33:
449:. Delcommune refused, not wanting to spend more time in Africa. In his memoirs, written much later, he said that he disagreed with the brutal techniques being used in developing the rubber economy. He did return to the Congo the same year as an inspector of the SAB. He continued to travel, visiting Brazil and the Dutch and British colonies in Asia. He also became part owner with Albert Thys of a cocoa plantation in
350:
269:
421:. In 1891 he was commissioned to lead an expedition to Bunkeya to obtain Msiri's submission. Stairs demanded that Msiri accept the sovereignty of Leopold II over his territory. Msiri again refused and fled to a nearby village where he was killed by members of Stairs' force. Resistance ceased and Katanga came under Belgian rule.
155:
He traveled to
Portugal in January 1874 to work for his half brother, the director of a French olive oil factory. Still restless, he got his brother to write a letter of recommendation to one of his Portuguese friends so that he could go to Brazil or Portugal. After less than six months he arrived in
220:
to study whether a planned railway would be profitable. This involved exploring the whole navigable part of the Congo basin, determining what types and quantities of merchandise could be expected, and assessing whether this would justify the investment. For this mission he organized the transport of
195:
at Boma. He was tasked with getting the local chiefs to accept
Belgian sovereignty, and on 19 April 1884 three important agreements were signed. Delcommune had succeeded due to his long familiarity with Boma and to having married a daughter of the principal chief of Boma. The other Europeans trading
151:
on 6 October 1855. His father had reached the rank of sergeant major in the engineer corps before retiring and joining the
Belgian and French railways. Alexandre Delcommune studied at the Athenaeum in Brussels, then worked for three months as a clerk in the Brussels North railway station before
456:
During the First World War
Delcommune was the author of a sharp attack on the colonial administration. He called for improved sanitation, a pragmatic education system focused mainly on agriculture, and measures to reduce the price of goods in the colony but to impose minimum prices for native
333:
in
September of that year. With Delcommune were the geologist Diderrich, the naturalist Protche, doctor Briard, Baron de Roest d'Alkemade and Count Soutchoff. Delcommune was charged with exploring the region and examining its local wealth and the problems of transport and communications. The
385:
Delcommune's expedition was primarily concerned with finding gold, and secondarily with settling the country. Delcommune was to try to make Msiri accept
Belgian rule, and then go south to where the gold fields were thought to be. His chosen route up the Lualaba from
325:(CCCI) in 1887. King Leopold granted him extensive trading privileges since his enterprise was seen as a bastion against British interests. When Delcommune returned to Brussels in 1889, he was given charge of a CCCI expedition to Katanga (1890–1893). The "
176:
436:
who were threatened by Arab slavers. However, in an attempt to gain control of the Arab fort the
Belgians were beaten off. Out of the 650 men that left on Delcommune's expedition, 543 had lost their lives by the time it ended in February 1893.
303:
His ascent of the Lomani, which he found to be easy to navigate, took seventeen days and covered over 570 miles (920 km) to around latitude 4° South. Running parallel to the Congo, which it enters below the barrier of the
365:
valley. By the time of
Delcommune's expedition his rule had greatly contracted, but both the Belgians in the free State and the British in Southern Africa were determined to fully control the mineral-rich area of
329:" formed for the expedition was theoretically a private organization, but in practice was an instrument of the Congo Free State. Preparation for the expedition began in May 1890, and the expedition left
353:
Msiri's boma (compound) at
Bunkeya. The objects on top of the four poles, below which some of Msiri's warriors are gathered, are heads of his enemies. More skulls are on the stakes forming the stockade.
445:
After the
Katanga expedition Delcommune assumed an important role in the CCCI group of companies. He returned to Europe in 1895, where he was offered a position as Inspector of the Free State by King
1034:
Fighting the slave-hunters in Central Africa: a record of twenty-six years of travel and adventure round the Great Lakes and of the overthrow of Tip-Pu-Tib, Rumaliza and other great slave-traders
321:
292:. During this trip he settled an outstanding geographical question when he determined that the Lomani was indeed a tributary of the Congo as Stanley had suspected. He also found that
164:
where he joined the French merchant Lasnier-Daumas, Lartigue et Cie. At that time he was one of just sixteen Europeans living in the Congo, and the only Belgian. He arrived at
225:
overland to Leopoldville, where the boat was assembled. The journey took four months, with another five months to assemble the steamer and launch it. He then explored the
200:
were furious with what they saw as his deception in gaining the treaties. Despite an Anglo-Portuguese treaty signed in February 1884, he obtained recognition of the
569:, but was met with hostility by Delcommune's brother Camille and did not get the job. Conrad drew on his experience while in the Congo in his novel
1119:
281:
1021:
979:
936:
833:
497:
L'avenir du Congo Belge menacé: bilan des dix premières années (1909–1918) d'administration coloniale gouvernementale. Le mal – le remède ..
398:, who lent them porters. Delcommune went on by land, making treaties with the local chiefs as he went. Delcommune's expedition reached
32:
1099:
1063:
1042:
1000:
960:
854:
378:"I want you to get Msiri's. I mean Katanga... You must go and get Katanga". A small force of Belgians from an expedition led by
1114:
485:, formed by a dam across the Lualaba to provide hydroelectric power and a water supply to the copper mining operations.
375:
1109:
1055:
History from below: the Vocabulary of Elisabethville by André Yav : texts, translation, and interpretive essay
946:
429:
205:
390:
turned out to be extremely difficult, with many rapids to be negotiated. On 3 May 1891 the expedition reached
1104:
208:
in which the territory at the mouth of the Congo was divided between the Portuguese, French and Belgians.
157:
446:
1094:
1089:
477:
during the First World War was named the Alexandre Del Commune. His name was given to the artificial
410:
326:
169:
289:
165:
825:
L'évangélisation du Mai-Ndombe au Congo-Kinshasa: histoire, difficultés présentes et inculturation
474:
402:
in October 1891, but he was unable to persuade Msiri to accept Belgian rule and continued south.
367:
565:
had traveled to the Congo in the hope of joining Delcommune's 1890 expedition as captain of the
1059:
1053:
1038:
1017:
1011:
996:
975:
956:
950:
932:
898:
850:
829:
571:
391:
1032:
990:
926:
823:
520:
844:
192:
136:
128:
127:
who undertook extensive explorations of the country during the early colonial period of the
124:
865:
308:, it reaches far to the south. This discovery opened an important route into the interior.
478:
470:
425:
379:
238:
879:"L'Expédition du Katanga, d'après les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps"
450:
119:
1083:
1072:
562:
514:
362:
297:
262:
234:
43:
The Congo and the founding of its free state; a story of work and exploration (1885)
529:
371:
305:
258:
254:
246:
242:
188:
148:
63:
915:
413:
had been second in command of Henry Morton Stanley's 1887 expedition to relieve
361:
had seized power around 1860, expanding his empire to cover a large part of the
316:
250:
226:
217:
197:
132:
878:
414:
395:
387:
349:
230:
187:. A year later he was appointed director of the Belgian factories in Boma and
175:
38:
928:
With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891–92
418:
382:
had been allowed to establish a post near to Msiri's capital early in 1891.
265:. He covered 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) of water routes in a year.
458:
406:
335:
85:
482:
433:
399:
293:
89:
67:
428:, where he came to the assistance of a group of missionaries from the
424:
In August 1892, Delcommune's expedition was returning north by way of
172:
in 1877 during Stanley's crossing of the continent from east to west.
409:. At the age of 25 the Canadian-born engineer, soldier and mercenary
330:
285:
161:
117:(6 October 1855 – 7 August 1922) was a Belgian officer of the armed
268:
506:
Le Congo, la plus belle colonie du monde: ce que nous devons faire
358:
277:
267:
622:
620:
618:
616:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
1013:
After representation?: the Holocaust, literature, and culture
405:
In December 1891 a larger expedition arrived at Bunkeya from
370:. Msiri refused to make any formal treaty with either power.
972:
Tip & Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa
846:
Aux sources du fleuve Congo: Carnets du Katanga, 1890–1893
870:
De eerste Europese ontdekkingsreizen in Katanga 1797–1897
738:
736:
734:
765:
763:
662:
394:. There they met Rachid, the nephew and successor of
160:, modern Luanda. Delcommune travelled from Luanda to
131:. He explored many of the navigable waterways of the
673:
671:
322:
Compagnie Congolaise pour le Commerce et l'Industrie
104:
96:
74:
49:
23:
1010:Spargo, R. Clifton; Ehrenreich, Robert M. (2010).
300:, was just three days journey east of the Lomami.
179:The Berlin Conference on partition of Africa, 1884
917:Soldats et missionnaires au Congo, de 1891 Ă 1894
793:
638:
508:. Office de Publicité, J. Lebèque. p. 139.
191:, and became head of the future capital of the
689:
626:
216:In 1886 Delcommune was given a commission by
8:
909:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. 1889.
725:
519:. Office de publicité, J. Lebègue. pp.
543:. Editions Cuypers, Bruxelles. p. 327.
296:, an important slave-trading center on the
920:(in French). Desclée De Brouwer & Cie.
843:Briart, Paul; Ryelandt, Dominique (2003).
31:
20:
607:
348:
346:was provided by the Haut Congo Society.
174:
769:
754:
742:
587:
554:
713:
701:
650:
1058:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
805:
781:
541:Comité Spécial du Katanga (1900–1950)
7:
866:"Biografie van Alexandre Delcommune"
338:on 17 October 1890 on two steamers.
185:Association Internationale Africaine
849:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan.
828:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan.
677:
539:Comité Spécial du Katanga (1950).
473:that fought against the forces of
14:
1075:, Royal museum for Central Africa
955:(in French). De Boeck Supérieur.
253:. He went as far up the Congo as
357:In Katanga, the Nyamwezi trader
276:Delcommune founded the posts of
135:, and led a major expedition to
204:, and this was ratified in the
1120:Officers of the Force Publique
995:. Cambridge University Press.
903:Scottish Geographical Magazine
528:Delcommune, Alexandre (1922).
513:Delcommune, Alexandre (1921).
504:Delcommune, Alexandre (1920).
495:Delcommune, Alexandre (1919).
457:products. Delcommune died in
342:was provided by the state and
221:the components of the steamer
183:In 1883 Delcommune joined the
108:Exploration of the Congo Basin
1:
1073:Archive Alanxandre Delcommune
914:Gochet, Alexis-Marie (1896).
822:Bekina, Jacques Mpia (2010).
531:Vingt années de vie africaine
516:Notre voyage au Congo en 1920
272:Slavers attack nearby Nyangwe
1031:Swann, Alfred James (1969).
1016:. Rutgers University Press.
794:Spargo & Ehrenreich 2010
376:British South Africa Company
925:Moloney, Joseph A. (2007).
899:"Exploration of the Lomami"
877:De Pont-Jest, René (1892).
1136:
952:Histoire Generale du Congo
864:De Coster, Pieter (1997).
690:Briart & Ryelandt 2003
627:Briart & Ryelandt 2003
499:. J. Lebègue. p. 642.
663:Exploration of the Lomami
430:London Missionary Society
374:had told an agent of the
202:Etat Independent du Congo
152:quitting due to boredom.
30:
1100:People from Namur (city)
947:Ndaywel è Nziem, Isidore
206:Berlin Conference (1884)
989:Sherry, Norman (1980).
147:Delcommune was born at
139:between 1890 and 1893.
992:Conrad's Western World
970:Paice, Edward (2008).
354:
273:
180:
469:A Belgian steamer on
447:Leopold II of Belgium
352:
271:
178:
168:in 1874. He received
931:. Jeppestown Press.
639:Ndaywel è Nziem 1998
411:William Grant Stairs
327:Compagnie du Katanga
288:among others in the
170:Henry Morton Stanley
115:Alexandre Delcommune
25:Alexandre Delcommune
1115:Explorers of Africa
1052:Yav, André (1990).
290:Mai Ndombe District
158:SĂŁo Paulo de Loanda
610:, p. VII.1.1.
561:The future author
475:German East Africa
461:on 7 August 1922.
355:
340:Ville de Bruxelles
312:Katanga expedition
274:
212:Congo basin survey
181:
1110:Belgian explorers
1023:978-0-8135-4590-5
981:978-0-7538-2349-1
938:978-0-9553936-5-5
835:978-2-296-12452-3
726:De Pont-Jest 1892
572:Heart of Darkness
261:and explored the
223:Le Roi des Belges
112:
111:
1127:
1069:
1048:
1027:
1006:
985:
966:
942:
921:
910:
894:
892:
890:
883:Le Tour du Monde
873:
860:
839:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
758:
752:
746:
740:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
611:
605:
576:
559:
544:
535:
524:
509:
500:
334:expedition left
193:Congo Free State
129:Congo Free State
125:Congo Free State
81:
59:
57:
35:
21:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1003:
988:
982:
969:
963:
945:
939:
924:
913:
897:
888:
886:
876:
863:
857:
842:
836:
821:
817:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
784:, p. xlii.
780:
776:
768:
761:
753:
749:
741:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
669:
661:
657:
649:
645:
637:
633:
625:
614:
606:
589:
585:
580:
579:
560:
556:
551:
538:
527:
512:
503:
494:
491:
479:Lake Delcommune
471:Lake Tanganyika
467:
443:
426:Lake Tanganyika
380:Paul Le Marinel
314:
257:, ascended the
239:Lake Leopold II
214:
145:
92:
83:
79:
70:
61:
55:
53:
45:
26:
17:
16:Belgian officer
12:
11:
5:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Walloon people
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1007:
1001:
986:
980:
967:
961:
943:
937:
922:
911:
895:
874:
861:
855:
840:
834:
818:
816:
813:
811:
810:
798:
796:, p. 195.
786:
774:
759:
747:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
680:, p. 132.
667:
655:
643:
641:, p. 317.
631:
629:, p. 350.
612:
608:De Coster 1997
586:
584:
581:
578:
577:
553:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
536:
525:
510:
501:
490:
487:
466:
463:
442:
439:
392:N'Gongo-Lutita
313:
310:
213:
210:
144:
141:
120:Force Publique
110:
109:
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
84:
82:(aged 66)
76:
72:
71:
62:
60:6 October 1855
51:
47:
46:
37:Portrait from
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1065:90-272-5227-0
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1044:0-7146-1879-9
1040:
1037:. Routledge.
1036:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1002:0-521-29808-3
998:
994:
993:
987:
983:
977:
973:
968:
964:
962:2-8011-1174-0
958:
954:
953:
948:
944:
940:
934:
930:
929:
923:
919:
918:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
856:2-7475-4861-9
852:
848:
847:
841:
837:
831:
827:
826:
820:
819:
814:
808:, p. 22.
807:
802:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
778:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
757:, p. 21.
756:
751:
748:
745:, p. ix.
744:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
716:, p. 83.
715:
710:
707:
704:, p. 85.
703:
698:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
656:
653:, p. 19.
652:
647:
644:
640:
635:
632:
628:
623:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
588:
582:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:Joseph Conrad
558:
555:
548:
542:
537:
533:
532:
526:
522:
518:
517:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
454:
452:
448:
440:
438:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
311:
309:
307:
306:Stanley Falls
301:
299:
298:Lualaba River
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:Stanley Falls
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
196:on the lower
194:
190:
186:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
150:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
78:7 August 1922
77:
73:
69:
65:
52:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1054:
1033:
1012:
991:
971:
951:
927:
916:
906:
902:
887:. Retrieved
882:
869:
845:
824:
801:
789:
777:
772:, p. x.
770:Moloney 2007
755:Moloney 2007
750:
743:Moloney 2007
721:
709:
697:
692:, p. 8.
685:
658:
646:
634:
570:
566:
557:
540:
530:
515:
505:
496:
489:Bibliography
468:
455:
444:
441:Later career
423:
404:
384:
372:Cecil Rhodes
356:
343:
339:
320:
319:founded the
315:
302:
275:
222:
215:
201:
184:
182:
154:
146:
118:
114:
113:
80:(1922-08-07)
42:
18:
1095:1922 deaths
1090:1855 births
974:. Phoenix.
885:(in French)
872:(in Dutch).
714:Sherry 1980
702:Sherry 1980
651:Bekina 2010
434:Albertville
317:Albert Thys
218:Albert Thys
198:Congo River
143:Early years
133:Congo Basin
97:Nationality
1084:Categories
889:4 December
806:Paice 2008
782:Swann 1969
583:References
534:. Larcier.
415:Emin Pasha
396:Tippoo-Tib
388:Bena-Kamba
56:1855-10-06
39:HM Stanley
419:Equatoria
949:(1998).
678:Yav 1990
459:Brussels
451:São Tomé
407:Zanzibar
336:Kinshasa
249:and the
86:Brussels
41:'s book
815:Sources
567:Florida
483:Kolwezi
481:, near
400:Bunkeya
368:Katanga
363:Luapula
344:Florida
294:Nyangwe
263:Aruwimi
235:Sankuru
137:Katanga
123:of the
100:Belgian
90:Belgium
68:Belgium
1062:
1041:
1020:
999:
978:
959:
935:
853:
832:
465:Legacy
331:Matadi
286:Dekese
259:Lomami
247:Kwango
245:, the
243:Lubefu
241:, the
233:, the
229:, the
162:Ambriz
549:Notes
359:Msiri
278:Nioki
251:Kwilu
227:Kasai
149:Namur
64:Namur
1060:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1018:ISBN
997:ISBN
976:ISBN
957:ISBN
933:ISBN
891:2011
851:ISBN
830:ISBN
284:and
282:Tolo
231:Fimi
189:Noki
166:Boma
75:Died
50:Born
432:at
417:in
1086::
905:.
901:.
881:.
868:.
762:^
733:^
670:^
615:^
590:^
521:92
453:.
280:,
237:,
88:,
66:,
1068:.
1047:.
1026:.
1005:.
984:.
965:.
941:.
907:5
893:.
859:.
838:.
728:.
665:.
575:.
523:.
58:)
54:(
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