368:-animated commercials to sustain themselves financially, though they reportedly did not see much difference between their "artistic" and "commercial" films. At times, when making traditional animated films and commercials they also had a fourth partner, animator Etienne Raik. Although most of the commercial and art films are credited to Alexeieff and Parker, it is difficult to separate the contributions of each of the individuals who had formed Alexeieff's team. The group included Alexandra Grinevsky, Etienne Raik, Pierre Gorodich and Georges Violet.
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406:, the German annexation of Austria. When the Germans invaded the Netherlands and Belgium in 1940, Alexeieff expected to have German film producers come and ask him make propaganda films which he would have refused to do. Therefore, he packed their old Ford automobile and the family fled south in order to pick up visas at the US Embassy in Bordeaux.
387:, his favorite Russian composer. The theme of Mussorgsky's composition and the film is a witches' Sabbath on the summer solstice on Mount Triglav near Kiev, Russia. However the film is less narrative and more poetic, a succession of images rather than a story. The film took the couple two years to make.
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Alexeieff never made sketches before he created the images on the screen. He conceived each of the stages on the positive side of the screen while Claire worked on the back side of it. Small man made tools were used to produce various patterns on the board. Such everyday instruments as forks, spoons,
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When Parker and
Alexeieff returned to Paris, they made a number of advertising films. Alexeieff invented a technique called Totalization of Illusory Solids or simply Totalization. This process involves filming a moving object at long exposures to capture the trace of the path of motion. The resulting
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The reception at the
Pantheon Theater in Paris was extremely encouraging. Newspaper articles were positive, artists and film critics felt that the team had succeeded in creating a more serious type of animation, moving away from cartoons. However, it soon became apparent that working on the pinscreen
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In 1921 Alexeieff was forced to leave the city of Ufa where he had spent the summer with his maternal uncle in order to cross
Siberia with a group of cadets. They landed in Vladivostok, where they took the last boat of the Tsar which was in the harbor. The boat went to Egypt where it was purchased by
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came to France in 1931 to study art. She saw
Alexieff's work in a bookshop window and got the name of the artist as well as his address from the owner of the bookstore. She was so impressed she arranged to meet him and came to Vaux-le Penail where the Alexeieffs lived. She recalled later, "I figured
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Alexeieff entered the Cadet School of Saint
Petersburg at the age of seven. His favorite course was drawing. His art teacher taught the students how to draw from memory. He would pass various objects, such as a violin, through the class, remove it and ask the students to draw it. This early training
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The pinboard on which
Alexeieff created his extraordinary black and white films is an upright perforated board, three by four feet, into which a million headless steel pins have been inserted. When the pins are pushed forward and lighted obliquely, they create an entirely black surface on the front
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The technique of the pinscreen made it impossible to erase any of the images that had been shot after having drawn them. Once an image was shot, it was impossible to correct it. One had to wait until the film was back from the laboratory. Therefore, two years of work had been conceived in the dark
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Both
Grinevsky and Parker greatly contributed to the success of the films. Alexandra was more critical and had a sharper eye, Claire had better technical and mathematical skills. She was more patient with Alexeieff and praised him frequently while Grinevsky looked the other way Claire was quoted by
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Alexeieff and his wife agreed to take Claire as a boarder and as a student. After a few months, Claire became
Alexeieff's lover. Grinevsky accepted the situation with difficulty. They moved to Paris and rented several artist studios on The Left Bank. They collaborated on various projects. When they
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began with general strikes in St. Petersburg, school was closed for three days and
Alexeieff returned home to Lesnoi by train. However his brothers Nikolai and Vladimir had not returned and his mother was in a state of panic. Eventually, his brothers did return having been caught as bystanders in a
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In
Gatchina, Alexandre often walked alone along the wooden fences of the road nearby. He often called to his brothers who were playing on the other side and said, "Mama died you know... We will have to be kept in school from now on!” He realized later that his mother had sacrificed herself for her
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While in Riga, Alexeieff saw a film for the very first time. This made a big impression on the boy. He was surprised to find that the image which was projected on the screen could be seen reflected in the lens of the projector, which happened to be close to where he was sitting. He later realized
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In 1923 he married Alexandra Alexandrovna Grinevskya (1899–1976), who had been sent to Paris in her childhood because she was the illegitimate daughter of a St. Petersburg dignitary. In order to save the name of his aristocratic family, Alexandra's father had not married the mother of his child.
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When he was seven years old, he was dragged through various government offices by his mother to wait in line in order for the widow to collect the meager pension which had been allotted to her. ”Wait for me here, be a good boy, I shall be back!” she said as she asked the boy to sit and wait on a
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Alexeieff had two older brothers, Vladimir and Nikolai. Vladimir caught syphilis from a Moscow actress with whom he had an affair. His mother forced him to remain in his room and not touch his brothers. The pressure of this was such that Vladimir shot himself. Before he died, he wrote a note to
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Although Alexeieff and Parker strove to create serious works of art and shunned any commercialization in their films (excluding their paid work doing advertisements, of course), when asked what her favorite films were, Parker answered "The ones with Tom Mix and his beautiful white horse!"
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The first prototype of the pinscreen was made by Alexandra Grinevsky with the help of her daughter Svetlana. It consisted of a canvas perforated with a grid into which pins were inserted. Later on Claire Parker and Alexeieff built the first large pinscreen which was used to film
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on an official trip at the age of 37. He was shot by a Turk, probably because he knew too much about the Middle East. His mother traveled to Germany without telling the children where she was going or why and only when she returned did Alexeieff learn that his father had died.
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While in the Cadet School, Alexeieff founded a literary magazine which contained works created by students. His friends did not take this project seriously. However, Alexeieff was able to petition for funds and also obtain access to the library which was very valuable to him.
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His older brother Vladimir was also a student at the Cadet school. They rarely met but their names were engraved on the wall of the school for having been the best students in their class. Nikolay, who was deaf in one ear, never attended the academy with his brothers.
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became extremely valuable for Alexeieff later on in life when he became an illustrator. The teacher would also ask them to portray events such as dance or a holiday feast, or read them text and have the students illustrate it, a task Alexeieff particularly enjoyed.
493:. This film used two pinscreens. In front of the main pinscreen, they installed a second, smaller one. This second pinscreen could be rotated thus giving more of an illusion of three-dimensionality. However, the film was never completed.
448:. This marks the only mainstream, widely distributed film that Alexeieff and Parker were involved with. The pin-screen was not animated for this sequence. Instead still shots were filmed while Orson Welles read Kafka's parable "
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I would meet an old, dignified man with a white beard... but I saw this tall, brown, handsome, aristocratic 30-year-old guy. Our first lesson ended on the banks of the Seine, hand in hand; and there was never a second one.".
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On 7 August 1972, Alexeieff and Parker were invited back to Canada in order to demonstrate the pinscreen to a group of animators at the National Film Board of Canada. This demonstration was filmed, and released by the NFB as
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was released in 1963 and marks the first narrative film made on the pinscreen. The film tells the story of a Russian official who loses his nose and the adventures of the nose itself as well as the barber who finds the nose.
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Alexeieff divorced Alexandra Grinevsky and married Claire Parker in 1940 after they arrived in the States. Alexandra and Svetlana lived separately. In 1943, they moved to Canada and produced their second pinscreen film,
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started to make films, Claire became the camera person and Grinevsky built and painted the props and sets for the films. However, after the first large pin screen was built, Parker and Alexeieff worked on it alone.
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Alexeieff became well known in this period shortly after illustrating his first rare books. However, he lost one of his lungs while using nitric acid to do his aquatints and was forced to spend two years in a
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had been arrested and abdicated. When Alexeieff was in his teens, he was attracted to communism. However, the arrest and execution of his mother's brother by the Bolsheviks led him to rethink his position.
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image gives the appearance of a solid object. For example, the path of a pendulum filmed in this fashion would appear to be a solid semicircle. This technique gave their advertisements a unique look.
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chair. When she left the room where her son was, he feared as the door closed behind her that she might never return! A boy he knew once told him, ”My mother left too, she never came back!”
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Instead, the baby was taken away from her mother at the age of two and adopted by her father's sister Katia who kept a musical salon in Paris. Her mother was given a ticket back to
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In 1936 Alexeieff was hired by a German film group in Berlin to lead an animation studio. He made a few animated films for German products and returned to Paris right before the
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came to Paris and saw her acting, he offered to have her go back to Russia but Alexandra refused, remaining by Alexeieff's side. Their daughter Svetlana was born in 1923.
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is often credited to Claire Parker and Alexeieff, Grinevsky-Alexeieff was the first to help Alexeieff build the pinscreen, with the help of her eight-year-old daughter.
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so to speak. Adding to the impermanence of the pinscreen itself, Alexeieff made no sketches for the film, composing each shot in his head and filming them immediately.
213:, Alexeieff wrote that he rarely saw his father due to the fact that he was often away on missions. He took a daily walk with his mother when he was forced to speak in
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In his memoirs, Alexeieff describes the tribulations his mother went through after the death of her husband. She first went to stay with her brother-in-law near
587:, Nikolay Izvolov, Oleg Kovalov, Georges Nivat, Claudine Eizykman, Guy Fihman, Dominique Willoughby, Svetlana Alexeieff-Rockwell as well as Alexandre Rockwell.
340:. During that time Grinevsky-Alexeieff took his tools and taught herself how to engrave and became the bread winner for the family. While the invention of the
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is an independent film maker in the United States. Alexandre acknowledged the influence his grandfather had on his work, writing in his contribution to
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the British who kept the crew in order to transport coal from Southampton to Cairo. During one of the crossings, a storm forced them to anchor in the
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Alexeieff) is an artist who uses pastels and acrylics. She has written her memoirs which describe accurately her family's background. Her son,
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sons. However, his mother did return and Alexeieff's family settled in Gatchin, a suburb of St. Petersburg and later moved to nearby Lesnoi.
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Alexandre saying, "You are very talented. You must keep on drawing". His second brother, Nikolai, disappeared in Georgia, Russia, during the
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Parker died in 1981, in Paris and Alexeieff followed Claire by a year. The two are buried in Nice France. He and Parker left no children.
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was time-consuming and therefore costly to use. Consequently, major studios never offered to use the pinscreen with the exception of the
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of the Pinboard. When they are pushed back, the white of the board shows through. In between the pins create various shades of grey.
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Unpublished. Excerpts from Material for the Exhibition "Timeline and Retrospective of Films" Museum of Film. Moscow. July 1995
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1666:. Letter published in Material for the Exhibition "Timeline and Retrospective of Films" Museum of Film. Moscow. July 1995
504:), was made on the pinscreen, and first shown in Milan, Italy, in March 1980. It was based on three works by Mussorgsky.
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who was living in Paris. Alexeieff started by working designing and painting sets for the Pioteff Theater. He lived in
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Alexeieff and Parker also continued to make films using the pin screen. In 1962, they used it to make the prologue to
418:), with funding from the National Film Board of Canada. It was released in 1944. The four returned to France in 1946.
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Each of the frames was created one at a time. This painstaking technique demands a lot of attention and ingenuity.
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instead of Russian. The rest of the time he was under the care of a nanny. Alexieff's father died mysteriously in
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After building the first large pinscreen, Alexeieff and Parker began work on the first pinscreen film in 1931,
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that "I can safely say there has been no greater influence in my life, and in that I know I am not alone."
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Alexeieff is most famous for his invention of the pinscreen which he used to make about 6 short films.
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2010:
182:. In all Alexeieff produced 6 films on the pinscreen, 41 advertising films and illustrated 41 books.
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Material for the Exhibition "Timeline and Retrospective of Films" Museum of Film. Moscow. July 1995
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Alternative transcriptions include Alexander Alexeieff or Alexander Alexeïeff or Alexandre Alexieff
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Won the Count de Lanua Prize at the International Art Film Festival, Knokke-Le-Zoute, Belgium 1964
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When she grew up, Grinevskaya left her aunt to become one of the main actresses in the avant-garde
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where Alexeieff jumped ship holding on to a letter of recommendation to the Russian set designer
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Honorable Mention, Film of High Quality, French National Center for Cinematography, 1963.
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fight between the police and revolutionaries. Shortly thereafter, he received word that
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Honorable Mention, High Artistic Quality, French National Center for Cinematography.
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Guide to Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker correspondence with Cecile Starr
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In the same year, they also released another film again, based on Mussorgsky's
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206:. He was never heard from again; the family suspected that he died of typhus.
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Claire Parker (1910–1981), a well-to-do American art student and graduate of
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1919:
The Unique Pinscreen Animation of Alexandre Alexeieff & Claire Parker
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Discovering the Movies: An Illustrated Introduction to the Motion Picture
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The Unique Pinscreen Animation of Alexandre Alexeieff & Claire Parker
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162:: Александр Александрович Алексеев; 18 April 1901 – 9 August 1982) was a
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Used a smaller rotating pinscreen mounted in front of the usual screen.
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Awarded Diploma of the International Short Film Festival, Berlin, 1964.
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1787:"Carin Perron's Animator List: Alexander Alexeieff & Claire Parker"
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166:-born artist, filmmaker and illustrator who lived and worked mainly in
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where his father, Alexei Alexeieff, was a military attaché.
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knives, brushes, cups, prisms and rolling pins were used.
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her biographer as saying, “"Between us, he's the genius."
1494:(1972) – documentary of a pinscreen demonstration at the
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Oublis ou Regrets: Memoirs of a Cadet in St. Petersburg
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animation, invention of pinscreen, illustration, films
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The Animation of Alexeieff DVD North American release
531:. The Parker family paid for the construction of it.
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Russian Empire-born artist, filmmaker and illustrator
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720:brief animation tests filmed in their Paris studio
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1478:(1960) – documentary filmed in their Paris studio
254:that the image on the lens was the original one.
364:Alexeieff, Parker and Grinevskaya made about 25
1581:Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation
655:Alexieff and Parker are credited as producers.
858:Won Jury's Prize, Foreign Film Festival 1980
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1619:Motion Graphic Design and Fine Art Animation
174:(1906–1981) are credited with inventing the
2031:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
1583:. Paris, France: Indiana University Press.
194:in Russia. He spent his early childhood in
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145: 1931–1981)
125: 1923–1940)
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112:Alexandra Grinevsky Countess de Lowendhal
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701:English Translation: Concerning Zhivago
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1811:Alexander ALEXEIEFF and Claire Parker
18:Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker
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1403:object animation, location shooting
1854:Art in Motion: Animation Aesthetics
1827:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
1558:, Éditions des Cahiers libres, 1928
242:and finally settled in the town of
178:as well as the animation technique
1166:US Office of War, Film Department
847:English translation: Three Themes
190:Alexeieff was born in the town of
156:Alexandre Alexandrovitch Alexeieff
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2036:20th-century Russian male artists
1966:White Russian emigrants to France
1956:Inventors from the Russian Empire
680:The National Film Board of Canada
475:. This film appears on disk 7 of
2006:20th-century French illustrators
1903:Alexeieff: Itinerary of a Master
1759:"Claire Parker, An Appreciation"
1741:Alexeieff: Itinerary of a Master
1621:. Gulf Professional Publishing.
1600:Alexeieff: Itinerary of a Master
1518:
683:Film was released together with
541:The only follower of Alexeieff,
2001:Artists from the Russian Empire
1991:Russian animated film producers
1981:Russian animated film directors
1739:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2001).
1598:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2001).
1579:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995).
1568:, Librairie Gallimard NRF, 1931
1386:object animation, totalization
1292:object animation, totalization
1276:object animation, totalization
1201:object animation, totalization
1123:Etude sur l'harmonie des Lignes
142:
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1996:French animated film producers
1986:French animated film directors
1511:Books illustrated by Alexeieff
1427:Regie des Tabacs (cigarettes)
1125:Study on the Harmony of Lines
622:Die Nacht auf dem Kahlen Berge
1:
2041:20th-century French inventors
1496:National Film Board of Canada
1470:Documentaries about Alexeieff
547:National Film Board of Canada
397:National Film Board of Canada
230:After the death of his father
1664:About the Life of Our Family
1662:Svetlana Alexeieff-Rockwell
1355:object animation, pinscreen
308:, a bohemian area of Paris.
1909:The Animation of Alexeieff
2062:
1743:. Paris, France: Dreamland
1153:Gulfstream (water-heater)
761:Based on a short story by
284:Russian Revolution of 1917
209:In his unpublished memoir
204:Russian Revolution of 1917
1813:Retrieved 20 August 2009.
1476:Alexeieff at the Pinboard
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1289:Bendix (Washing Machine)
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1128:Gaine Roussel (lingerie)
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817:Pictures at an Exhibition
646:London Symphony Orchestra
491:Pictures at an Exhibition
170:. He and his second wife
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1931:Svetlana Rockwell's Site
1924:20 November 2018 at the
1859:Indiana University Press
1714:20 November 2018 at the
1617:Krasner, Jon S. (2004).
1503:(2002) - documentary by
1484:(1971) – documentary by
1212:Ultra Therma (blankets)
1150:Gulfstream (unfinished)
1115:Nestor Martin (foundry)
1022:Creme Simon (cosmetics)
987:Creme Simon (cosmetics)
910:Creme Simon (cosmetics)
894:Vins Nicolas (vineyard)
889:La Belle au bois Dormant
289:Tsar Nicholas the Second
1198:Van der Elst (tobacco)
1182:Van der Elst (tobacco)
1044:Lingner (Toilet Paper)
1033:Cenra (Wrapping Paper)
792:Television documentary
758:Improvised by Hai Minh
650:first film made on the
330:Konstantin Stanislavski
1823:Starr, Cecile (1972).
1463:drawing, totalization
1019:La naissance de Venus
958:Tiré à quatre épingles
950:Franck Aroma (coffee)
855:Arr. Rimsky-Korsakova
687:by Norman MacLaren as
638:Night on Bald Mountain
630:Night on Bald Mountain
627:(English translation:
583:consists of essays by
581:Itineraire d’un Maitre
577:Itineraire d’un Maitre
529:Night on Bald Mountain
480:: The Master's Edition
377:Night on Bald Mountain
321:, her native country.
36:Alexandre A. Alexeieff
1961:Stop motion animators
1688:Alexeieff, Alexandre
1552:Guillaume Apollinaire
1482:Portrait of Alexeieff
1273:(petroleum products)
1267:The Sap of the Earth
1257:(petroleum products)
1070:The Artist's palette
1000:Huilor (Cooking oil)
960:Pulling Four Needles
933:The Throne of France
825:Arr. Rimsky-Korsakov
814:English Translation:
809:Tableaux d'Exposition
786:My Illustrated World
782:Mon univers illustreé
669:English translation:
642:Arr. Rimsky-Kosakov.
464:satirical short story
1942:, Harvard University
1718:Retrieved 3 Sep 2009
1501:Dreams about Alfeoni
1369:(film distributors)
1060:Davros (cigarettes)
974:Davros (cigarettes)
936:Levitan (furniture)
675:Canadian Folk Songs
348:Parker and Alexeieff
2021:Pinscreen animation
1901:Review of the book
1892:Alexandre Alexeieff
1265:La Sève de la terre
1073:Balatum (linoleum)
963:Sigrand (Menswear)
918:Parade des Chapeaux
728:title sequence for
698:A Propos de Jivago
379:, an adaptation of
238:, then she went to
2026:Russian Christians
1861:. pp. 54–57.
1791:www.writer2001.com
1530:. You can help by
931:La trône de France
707:Documentary film.
573:Alexandre Rockwell
266:Cadet Corps School
2046:Russian inventors
1976:Russian animators
1868:978-1-86462-039-9
1851:(December 1998).
1628:978-0-240-80482-8
1609:978-2-910027-75-9
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1419:object animation
1383:(instant coffee)
1339:Osram (lighting)
1329:object animation
1326:Osram (lighting)
1316:object animation
1313:Osram (lighting)
1305:object animation
1302:Osram (lighting)
1260:object animation
1251:The Burning Bush
1249:Le Buisson ardent
1241:object animation
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1215:object animation
1145:object animation
1131:object animation
1118:object animation
1102:objekt animation
1090:object animation
1076:object animation
1068:Palette d'artiste
1063:object animation
1055:Etoiles nouvelles
1047:object animation
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953:object animation
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644:performed by the
565:Svetlana Rockwell
496:Their last film,
385:Modest Mussorgsky
211:Oublis ou Regrets
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16:(Redirected from
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1971:French animators
1940:Houghton Library
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1238:Monsavon (soap)
1225:Brun (pastries)
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891:Sleeping Beauty
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715:Pinscreen Tests
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302:Sergei Soudeikin
248:Saint Petersburg
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450:Before the Law
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298:French Riviera
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1372:totalization
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1349:Four seasons
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923:Sools (Hats)
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780:Segments for
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763:Nikolai Gogol
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689:Popular Songs
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515:The pinscreen
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460:Nikolai Gogol
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172:Claire Parker
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135:Claire Parker
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80:Paris, France
73:9 August 1982
72:
68:
64:Kazan, Russia
61:18 April 1901
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1902:
1872:. Retrieved
1853:
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1824:
1818:
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1796:28 September
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1768:28 September
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1740:
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1689:
1663:
1644:
1618:
1599:
1580:
1573:Bibliography
1565:
1556:Les Épingles
1555:
1536:
1532:adding to it
1527:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1460:(cosmetics)
1441:(cosmetics)
1416:(cosmetics)
1347:Quatre temps
1334:Osram lustre
1235:Pure beauty
1112:Great Fires
845:
842:Trois Themes
840:
829:
815:
812:
807:
795:directed by
793:
784:
781:
765:
751:
738:Orson Welles
736:directed by
729:
699:
688:
684:
678:Produced by
670:
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620:
580:
576:
568:
563:
550:
540:
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533:
528:
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502:Trois thèmes
501:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
476:
472:
469:
455:
454:
443:
432:Orson Welles
429:
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411:
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306:Montparnasse
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210:
208:
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189:
180:totalization
155:
154:
75:(1982-08-09)
29:
2016:1982 deaths
2011:1901 births
1874:17 February
1763:www.awn.com
1394:Automation
1323:Osram eggs
1321:Osram oeufs
1310:Osram cage
1299:Osram tree
1233:Pure beauté
1110:Grands feux
1011:Radio Löwe
997:About Gold
591:Filmography
498:Three Moods
458:, based on
452:" over it.
440:Franz Kafka
366:stop motion
219:Baden-Baden
86:Nationality
1950:Categories
1637:References
1539:March 2012
1492:Pin Screen
1435:Constance
1410:Anonymous
1297:Osram arbe
1185:pinscreen
1169:pinscreen
1160:1943–1944
1057:New Stars
984:Card Game
881:Technique
852:Mussorgsky
823:Mussorgsky
671:In passing
665:En passant
473:Pin Screen
422:Later life
416:En passant
412:In Passing
338:sanatorium
186:Early life
57:1901-04-18
1352:Blizzand
1209:Nocturne
731:The Trial
652:pinscreen
552:Mindscape
445:The Trial
442:'s novel
404:Anschluss
381:the piece
342:pinscreen
282:When the
176:pinscreen
1922:Archived
1712:Archived
1363:Cocinor
1284:Bain d'X
753:The Nose
486:(1961).
456:The Nose
244:Gatchina
196:Istanbul
1458:L'Oreal
1439:L'Oreal
1414:L'Oreal
1398:Renault
1381:Nescafé
1367:Cocinor
1222:Rhymes
1193:Masques
1179:Smoked
995:De l'or
878:Client
734:(1962)
545:of the
328:. When
223:Germany
160:Russian
147:
139:
127:
119:
115:
102:Spouses
1865:
1831:
1625:
1606:
1587:
1566:Poëmes
1454:Water
1408:Anonym
1195:Masks
1177:Fumées
1139:Jaffa
1081:Evian
1030:Cenra
947:Aroma
612:Notes
609:Music
560:Legacy
319:Poland
236:Odessa
215:French
89:French
1452:L'eau
1449:1961
1391:1958
1377:100%
1360:1957
1281:1956
1246:1955
1220:Rimes
1206:1954
1190:1953
1174:1952
1136:1939
1107:1938
1085:Evian
1052:1937
944:1936
902:1935
886:1934
875:Film
872:Year
837:1980
804:1972
777:1971
748:1963
725:1962
712:1961
695:1960
660:1943
617:1933
606:Film
603:Year
192:Kazan
168:Paris
141:(
137:
121:(
117:
1896:IMDb
1876:2012
1863:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1798:2024
1770:2024
1623:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1271:Esso
1255:Esso
240:Riga
70:Died
51:Born
1938:at
1894:at
1534:.
569:née
462:'s
438:of
383:by
354:MIT
1952::
1857:.
1789:.
1778:^
1761:.
1748:^
1732:^
1697:^
1671:^
1653:^
1564:,
1554:,
633:)
556:.
434:'
399:.
250:.
221:,
143:m.
123:m.
1878:.
1837:.
1800:.
1772:.
1631:.
1612:.
1593:.
1541:)
1537:(
1488:.
567:(
500:(
414:(
158:(
59:)
55:(
20:)
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