the floor. When she 'proved recalcitrant, Trotsky forbade her to speak and issued a decree, in the name of the

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The saga of her parents' long and difficult struggle to be together in spite of the norms of society would color and inform Alexandra Kollontai's own views of relationships, sex, and marriage.

3253:, and praised the Soviet Union's advances of women's rights, while simultaneously emphasizing a view of the role of women in society at odds with her previous writings on women's liberation. 3231:

established them and built them? It seems that the policy of the party and the structure of the apparatus become unfit only from the day that a group of oppositionists breaks with the party.

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terrible news (Farnsworth , p. 960). Farnsworth does not mention the suicide's name, but, according to the Russian Knowledge (XXG), the name of the only male child of Adèle (Аглаиде) and

600: 6138: 5600: 350:, Kollontai returned to Russia. She supported Lenin's radical proposals and, as a member of the party's Central Committee, voted for the policy of armed uprising which led to the 6048: 3855: 444:

marriage which turned out to be unhappy, and eventually she divorced Mravinsky in order to marry Mikhail Domontovich, with whom she had fallen in love. Russian opera singer

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proposed by Lenin, warning that it 'threatened to disillusion workers, to strengthen the peasantry and petty bourgeoisie, and to facilitate the rebirth of capitalism'.

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Kollontai was outspoken against bureaucratic influences over the Communist Party and its undemocratic internal practices. To that end, she sided with the left-wing

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and others, but with fewer and fewer results". Which eventually drove her to seek comfort even in "nostalgia for quieter and more hopeful prerevolutionary times" (

925: 6118: 6093: 560: 2950:, fighting illiteracy and educating women about the new marriage, education, and work laws put in place by the Revolution. It was eventually closed in 1930. 555: 150: 6113: 431: 3150:

between Russia and Finland broke out; it has been said that it was largely due to her influence that Sweden remained neutral. After the war, she received

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against Lenin's Bolsheviks. Exiled from Russia in 1908, Kollontai toured Western Europe and the United States and campaigned against participation in the

6203: 6143: 6123: 700: 575: 5172:. New York/London: Routledge. Chapter 3 ("A Community of Men: Marxism and Women"), Section: "Marxist feminists: Zetkin, Kollontai, Goldman", pp. 40–54. 6183: 6098: 2891:, and "for the rest of 1917, was a constant agitator for revolution in Russia as a speaker, leaflet writer and worker on the Bolshevik women's paper 2673: 6043: 5674:

Farnsworth, Beatrice (2010). "Conversing with Stalin, Surviving the Terror: The Diaries of Aleksandra Kollontai and the Internal Life of Politics".

5601:"'A Proletarian From a Novel': Politics, Identity, and Emotion in the Relationship between Alexander Shliapnikov and Alexandra Kollontai, 1911-1935" 3059:, ordering all members of the Russian delegation to "obey the directives of the party".' Predictably, the appeal of the 22 was unsuccessful. At the 2753:

Kollontai became interested in Marxist ideas while studying the history of working movements in Zürich, under Herkner, later described by her as a

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In this regard, Kollontai's critique of women's societal position under capitalism is both reminiscent of and distinct from the Marxist feminist

3170:, on the grounds of "her diplomatic efforts to end war and hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland during the negotiations in 1940-44." 6193: 2761: 1499: 1481: 910: 362:. She was appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the first Soviet government, but soon resigned due to her opposition to the peace 324: 1871: 5876: 5748: 5664: 5568: 5255: 4415: 4315: 4276: 4059: 2991:

In the run-up to the congress, scheduled for 8–16 March, at Shliapnikov's urgent request, Kollontai had a pamphlet printed with the title of

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so poor, to which her daughter replied that she would work as a teacher to help make ends meet. Her mother bitterly scoffed at the notion:

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Alexandra Kollontai, nee Domontovich, who held the distinctions of being the first woman cabinet minister and the first woman ambassador

3063:(March–April 1922), Kollontai, Shlyapnikov and Medvedev were charged with having insisted on factional work and a three-man commission, 2954: 900: 725: 655: 630: 213: 180: 4210:

ever betray close friends during the Terror. On the contrary, "Kollontai tried as well as she could to help her friends, appealing to

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first, and as a result Mravinskii was saved from harsh Siberian exile, stripped of his rights and exiled to European Russia instead.

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A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries

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for fifty years (1938–1988), was the only son of Mravina's brother Alexander Kostantinovich and thus Kollontai's half nephew.

4991: 3043:", whereby several former members of the Workers' Opposition and other party members of working class origin appealed to the 2900: 2853: 952: 850: 740: 665: 359: 3914: 3884:, 4 January 1981). Both Dybenko and Shliapnikov were People's Commissars alongside Kollontai in the first Soviet government. 2772:

causing hundreds of deaths and injuries. At the time of the split in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party between the

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against the undemocratic internal practices in use within the Russian party. When 'Kollontai attempted to speak before the

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Kollontai was one of the seventeen women delegates to the League's General Assembly throughout two decades of activity;

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Kollontai's final political action as an oppositionist within the Communist Party was her co-signing of the so-called "

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member argues that sex "is as meaningless as drinking a glass of vodka to quench one's thirst." In number 18 of her

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Allen, Barbara C. (2007). "Early dissent within the party: Alexander Shliapnikov and the letter of the twenty-two".

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Three years earlier, in 1926, when she was requested to write her own autobiography for a series on famous women by

6173: 6078: 6073: 5638: 2296: 2156: 2131: 2056: 1419: 1217: 660: 20: 3874:"Bolshevik leaders reacted to the difference in their ages like cackling village gossips," adds Simon Karlinsky (" 1303: 6148: 5943: 5832: 4005: 3357:

diplomat in the 1930s with unconventional views on sexuality, probably inspired by Kollontai, had been played by

2764:

in 1899 at the age of 27. In 1905, Kollontai was a witness to the series of events in Saint Petersburg, known as

1187: 805: 765: 695: 680: 3314:, and so many friends of hers were executed. And, it has been noted, at the time she "was safe in her sumptuous 3287:

Alexandra Kollontai died in Moscow on 9 March 1952, less than a month from her 80th birthday, and was buried at

6068: 6019:

Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

3994: 3680: 3547: 3040: 2659: 2389: 755: 675: 625: 305: 5861:

Four Socialist Reformers of Socialism: Alexandra Kollontai, Andrei Platonov, Robert Havemenn, and Stefan Heym

4986: 2946:

or "Women's Department" in 1919 . This organization worked to improve the conditions of women's lives in the

6178: 6088: 4904: 4637: 4232: 3122: 3044: 3001: 2838: 2554: 2534: 1367: 1099: 982: 835: 800: 620: 615: 570: 427: 363: 4738: 3693:

The Workers Opposition in the Russian Communist Party: The Fight for Workers Democracy in the Soviet Union.

4227:

Kollontai was awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle on the basis of her friendship with Mexican Presidents

4077: 2964: 2482: 1806: 1212: 1144: 1134: 1122: 1054: 498: 385: 301: 3154:'s praises. During late April 1943, Kollontai may have been involved in abortive peace negotiations with 434:. In the 1880s he wrote a study of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. This study was confiscated by the 5494: 5037: 4026: 3602: 3590: 3434: 3338: 3311: 2968: 2842: 2819: 2754: 1626: 1471: 1074: 1047: 905: 855: 775: 720: 347: 320: 5431: 4256: 4228: 2908: 2738:. She then paid a visit to England, where she met members of the British socialist movement, including 2291: 1266: 5456: 5405: 3913:

An English edition of the pamphlet (Solidarity (London) Pamphlet no.7, 1961) is accessible on line at

3302:. She has sometimes been criticized and even held up to contempt for not raising her voice during the 2746:. She returned to Russia in 1899, at which time she met Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov, better known today as 605: 6013: 6008: 4140: 3798: 3463:

realized communist society, industrial mechanization would ultimately replace so-called women's work:

3342: 3333: 3288: 3261: 3167: 2765: 2539: 2492: 2487: 2472: 2462: 2429: 2404: 2266: 2166: 1881: 1451: 1336: 1222: 1027: 992: 942: 884: 730: 595: 548: 414:. After his participation in the war, he was appointed Provisional Governor of the Bulgarian city of 161: 4938: 6083: 4537: 4110: 3927: 3901: 3862: 3754: 3511: 3476: 3400: 3188: 3021: 3009: 2984: 2916: 2867: 2598: 2549: 2251: 2071: 2006: 1202: 1182: 1177: 1069: 1059: 1007: 997: 915: 895: 750: 670: 565: 343: 300:

19 March] 1872 – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and

5950: 5543: 5190: 3166:

by Scandinavian political circles, including the Finnish president and erstwhile Envoy to Moscow,

2975:, both of working class extraction. Three days earlier, on 25 January, after about a month delay, 2942:

She was the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration and was best known for founding the

2919:. During the revolutionary period, at the age of 45, she married 28-year-old revolutionary sailor 2718:

While Kollontai was initially drawn to the populist ideas of restructuring society based upon the

1596: 5965: 5868: 5864: 5761:

Bobroff, Anne (1979). "Alexandra Kollontai: Feminism, Workers' Democracy, and Internationalism".

5691: 5382: 5328: 5012: 4463: 4211: 3880: 3769: 3560:"The Social Basis of the Woman Question" ("Социальные основы женского вопроса"), a pamphlet, 1909 3328: 3327:

biographies by historians Cathy Porter, Beatrice Farnsworth, and Barbara Evans Clements. In 1982

3196: 3192: 3151: 2904: 2611: 2593: 2571: 2497: 2434: 2424: 2374: 2331: 2036: 1761: 1731: 1566: 1426: 1252: 1232: 1172: 920: 823: 785: 645: 448:(stage name) was Kollontai's half-sister via her mother. The celebrated Soviet-Russian conductor 407: 355: 351: 2379: 2216: 2086: 4845: 4088:

in Norway, the words cannot be confirmed by any third source but appear completely verisimilar.

3900:

at Spartacus Educational). However, these positions appear much more in line with those of the

2967:, a left-wing faction of the party that had its roots in the trade union milieu and was led by 5907: 5872: 5836: 5744: 5708: 5660: 5625: 5564: 5374: 5320: 5276: 5251: 5173: 4821: 4411: 4311: 4303: 4272: 4055: 3964: 3820: 3542: 3395:

for her commitment to both women's liberation and Marxist ideals. She opposed the ideology of

3320: 3163: 3159: 3084: 3068: 3004:, and said clearly to her face: "For this you should not only be excluded, but shot as well." 2858: 2635: 2564: 2524: 2502: 2231: 2196: 2026: 1931: 1866: 1816: 1786: 1706: 1681: 1631: 1441: 1372: 1346: 1298: 1227: 1207: 1079: 1042: 1022: 1012: 1002: 975: 937: 880: 449: 445: 3158:, her German counterpart in Stockholm. She was also a member of the Soviet delegation to the 5683: 5366: 5312: 5004: 4924: 4264: 4001: 3811: 3764: 3396: 3392: 3079: 3052: 2926: 2735: 2647: 2623: 2559: 2544: 2346: 2336: 2271: 2171: 2106: 2081: 2031: 1996: 1956: 1791: 1751: 1716: 1606: 1586: 1536: 1531: 1511: 1466: 1436: 1382: 1331: 1326: 1293: 1192: 1149: 1094: 1037: 640: 522: 502: 378: 273: 126: 3926:

Lenin's wrathful resentment against Kollontai is also shown by another episode reported by

402:

Kollontai's father, General Mikhail Alekseyevich Domontovich (1830–1902), descended from a

5972: 5743:. Glebe NSW: Pascal Press (article: "Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952)", pp. 187–190). 5729: 5217: 4933:

The whole contribution by Silone in Italian is accessible for free online under the title

4916: 4912: 4123: 4008: 3816: 3794: 3736: 3722: 3195:". The following words she allegedly pronounced in a private conversation with her friend 2809: 2686: 2576: 2467: 2414: 2326: 2261: 2241: 2181: 2076: 2051: 2016: 2011: 2001: 1971: 1926: 1916: 1781: 1721: 1676: 1641: 1621: 1581: 1556: 1402: 1321: 1017: 947: 685: 367: 336: 5189:

Saint Petersburg: Znamie. Chapter 3: "The Struggle for Political Rights" (quotation from

3850:

These "personal friends" were specially mentioned by Kollontai in the first draft of her

3670:. Cathy Porter, trans. London: Virago, 1981. Also: New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982. 3446:

Kollontai argued that "...sexuality is a human instinct as natural as hunger or thirst."

2841:(1867–1946), an agrarian scientist, she started a love affair with another fellow exile, 2837:

In 1911, while abruptly breaking off her long-term relationship with her faction comrade

2419: 1986: 5825: 5618: 4959: 4908: 4145: 4098: 3950: 3523: 3350: 3299: 3093: 2879: 2805: 2785: 2747: 2698: 2581: 2409: 2311: 2246: 2236: 2226: 2221: 2141: 2121: 2111: 2101: 2091: 2061: 2041: 1981: 1976: 1961: 1946: 1936: 1856: 1836: 1826: 1821: 1811: 1736: 1711: 1701: 1696: 1671: 1661: 1636: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1516: 1197: 1129: 1084: 860: 705: 480: 415: 309: 130: 5939: 4130:(Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1984) is accessible online at Marxists Internet Archive. 3895: 3730: 2815: 6002: 5695: 5386: 5332: 4920: 4900: 4268: 4023: 3408: 3380: 3307: 3127: 3106: 2920: 2862: 2831: 2792:" and despite her being generally a left-winger, she decided to join the Mensheviks. 2777: 2769: 2743: 2723: 2719: 2276: 2146: 2136: 2046: 1921: 1801: 1776: 1771: 1741: 1666: 1571: 1521: 1446: 1431: 1377: 1351: 1109: 890: 328: 226: 5921: 4622: 4231:

del Río (21 May 1895 – 19 October 1970), who served between 1934 and 1940, and

3658:

Alix Holt, trans. London: Allison & Busby, 1977. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

316:. She was the first woman to be a cabinet minister, and the first woman ambassador. 69: 4085: 4046: 3515: 3354: 3222: 3155: 3025: 2947: 2934: 2884: 2801: 2797: 2519: 2341: 2316: 2281: 2211: 2206: 2191: 2176: 2126: 2116: 1966: 1951: 1941: 1891: 1861: 1846: 1831: 1796: 1616: 1576: 1526: 1476: 1397: 1341: 5370: 4822:"Speech in Discussion of the Policies of the Russian Communist Party July 5, 1921" 3700:

A comprehensive bibliography of Russian-language material by Kollontai appears in

467: 5985: 5654: 3954: 3861:

being however crossed out in the second expurgated version (quotation drawn from

3051:

on 26 February 1922 on behalf of the views expressed in the appeal,' Trotsky and

5354: 5229: 4015: 3998: 3749: 3480:

women into the public sphere, Kollontai questioned the status of working women:

3404: 3358: 3303: 3298:

who managed to live into the 1950s, other than Stalin and his devoted supporter

2846: 2356: 2301: 2256: 2151: 2096: 2021: 1851: 1841: 1746: 1726: 1686: 1611: 1601: 1591: 1392: 1089: 987: 962: 650: 585: 339:. In 1915, she broke with the Mensheviks and became a member of the Bolsheviks. 4157: 3201: 3187:, which deprived Soviet women of many of the gains they had achieved after the 2907:. At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 26 October, she was elected 5896: 5687: 4158:"Comitato Centrale, eletto dal VI Congresso del POSDR(b) 3(16).8.1917, membri" 3774: 3712: 3147: 3139: 3113: 3029: 2773: 2768:, where tsarist soldiers opened fire on unarmed demonstrators in front of the 2351: 2161: 1991: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1766: 1691: 1651: 1646: 1486: 1286: 1261: 957: 580: 423: 403: 332: 313: 282: 206: 198: 31: 5482: 5378: 5324: 5316: 5979: 3744: 3430: 3384: 3363: 3315: 3207: 3143: 2943: 2896: 2781: 2586: 2529: 2477: 2457: 2286: 1911: 1506: 1461: 1271: 374: 4162:

Guida alla storia del Partito Comunista e dell'Unione Sovietica 1898 - 1991

2953:

In political life, Kollontai increasingly became an internal critic of the

2731: 5546:, translated by Salvator Attansio, proofed and corrected by Chris Clayton. 5529: 5210: 4347: 4350:[Diplomat Alexandra Kollontai through the eyes of her grandson]. 4235:(24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955), who served between 1940 and 1946. 4019: 3439: 3033: 2888: 2703: 2512: 2507: 2306: 1387: 840: 323:

general, Kollontai embraced radical politics in the 1890s and joined the

245: 4105:, Munich, Rogner & Bernhard, 1970 (quoted from the Italian edition, 3674: 3162:. Kollontai retired in 1945. In 1946 and 1947 she was nominated for the 2642: 312:'s government in 1917–1918, she was a highly prominent woman within the 5016: 3819:

terrorists – who managed to plant dynamite in this manner anyway.

2707: 1281: 530: 435: 39: 5827:

Alexandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism, and the Bolshevik Revolution

5300: 5155:

Lokaneeta, Jinee (2001), "Alexandra Kollontai and Marxist Feminism".

3214: 3135: 3131: 3117: 3064: 2959: 2697:

Her parents forbade the relationship and sent Alexandra on a tour of

1276: 494: 146: 5233: 5008: 4374:

Review of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 on the Balkan Peninsula

4126:

edited by Sally Ryan (2000) and Chris Clayton (2006) and drawn from

422:. In May 1879, he was called back to St. Petersburg. He entertained 389:

retired from diplomatic service in 1945 and died in Moscow in 1952.

327:(RSDLP) in 1899. During the RSDLP ideological split, she sided with 5789:

The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World

5438:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3632:

Sexual Relations and the Class Struggle: Love and the New Morality.

5236:("On Everyday Life: Young People and the "Glass of Water" Theory). 4012: 3506: 3374: 3255: 3078: 2925: 2825: 2814: 2685: 466: 440: 419: 90: 5301:"Crashing the Party: The radical legacy of a Soviet-era feminist" 3407:

women but would do little to address the immediate conditions of

3296:

Bolsheviks' Central Committee that had led the October Revolution

475:

Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich was born on 31 March [

373:

In 1919, Kollontai was a leading figure in the foundation of the

5355:"Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist Feminism in Theory and Practice" 4206: 3797:: Domontovits is probably the common alternative spelling (see: 3652:

Highland Park, MI: International Socialist Publishing Co., 1974.

3444:

Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations,

2789: 5653:

de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006).

5649:. London-New York: Macmillan-St. Martin's Press, parts I and II 5248:

The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses

4987:"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II" 4381:(Book on Demand Ltd., 2015) (in Russian language, not English) 4080:

has been reproduced online, albeit with many a copy error, at

3793:

Alexandra Kollontai's original family name has been variously

3000:

party', threatened to submit her pamphlet to the court of the

811:

Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice

5852:

Red Valkyries: Feminist Lessons from Five Revolutionary Women

406:

family that traced its ancestry back to the 13th century and

5430:

Ferguson, Ann; Hennessy, Rosemary; Nagel, Mechthild (2021),

4721: 4719: 3626:

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman.

3206:

in 1929 give a suggestion of her attitude towards advancing

2822:, Kollontai's fighting comrade and, for some time, her lover 6024:

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Soviet Union)

4376:) (St. Petersburg: State Printing House, 1900) – Also see: 781:

An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital

5561:

Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885-1937: Life of an Old Bolshevik

5250:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 37. 3251:

The Soviet Woman — a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country

2979:

finally published the faction's platform for the upcoming

5159:. Vol. 36, No. 17 (28 April – 4 May 2001), pp. 1405–1412. 4084:

Website. As they were pronounced during a tête-à-tête at

3936:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 97–98 4263:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2, 4261:

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

601:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

5495:

The Nobel Peace Prize: Revelations from the Soviet Past

4152:

Bolshevik Central Committee elected at the 6th Congress

3134:(1926–27), again in Norway (1927–30) and eventually in 5774:

Body, Marcel (1952). "Mémoires: Alexandra Kollontai".

4103:

Autobiographie einer sexuell emanzipierten Kommunistin

5038:"Nomination archive: Alexandra Mikhaylovna Kollontay" 4493: 4491: 3341:

by Kollontai. For example, the film was shown in the

3083:

Kollontai after being awarded the Grand Cross of the

2923:, while keeping her surname from her first marriage. 5620:

Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai

3904:

than with the mainstream of the Workers' Opposition.

6104:

Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

4742:translated by Barbara Allen for marxists.org from: 4390: 4388: 4128:

Alexandra Kollontai: Selected Articles and Speeches

3956:

Kronstadt 1917-1921. The fate of a Soviet democracy

3695:

St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Publishers, 2009.

3646:

San Pedro, CA: League for Economic Democracy, 1973.

3347:

A Wave of Passion: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai,

251: 240: 232: 220: 186: 176: 168: 157: 136: 116: 111: 91:

People's Commissar of State Protection of the RSFSR

89: 53: 5824: 5617: 4097:Letter to Helga Kern, 26 July 1926, reproduced in 3028:retorted by even likening her to "an Amazon", and 5980:"St-Petersbourg workers of the textile industry," 5406:"Communism and the Family by Alexandra Kollontai" 4461:Kollontai, Aleksandra (1945). "Iz vozpominanii". 3345:. Kollontai was the subject of the 1994 TV film, 2691:International Socialist Congress, Copenhagen 1910 5483:Alexandra Kollontai – the Soviet Ambassador 5105:. Harmondswoth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 283. 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4379:Overview of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 4054:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 69, 2963:on 28 January 1921, she publicly sided with the 410:. Her father served as a cavalry officer in the 19:"Kollontai" redirects here. For other uses, see 5818:. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co. 5809:. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co. 4966:, London, Orbach and Chambers, 1972, p. 105 ff. 3482: 3413: 3266: 3228: 3174:Political retreat and attitude toward Stalinism 3008:promptly and unconditionally sided against the 2693:. Alexandra Kollontai holds a delegate's hand. 511: 485: 6139:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members 5205: 5203: 5077:"The Menshivik, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist" 4616: 4614: 4052:Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History 5986:Newspaper clippings about Alexandra Kollontai 5807:Alexandra Kollontay: Ambassadress from Russia 4964:Autobiography of a sexually emancipated woman 4348:"Дипломат Александра Коллонтай глазами внука" 3138:(1930–45), where she was finally promoted to 2931:Third Congress of the Communist International 2915:, but she soon resigned in opposition to the 2667: 561:The Condition of the Working Class in England 291: 8: 5497:. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 16 June 2011. 5070: 5068: 3876:The Menshivic, Bolshevik, Stalinist feminist 3664:. Cathy Porter, trans. London: Virago, 1977 3403:, that would provide political equality for 3020:". In her speech, she bitterly attacked the 2870:, Kollontai returned from Norway to Russia. 556:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 6049:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members 5897:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13127-1_3 5170:Feminist Theory and the Philosophies of Man 4302:Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo, eds. (2005). 3963:: Cambridge University Press. p. 256. 3092:Italian writer and former communist leader 2889:Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet 5528:(in Russian). 26 July 2017. Archived from 4410:. Lanham/Toronto/Oxford: Scarecrow, p. 1. 3582:"The Attitude of the Russian Socialists," 3103:General Secretary of the Central Committee 2710:political literature and writing fiction. 2674: 2660: 1248: 701:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 576:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 517: 68: 50: 16:Soviet politician and diplomat (1872–1952) 6199:Magazine founders from the Russian Empire 6134:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution 6039:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Sweden 6034:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Norway 6029:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Mexico 5888:Red Love: A Reader on Alexandra Kollontai 5624:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 5432:"Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work" 5234:"О БЫТЕ:МОЛОДЕЖЬ И ТЕОРИЯ „СТАКАНА ВОДЫ"" 4697: 4695: 4018:(1920), and the 'first secretary' of the 3656:Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai. 3391:Kollontai is regarded as a key figure in 6209:Trade Representative of the Soviet Union 5723:"Women on the left: Alexandra Kollontai" 5647:Communism and Social Democracy 1914-1931 5195:Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai 4554:. Stockholm: Bonniers. pp. 218–219. 4156:Hirschkowitz, Naftali, ed. (2005–2020). 4113:accessible at Marxists Internet Archive. 3638:Women Workers Struggle for their Rights. 6129:Marxist writers from the Russian Empire 5951:"For socialism and women's liberation," 5436:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4247: 3786: 3429:Kollontai is known for her advocacy of 1359: 1311: 1251: 529: 5859:Lilie, Stuart A.; Riser, John (2009). 5275:. Translated by Cathy Porter. Virago. 4878: 4857: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4725: 4674: 4650: 4433:The Mrovinskys: "To Serve the Emperor" 4408:Yevgeny Mravinsky: The Noble Conductor 4076:, No. 14, April 1952, pp. 12–24). The 3423:The Social Basis of the Woman Question 2933:(1921). Alexandra Kollontai alongside 2762:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 1482:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 325:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 5705:Alexandra Kollontai Selected Writings 5659:. Central European University Press. 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5294: 5292: 4975:Erofeev, V. (2011), Diplomat, Moskva. 4308:Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography 4195:was Mikhail, the same as Kollontai's. 3383:from her friend Alexandra Kollontay, 2395:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 771:Change the World Without Taking Power 281: 7: 6119:Russian Constituent Assembly members 6094:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd 5940:Alexandra Kollontai Internet Archive 5581:The NEP Era: Soviet Russia 1921-1928 5273:Love of Worker Bees and A Great Love 5115: 4710: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4509: 4497: 4482: 4470: 4448: 4394: 4334: 3838: 3825: 3701: 3571:), 9, 151–185, 1913 (republished in 3353:as the voice of Kollontai. A female 3306:, when, among countless others, her 3277:, 5, September–October 1946, pp. 3–4 3116:to the Soviet commercial mission in 244:professional revolutionary, writer, 5854:. New York and London: Verso Books. 5193:, translation by Alix Holt (1977): 5075:Karlinsky, Simon (4 January 1981). 4869:Farnsworth (2010), p. 949, note 24. 726:Marxism and the Oppression of Women 656:Theses on the Philosophy of History 6114:Communists from the Russian Empire 6109:Russian anti–World War I activists 5703:Holt, Alix (trans.), ed. (1980) . 5211:"Alexandra Kollontai and Red Love" 4257:"Kollontai, Alexandra (1872-1952)" 4186:Konstantin Alekseevich Domontovich 3687:The Essential Alexandra Kollontai. 3640:Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1973. 3634:Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1972. 2957:and, with an article published in 2830:Alexandra and her second husband, 14: 6204:Russian people of Finnish descent 6144:Novelists from the Russian Empire 6124:Feminists from the Russian Empire 5927:Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon 5605:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 5563:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 84–85. 4925:Crossman, Richard Howard Stafford 3616:London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1932. 3536:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 3530:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 3371:Contributions to Marxist feminism 3312:former lover and fighting comrade 2843:Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov 746:Time, Labor and Social Domination 121:Alexandra Mikhailovna Domontovich 6184:First women government ministers 6099:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 5904:Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography 5616:Clements, Barbara Evans (1979). 5353:Roelofs, Joan (2 January 2018). 5129:"Recent films from West-Germany" 4962:, 'Afterword', in A. Kollontaj, 4739:Theses of the Workers Opposition 4686: 4662: 4269:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0858 3729: 3715: 3628:n.c. : Herder and Herder, n.d. . 3594:(Василиса Малыгина). novel, 1923 3579:), Moscow, 1919, pp. 3–35). 3087:at the Norwegian embassy in 1946 2983:: it mainly advocated unionized 2911:for Social Welfare in the first 2641: 2629: 2617: 2453:21st-century communist theorists 796:Towards Socialism or Capitalism? 711:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 631:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value 537: 454:Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra 255: 6044:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery 5798:Alejandra Kollontai (1872-1952) 5246:Bernstein, Frances Lee (2007). 5220:. (Retrieved 24 February 2016). 5197:. London: Allison & Busby). 5001:American Historical Association 3799:Genealogy of Mihail Domontovits 3760:Women in the Russian Revolution 3689:Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008. 3563:"New Woman" ("Новая женщина"), 3339:the novella with the same title 3294:She was the only member of the 3178:Being sent abroad in a sort of 3142:in 1943. When Kollontai was in 3130:. As such, she later served in 3018:Third Congress of the Comintern 1155:Theory of historical trajectory 1033:Dictatorship of the proletariat 736:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 636:History and Class Consciousness 591:Critique of the Gotha Programme 418:, and later Military Consul in 278:Александра Михайловна Коллонтай 270:Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai 236:Mikhail Vladimirovich Kollontai 5643:A History of Socialist Thought 5521:Биография Александры Коллонтай 5359:International Critical Thought 4992:The American Historical Review 4550:Kollontai, Aleksandra (1945). 4532:Kollontai, Aleksandra (1926), 3675:Selected Articles and Speeches 3573:New morality and working class 3260:Alexandra Kollontai's tomb at 3237:Oppozitsiia i partiinaia massa 3112:Initially, she was sent as an 2854:Russian entry into World War I 2734:, Switzerland, with Professor 953:Socially necessary labour time 851:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 741:The Sublime Object of Ideology 666:A Critique of Soviet Economics 224:Vladimir Ludvigovich Kollontai 1: 6194:Writers from Saint Petersburg 5823:Farnsworth, Beatrice (1980). 5800:. Madrid: Ediciones del Orto. 5791:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 5707:. USA: Norton & Company. 5587:. Vol. 1. Archived from 5434:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5371:10.1080/21598282.2017.1419436 5271:Kollontai, Alexandra (1999). 5157:Economic and Political Weekly 4950:Farnsworth (2010), p. 949 ff. 4846:Shliapnikov: Appeal of the 22 4255:Zukas, Alex (20 April 2009), 3932:Balabanoff, Angelica (1964). 3606:. New York: Seven Arts, 1927. 874:Critique of political economy 514:chair and table in the house! 426:political views, favouring a 412:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 75: 28:Eastern Slavic naming customs 5850:Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2022). 5814:de Palnecia, Isabel (1940). 5805:de Palnecia, Isabel (1947). 5299:Ghodsee, Kristen R. (2018). 4931:. Bantam Books. p. 101. 4848:at Marxists Internet Archive 4101:'s afterword to Kollontai's 3577:Новая мораль и рабочий класс 3421:Alexandra Kollontai (1909), 2887:"). She was a member of the 911:Falling profit-rate tendency 691:The Society of the Spectacle 5990:20th Century Press Archives 5787:de Haan, Francisca (2023). 5457:"Communism and the Family," 4259:, in Ness, Immanuel (ed.), 3622:Sydney: D. B. Young, n.d. . 3586:March 1916, pp. 60–61. 3105:and her recent inquisitor, 2760:She became a member of the 2385:Capitalism Nature Socialism 901:Concrete and abstract labor 791:Capital in the Anthropocene 716:Social Justice and the City 611:The Accumulation of Capital 479:19 March] 1872 in 6225: 5890:. London: Sternberg Press. 5886:Masucci, Michelle (2020). 5739:Ringer, Ronald E. (2006). 5599:Allen, Barbara C. (2008). 5559:Allen, Barbara C. (2015). 4890:Farnsworth (2010), p. 949. 4626:, at Spartacus Educational 4216:A Proletarian From a Novel 3650:International Women's Day. 3032:loudly corrected: "Like a 661:Dialectic of Enlightenment 26:In this name that follows 25: 21:Kollontai (disambiguation) 18: 5944:Marxists Internet Archive 5833:Stanford University Press 5688:10.1017/S003767790000992X 4354:(in Russian). 2 June 2019 4164:(in Russian and Italian). 4006:First Republic of Armenia 3620:Communism and the Family. 2938:(front row, on her right) 806:Literature and Revolution 766:Late Victorian Holocausts 696:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 681:The Wretched of the Earth 292: 277: 263: 107: 96: 85: 67: 60: 6164:Soviet women in politics 5741:Excel HSC Modern History 5520: 5317:10.1215/07402775-7085877 4985:Mastny, Vojtech (1972). 3995:First Hungarian Republic 3993:She was preceded by the 3681:International Publishers 3644:The Workers' Opposition. 3548:Order of the Aztec Eagle 3492:Communism and the Family 3470:Communism and the Family 3457:Communism and the Family 3243:", 30 October 1927, p. 3 3128:Minister Plenipotentiary 3075:Soviet diplomatic career 3041:letter of the Twenty Two 2714:Early political activism 756:The Origin of Capitalism 626:The State and Revolution 452:, music director of the 6054:Communist women writers 5975:PermanentRevolution.net 5796:de Miguel, Ana (2001). 4536:, op. cit. (drawn from 4406:Tassie, Gregor (2005). 4082:La Battaille socialiste 3435:"glass of water" theory 3061:Eleventh Party Congress 3045:Communist International 3002:Communist International 2993:The Workers' Opposition 1457:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 1100:Relations of production 983:Base and superstructure 836:Dialectical materialism 801:The Revolution Betrayed 621:Terrorism and Communism 616:Philosophical Notebooks 571:The Communist Manifesto 428:constitutional monarchy 364:treaty of Brest-Litovsk 227:Pavel Efimovich Dybenko 6169:Soviet women novelists 6159:Soviet women diplomats 6059:Female revolutionaries 5966:"Alexandra Kollontai," 5902:Porter, Cathy (1980). 5216:28 August 2017 at the 5101:Trotsky, Leon (1975). 4939:Il Sole-24 ORE Website 4304:"Aleksandra Kollontai" 4111:English online edition 3519: 3496: 3473: 3460: 3427: 3388: 3280: 3275:Sovetskaya zhenshchina 3264: 3246: 3088: 2939: 2901:Provisional Government 2834: 2823: 2694: 2400:Historical Materialism 1145:Proletarian revolution 1140:Primitive accumulation 1135:Historical determinism 516: 499:Grand Duchy of Finland 490: 472: 360:Provisional Government 5978:Gabrille Tousignant, 5728:27 April 2019 at the 5455:Kollontai, A. (1920) 5209:Ebert, Teresa (1999) 4744:Tasks of Trade Unions 3897:Alexander Shlyapnikov 3510: 3490:Alexandra Kollontai, 3465: 3452: 3378: 3259: 3082: 2929: 2829: 2820:Alexander Shliapnikov 2818: 2689: 2636:Philosophy portal 2430:Science & Society 1048:Democratic centralism 906:Factors of production 776:Caliban and the Witch 721:Women, Race and Class 470: 321:Imperial Russian Army 296:; 31 March [ 5532:on 30 December 2023. 5305:World Policy Journal 5168:Nye, Andrea (1988). 5136:Museum of Modern Art 4233:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3934:Impressions of Lenin 3902:Kronstadt insurgents 3343:Museum of Modern Art 3321:musician half-nephew 3289:Novodevichy Cemetery 3262:Novodevichy Cemetery 3185:constitution of 1936 3168:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 2981:Tenth Party Congress 2648:Socialism portal 2624:Communism portal 2493:History of communism 2488:Economic determinism 2473:Criticism of Marxism 2463:Creative destruction 1223:Marxism and religion 943:Scientific socialism 846:Philosophy of nature 731:Imagined Communities 596:Dialectics of Nature 366:in the ranks of the 302:Marxist theoretician 162:Novodevichy Cemetery 62:Александра Коллонтай 6189:Workers' Opposition 6064:Free love advocates 5922:Alexandra Kollontai 5920:Leppänen, Katarina 5816:I Must Have Liberty 5594:on 5 November 2021. 5507:The Voice Of Russia 4935:Uscita di sicurezza 4929:The God That Failed 4810:, pp. 183–184. 4798:, pp. 186–187. 4774:, pp. 182–184. 4728:, pp. 178–179. 4623:Alexandra Kollontai 3928:Angelica Balabanoff 3755:History of feminism 3704:, pp. 317–331. 3662:Love of Worker Bees 3541:Grand Cross of the 3512:Commemorative stamp 3477:Wages for Housework 3387:, 1 September 1918. 3193:October Revolutions 3126:and from August to 3049:Comintern Executive 3022:New Economic Policy 2965:Workers' Opposition 2917:Brest-Litovsk Peace 2868:February Revolution 2755:Marxist Revisionist 2380:Capital & Class 1060:False consciousness 1008:Commodity fetishism 998:Class consciousness 916:Means of production 751:The Age of Extremes 671:The Long Revolution 606:What Is to Be Done? 566:The German Ideology 386:Workers' Opposition 344:February Revolution 342:Following the 1917 319:The daughter of an 55:Alexandra Kollontai 6154:Soviet politicians 5971:5 May 2009 at the 5949:Christine Thomas, 5906:. London: Virago. 5869:Edwin Mellen Press 5865:Lewiston, New York 5736:, 11 February 2012 5509:. vor.ru (Spanish) 5081:The New York Times 4750:, 25 January 1921. 4552:Den första etappen 4027:Nadezhda Stanchova 3997:representative to 3881:The New York Times 3770:Socialist Feminism 3520: 3389: 3329:Rosa von Praunheim 3265: 3152:Vyacheslav Molotov 3089: 2940: 2909:People's Commissar 2905:October Revolution 2874:Russian Revolution 2835: 2824: 2695: 2594:Worker cooperative 2572:Left-wing populism 2498:Left-wing politics 2435:Socialist Register 2425:Rethinking Marxism 1218:Literary criticism 921:Mode of production 786:Capitalist Realism 646:The Black Jacobins 473: 408:Daumantas of Pskov 356:Alexander Kerensky 352:October Revolution 306:People's Commissar 6174:Women ambassadors 6079:Marxist theorists 6074:Marxist feminists 5957:25 October 2009) 5878:978-0-7734-4773-8 5749:978-1-74125-246-0 5721:Morrison, Jenny, 5666:978-963-7326-39-4 5570:978-90-04-24853-3 5257:978-0-87580-371-5 4665:, pp. 78–79. 4653:, pp. 21–54. 4608:, pp. 18–19. 4416:978-0-8108-5427-7 4317:978-0-313-32739-1 4278:978-1-4051-9807-3 4060:978-1-107-64508-0 3821:Tsar Alexander II 3591:Vasilisa Malygina 3543:Order of St. Olav 3164:Nobel Peace Prize 3160:League of Nations 3123:Chargé d'affaires 3085:Order of St. Olav 2913:Soviet government 2895:". Following the 2859:social-patriotism 2847:the Soviet purges 2684: 2683: 2525:Political ecology 2503:Marxian economics 1442:Council communism 1410: 1409: 1337:Neue Marx-Lektüre 1299:Regulation school 1188:Cultural analysis 1080:Lumpenproletariat 1023:Cultural hegemony 1013:Communist society 1003:Classless society 938:Productive forces 676:Guerrilla Warfare 549:Theoretical works 450:Yevgeny Mravinsky 446:Yevgeniya Mravina 304:. Serving as the 267: 266: 6216: 6149:Soviet novelists 5959:Socialism Today, 5917: 5891: 5882: 5855: 5846: 5830: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5770: 5718: 5699: 5670: 5635: 5623: 5612: 5595: 5593: 5586: 5574: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5464: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5410:www.marxists.org 5402: 5391: 5390: 5350: 5337: 5336: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5243: 5237: 5227: 5221: 5207: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4932: 4917:Koestler, Arthur 4913:Spender, Stephen 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4638:Cultural Amnesia 4633: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4534:Autobiography... 4530: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4431:, Chapters One ( 4425: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4252: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4149: 4137: 4131: 4124:abridged version 4120: 4114: 4095: 4089: 4069: 4063: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4022:legation to the 4002:Rosika Schwimmer 3991: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3891: 3885: 3872: 3866: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3808: 3802: 3791: 3765:Marxist Feminism 3739: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3550:with Sash (1944) 3494: 3425: 3401:women's suffrage 3397:liberal feminism 3393:Marxist feminism 3379:To dear comrade 3304:Stalinist purges 3283:Death and legacy 3278: 3244: 3221:In his memoirs, 3205: 3010:Kronstadt rebels 2985:workers' control 2812:, among others. 2736:Heinrich Herkner 2676: 2669: 2662: 2646: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2599:Workers' council 2420:Race & Class 1327:Frankfurt School 1294:Neo-Gramscianism 1267:Marxism–Leninism 1249: 1193:Cultural Studies 1150:World revolution 1095:Private property 641:Prison Notebooks 541: 518: 503:higher education 379:Marxist feminism 354:and the fall of 295: 294: 289: 279: 259: 143: 127:Saint Petersburg 112:Personal details 101: 80: 77: 72: 63: 51: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6069:Left communists 5999: 5998: 5973:Wayback Machine 5936: 5914: 5901: 5885: 5879: 5858: 5849: 5843: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5773: 5763:Radical America 5760: 5757: 5755:Further reading 5730:Wayback Machine 5715: 5702: 5673: 5667: 5652: 5632: 5615: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5467: 5454: 5450: 5441: 5439: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 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4386: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4352:interaffairs.ru 4346: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4318: 4310:. p. 326. 4301: 4300: 4296: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4229:Lázaro Cárdenas 4226: 4222: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4155: 4143: 4141:Antonio Moscato 4138: 4134: 4121: 4117: 4096: 4092: 4070: 4066: 4044: 4040: 4029: 4009:Honorary Consul 3992: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3951:Getzler, Israel 3949: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3873: 3869: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3832: 3817:Narodnaia Volia 3809: 3805: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3737:Politics portal 3735: 3728: 3723:Feminism portal 3721: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3584:The New Review, 3569:Современный мир 3557: 3505: 3495: 3489: 3426: 3420: 3373: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3245: 3235: 3199: 3176: 3077: 3067:, Zinoviev and 2973:Sergei Medvedev 2955:Communist Party 2937: 2876: 2810:Karl Liebknecht 2716: 2680: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2604: 2603: 2577:Universal class 2468:Conflict theory 2448: 2440: 2439: 2415:New Left Review 2370: 2362: 2361: 1502: 1492: 1491: 1422: 1412: 1411: 1322:Budapest School 1246: 1245:Common variants 1238: 1237: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1018:Critical theory 978: 968: 967: 948:Surplus product 876: 866: 865: 826: 816: 815: 686:Reading Capital 551: 465: 400: 395: 368:Left Communists 337:First World War 314:Bolshevik party 308:for Welfare in 225: 212: 210: 204: 202: 196: 188: 187:Other political 177:Political party 145: 141: 125: 123: 122: 102: 97: 81: 78: 61: 56: 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6179:Women Marxists 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6089:Old Bolsheviks 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5983: 5976: 5962: 5947: 5935: 5934:External links 5932: 5931: 5930: 5918: 5912: 5899: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5856: 5847: 5841: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5771: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5737: 5719: 5713: 5700: 5682:(4): 944–970. 5671: 5665: 5650: 5636: 5630: 5613: 5596: 5575: 5569: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5542:Reproduced at 5535: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5465: 5448: 5422: 5392: 5365:(1): 166–175. 5338: 5288: 5281: 5263: 5256: 5238: 5222: 5199: 5182: 5161: 5148: 5120: 5118:, p. 248. 5108: 5093: 5064: 5055: 5029: 4977: 4968: 4960:Iring Fetscher 4952: 4943: 4921:Fischer, Louis 4892: 4883: 4871: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4786:, p. 163. 4776: 4764: 4762:, p. 182. 4752: 4730: 4715: 4713:, p. 189. 4703: 4691: 4689:, p. 105. 4679: 4677:, p. 177. 4667: 4655: 4643: 4628: 4620:Simkin, John, 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4542: 4514: 4502: 4487: 4475: 4453: 4441: 4420: 4399: 4384: 4365: 4339: 4327: 4316: 4294: 4277: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4220: 4197: 4176: 4167: 4132: 4115: 4099:Iring Fetscher 4090: 4064: 4038: 3986: 3976: 3969: 3940: 3919: 3906: 3886: 3867: 3843: 3830: 3810:Adding to the 3803: 3795:transliterated 3785: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 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2412: 2410:Monthly Review 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2390:Constellations 2387: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1420:Other variants 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1304:Third-worldist 1301: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213:Historiography 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1130:Class struggle 1126: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1085:Metabolic rift 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 979: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 934: 933: 928: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 877: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 861:Marxist ethics 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 827: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 706:Ways of Seeing 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 552: 547: 546: 543: 542: 534: 533: 527: 526: 481:St. Petersburg 464: 461: 432:United Kingdom 399: 396: 394: 391: 310:Vladimir Lenin 265: 264: 261: 260: 253: 249: 248: 242: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 222: 218: 217: 190: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 159: 155: 154: 153:, Soviet Union 144:(aged 79) 138: 134: 133: 131:Russian Empire 120: 118: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 94: 93: 87: 86: 83: 82: 73: 65: 64: 58: 57: 54: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6221: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982:Kollontai.net 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5913:0-86068-013-4 5909: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5842:9780804710732 5838: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5714:0-393-00974-2 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676:Slavic Review 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5645:, volume IV: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5631:0-253-31209-4 5627: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5423: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5282:1-86049-562-1 5278: 5274: 5267: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5178:0-415-90204-5 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5003:: 1365–1388. 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4881:, p. 48. 4880: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4860:, p. 31. 4859: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4839: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4635:Clive James, 4632: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4596:, p. 18. 4595: 4590: 4587: 4584:, p. 16. 4583: 4578: 4575: 4572:, p. 15. 4571: 4566: 4563: 4560:, p. 15. 4559: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4512:, p. 14. 4511: 4506: 4503: 4500:, p. 12. 4499: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4485:, p. 11. 4484: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4142: 4139:According to 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107:Autobiografia 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4024:United States 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3970:0-521-89442-5 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3852:Autobiography 3847: 3844: 3841:, p. 18. 3840: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3409:working-class 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3381:Louise Bryant 3377: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3361:in the movie 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3107:Joseph Stalin 3104: 3098: 3095: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2921:Pavel Dybenko 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:July uprising 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2863:United States 2860: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2832:Pavel Dybenko 2828: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Julius Martov 2775: 2771: 2770:Winter Palace 2767: 2766:Bloody Sunday 2763: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2744:Beatrice Webb 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2724:Elena Stasova 2721: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2555:Revolutionary 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535:Authoritarian 2533: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337:Moufawad-Paul 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1447:Eurocommunism 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432:Austromarxism 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1378:Communization 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1352:Praxis School 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1110:Working class 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 977: 972: 971: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 891:Crisis theory 889: 886: 882: 879: 878: 875: 870: 869: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 825: 820: 819: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 550: 545: 544: 540: 536: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519: 515: 510: 506: 504: 500: 496: 489: 484: 482: 478: 471:1888 portrait 469: 462: 460: 457: 455: 451: 447: 442: 437: 433: 430:like that of 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 392: 390: 387: 382: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346:which ousted 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 329:Julius Martov 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 288: 284: 275: 271: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 223: 219: 215: 208: 200: 194: 191: 185: 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 158:Resting place 156: 152: 148: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124:31 March 1872 119: 115: 110: 106: 100: 95: 92: 88: 84: 71: 66: 59: 52: 49: 45: 41: 38: and the 37: 33: 29: 22: 5964:Helen Ward, 5958: 5925: 5903: 5887: 5860: 5851: 5831:. Stanford: 5826: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5775: 5766: 5762: 5740: 5733: 5704: 5679: 5675: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5639:Cole, G.D.H. 5619: 5608: 5604: 5589:the original 5580: 5560: 5553:Bibliography 5544:marxists.org 5538: 5530:the original 5525: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5480:(in Russian) 5460: 5451: 5440:, retrieved 5435: 5425: 5413:. Retrieved 5409: 5362: 5358: 5311:(2): 70–74. 5308: 5304: 5272: 5266: 5247: 5241: 5225: 5194: 5191:Marxists.org 5185: 5169: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5135: 5123: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5080: 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5044:. April 2020 5041: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 4996: 4990: 4980: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4946: 4934: 4928: 4895: 4886: 4874: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829:. 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4078:article 4074:Preuves 4036:(1921). 3859:Kautsky 3683:, 1984. 3518:in 1972 3114:attaché 3026:Trotsky 2971:and by 2708:Marxist 2612:Outline 2565:Utopian 2342:Srnicek 2327:Toscano 2322:Seymour 2277:Prashad 2227:Sankara 2222:Berardi 2207:Hampton 2182:Burawoy 2152:Panitch 2147:Haraway 2137:Cleaver 2122:Brenner 2087:Balibar 2042:Postone 2032:Losurdo 1962:Vattimo 1932:Gonzalo 1927:Jameson 1917:Parenti 1857:Liebman 1852:Guevara 1742:Nkrumah 1737:Sombart 1712:Padmore 1682:Kalecki 1677:Marcuse 1637:Bordiga 1622:Gramsci 1577:Trotsky 1537:Du Bois 1527:Kautsky 1403:Western 1282:Titoism 1167:Aspects 1123:History 1043:Radical 881:Capital 586:Capital 531:Marxism 441:Finnish 436:Tsarist 424:liberal 416:Tarnovo 274:Russian 205:RSDLP ( 197:RSDLP ( 172:Russian 5910: 5875: 5839: 5747: 5711: 5694: 5663: 5628: 5567: 5526:ria.ru 5385: 5377: 5331: 5323: 5279: 5254: 5176: 5015: 4748:Pravda 4437:Zhenya 4414: 4314: 4275: 4058: 3967: 3961:et al. 3854:, the 3538:(1945) 3532:(1942) 3526:(1933) 3503:Awards 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