180:
to exterminate the Jews as prisoners of war." Philo says that in response, the mobs "drove the Jews entirely out of four quarters , and crammed them all into a very small portion of one ... while the populace, overrunning their desolate houses, turned to plunder, and divided the booty among themselves as if they had obtained it in war." In addition, Philo says their enemies, "slew them and thousands of others with all kinds of agony and tortures, and newly invented cruelties, for wherever they met with or caught sight of a Jew, they stoned him, or beat him with sticks". Philo even says, "the most merciless of all their persecutors in some instances burnt whole families, husbands with their wives, and infant children with their parents, in the middle of the city, sparing neither age nor youth, nor the innocent helplessness of infants." Some men, he says, were dragged to death, while "those who did these things, mimicked the sufferers, like people employed in the representation of theatrical farces". Other Jews were
214:(meaning "Embassy to Caligula"), which makes some references to the event in its introduction. Scholarly research around the subject has been divided on certain points, including whether the Alexandrian Jews fought to keep their citizenship or to acquire it, whether they evaded the payment of the poll-tax or prevented any attempts to impose it on them, and whether they were safeguarding their identity against the Greeks or against the Egyptians.
179:
This invasion of the synagogues was perhaps resisted by force, since Philo writes that
Flaccus "was destroying the synagogues, and not leaving even their name." In response, Flaccus then "issued a notice in which he called us all foreigners and aliens ... allowing any one who was inclined to proceed
192:
Riots again erupted in
Alexandria in 40 CE between Jews and Greeks. Jews were accused of not honouring the emperor. Disputes occurred in the city of Jamnia. Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it. In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the
237:(2009), however, Gambetti "deliberately avoids any words or expressions that in any way connect, explicitly or implicitly, the Alexandrian events of 38 CE to later events in modern... Jewish experience" as – in her view – this would "require a comparative re-discussion of two historical frames".
205:
The sole source is Philo of
Alexandria, himself a Jew, who witnessed the riots and afterwards led the Jewish delegation to Caligula, and requested the re-establishment of legal Jewish residence in Alexandria. Philo's writings on the topic are found in two sources:
167:, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews. Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish
197:, a demand in conflict with Jewish monotheism. In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his".
40:
642:
1377:
33:
1681:
635:
838:
2721:
2958:
1564:
2993:
2918:
26:
2096:
904:
628:
724:
275:
2089:
1967:
398:
2585:
1923:
2737:
2327:
815:
2658:
763:
2998:
1793:
2430:
1695:
280:
2729:
2478:
2471:
2177:
594:
567:
477:
2804:
2978:
2896:
2705:
2606:
2528:
2414:
2067:
2060:
1395:
2824:
2713:
1974:
732:
1786:
2514:
2343:
2311:
2139:
2053:
2963:
2761:
2753:
2666:
1180:
928:
808:
2988:
2620:
2398:
2319:
2295:
2193:
1946:
1765:
1257:
1005:
876:
270:
2745:
2161:
2046:
67:
708:
94:
2968:
2592:
2542:
2351:
2256:
2169:
2103:
1880:
1136:
2953:
2777:
2650:
2613:
2535:
2216:
1064:
1489:
2785:
2769:
2500:
2422:
2406:
1873:
1539:
981:
830:
82:
2697:
1758:
1623:
452:
433:
417:
248:
3003:
2983:
2875:
2840:
2642:
2599:
2578:
2248:
1866:
1594:
1523:
1353:
1297:
1037:
914:
1953:
1916:
1830:
265:
50:
2926:
2812:
2374:
2264:
1484:
1120:
973:
892:
846:
801:
779:
148:
1560:
1369:
1337:
1219:
1096:
240:
2272:
2232:
2117:
1779:
1630:
1507:
1499:
1384:
1361:
1197:
1056:
689:
260:
222:
1088:
884:
2303:
2240:
2185:
2110:
1723:
1531:
1461:
1305:
1227:
1021:
997:
935:
791:
156:
1555:
2689:
2556:
2507:
2382:
2335:
1902:
1837:
1321:
1281:
1190:
1029:
2833:
3008:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2521:
2039:
2010:
1909:
957:
771:
740:
716:
590:
563:
473:
111:
544:
The
Alexandrian Riots of 38 C.E. and the Persecution of the Jews: A Historical Reconstruction
2903:
1960:
1800:
1730:
1709:
1454:
1128:
1080:
965:
132:
72:
586:
Philo of
Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography, 1987-1996 : with Addenda for 1937-1986
559:
Philo of
Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography, 1987-1996 : with Addenda for 1937-1986
2882:
2224:
1751:
1737:
1515:
1447:
1265:
1152:
1013:
942:
465:
225:
states that "cholars have frequently labeled the
Alexandrian events of 38 CE as the first
99:
2889:
2847:
2549:
2017:
1844:
1716:
1688:
1659:
1547:
1440:
1329:
1313:
1289:
1204:
1168:
1160:
1112:
921:
2947:
2003:
1807:
1702:
1601:
1578:
1104:
194:
160:
620:
2390:
584:
557:
2973:
1637:
1072:
181:
184:. Flaccus was eventually removed from office, exiled, and ultimately executed.
1419:
375:
1476:
1412:
1273:
371:
168:
104:
379:
303:
367:
351:
16:
Attacks directed against Jews in Roman
Alexandria, Egypt in the year 38 CE
1772:
1144:
651:
335:
319:
152:
144:
1433:
210:(meaning "Against Flaccus"), which is wholly devoted to the riots, and
1744:
1426:
1345:
989:
655:
510:
615:
Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution
470:
Antisemitism: A Historical
Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution
18:
164:
1405:
659:
624:
22:
235:
The
Alexandrian Riots of 38 CE and the Persecution of the Jews
229:
in history, and have often explained them in terms of an
251:
believes is "misleading and methodologically unsound."
489:
2823:
2796:
2681:
2634:
2570:
2492:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2366:
2287:
2208:
2153:
2131:
2081:
2031:
1995:
1988:
1938:
1894:
1858:
1822:
1673:
1651:
1615:
1586:
1577:
1394:
1249:
1242:
1179:
1048:
903:
868:
861:
790:
755:
700:
673:
666:
444:
442:
1378:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
243:referred to the event as a holocaust in his work
409:
407:
147:had few reasons to trust the prefect of Egypt,
131:were attacks directed against Jews in 38 CE in
2722:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting
636:
159:, Caligula's mother. In 38 CE, Caligula sent
34:
8:
538:
536:
464:Gambetti, Sandra, "Alexandrian Pogrom", in
2820:
2631:
2567:
2489:
2460:
2453:
2363:
2284:
2205:
2150:
2128:
2078:
2028:
1992:
1935:
1891:
1855:
1819:
1670:
1648:
1612:
1583:
1391:
1246:
1176:
905:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
900:
865:
787:
697:
670:
643:
629:
621:
41:
27:
19:
511:"Philo of Alexandria, "Legatio ad Gaium""
233:explosion of anti-Semitism." In her book
725:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
390:
388:
163:to Alexandria unannounced. According to
2919:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus
292:
276:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
2586:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
7:
2959:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
2738:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
2328:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack
2994:Anti-Jewish pogroms in North Africa
490:"Philo of Alexandria, "In Flaccum""
583:Runia, D.T.; Keizer, H.M. (2000).
556:Runia, D.T.; Keizer, H.M. (2000).
281:List of conflicts in the Near East
14:
2730:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
2479:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
2472:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
171:, an unprecedented provocation.
2706:Toulouse and Montauban shootings
2607:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
2529:Matza restaurant suicide bombing
83:Jacob and Simon uprising (46 CE)
2825:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
1924:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres
733:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
2515:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
2344:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre
1354:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation
617:(Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) p.9..
112:Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)
1:
2762:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
2431:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings
2714:Jerusalem synagogue massacre
2621:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing
2399:Dizengoff Street bus bombing
839:Massacres at London and York
472:, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 9.
271:History of the Jews in Egypt
245:Holocaust, Two Millennia Ago
151:. Flaccus had been loyal to
100:Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE)
2162:Night of the Murdered Poets
68:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)
3025:
2999:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
2593:Davidka Square bus bombing
2304:Antwerp summer camp attack
2178:Shafrir synagogue shooting
1881:Operation Harvest Festival
990:Massacre of the Assumption
247:, a characterization that
155:and had conspired against
2659:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing
2614:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
2536:Hebrew University bombing
2257:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2217:Avivim school bus bombing
2140:Menarsha synagogue attack
2104:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
60:
2786:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
2770:Poway synagogue shooting
2667:Jerusalem yeshiva attack
2501:Ghriba synagogue bombing
2423:Island of Peace massacre
1874:Kielce cemetery massacre
2979:30s in the Roman Empire
2320:Vienna synagogue attack
2296:Paris synagogue bombing
1540:The Bloody Day in Jaffa
450:On the Embassy to Gaius
431:On the Embassy to Gaius
415:On the Embassy to Gaius
396:Antiquities of the Jews
175:Riots at the synagogues
95:Great Revolt (66–74 CE)
2643:Beersheba bus bombings
2249:Kiryat Shmona massacre
2170:Scorpion Pass massacre
1867:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1298:Second Kishinev pogrom
1038:Portuguese Inquisition
690:2nd Alexandrian pogrom
613:Levy, Richard S., ed.
589:. Brill. p. 117.
562:. Brill. p. 331.
2543:Rishon LeZion bombing
2265:Coastal Road massacre
1266:First Kishinev pogrom
1057:Chmielnicki massacres
974:Schaffhausen Massacre
893:Armleder persecutions
847:Rintfleisch massacres
448:Philo of Alexandria,
429:Philo of Alexandria,
413:Philo of Alexandria,
363:Philo of Alexandria,
347:Philo of Alexandria,
331:Philo of Alexandria,
315:Philo of Alexandria,
299:Philo of Alexandria,
249:Miriam Pucci Ben Zeev
149:Aulus Avilius Flaccus
73:Judas uprising (6 CE)
2964:1st century in Egypt
2778:Jersey City shooting
2651:Ashdod Port bombings
2233:Lod Airport massacre
2194:Purge of Polish Jews
2118:Kfar Etzion massacre
1624:Częstochowa massacre
1385:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1205:Fourth Odessa pogrom
1161:Second Odessa pogrom
261:Alexandria riot (66)
2989:1st-century Judaism
2600:Café Hillel bombing
1968:Tripolitania pogrom
1766:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1290:Fifth Odessa pogrom
1228:1898 Algerian riots
1169:Third Odessa pogrom
1113:First Odessa pogrom
998:Spanish Inquisition
982:Moroccan revolution
862:14th – 19th century
792:Rhineland massacres
513:. En.wikisource.org
492:. En.wikisource.org
195:Temple of Jerusalem
157:Agrippina the Elder
139:Statues of Caligula
2698:Burgas bus bombing
2383:Crown Heights riot
2336:Ras Burqa massacre
2047:Haifa Oil Refinery
1903:Ardeatine massacre
1838:Dzyatlava massacre
1258:Częstochowa pogrom
877:Shepherds' Crusade
682:Alexandrian pogrom
667:1st – 13th century
542:Gambetti, Sandra,
201:Eyewitness account
143:The Roman emperor
125:Alexandrian pogrom
78:Alexandria (38 CE)
2969:Jewish rebellions
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2913:
2912:
2754:Halamish stabbing
2746:Tel Aviv shooting
2677:
2676:
2630:
2629:
2566:
2565:
2522:Passover massacre
2488:
2487:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2407:Beit Lid massacre
2362:
2361:
2283:
2282:
2273:Nahariya massacre
2204:
2203:
2149:
2148:
2127:
2126:
2077:
2076:
2040:Fajja bus attacks
2027:
2026:
1984:
1983:
1934:
1933:
1890:
1889:
1854:
1853:
1818:
1817:
1669:
1668:
1647:
1646:
1611:
1610:
1595:Tiberias massacre
1524:Constantine riots
1471:
1470:
1396:Russian Civil War
1238:
1237:
1214:
1213:
958:Brussels massacre
952:
951:
857:
856:
825:
824:
751:
750:
741:Battle of Khaybar
717:Bar Kokhba revolt
266:Jewish–Roman wars
129:Alexandrian riots
120:
119:
52:Jewish–Roman wars
3016:
2954:Roman Alexandria
2930:
2927:Dagestan attacks
2922:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2821:
2816:
2813:Beersheba attack
2808:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2632:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2461:
2454:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2375:Cairo bus attack
2364:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2241:Ma'alot massacre
2236:
2228:
2220:
2206:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2151:
2142:
2129:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2079:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1993:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1954:Topoľčany pogrom
1949:
1947:Deutsch Schützen
1936:
1927:
1919:
1917:Sărmașu massacre
1912:
1905:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1831:Dünamünde Action
1820:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1794:Kaunas (October)
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1671:
1662:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1584:
1570:
1568:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1480:
1477:Zavirtcha pogrom
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1306:Białystok pogrom
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1247:
1231:
1223:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1097:Algiers massacre
1092:
1084:
1081:Massacre of Uman
1076:
1068:
1060:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
901:
896:
888:
880:
866:
850:
842:
834:
818:
811:
804:
788:
783:
780:Granada massacre
775:
767:
764:Córdoba massacre
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
709:The Great Revolt
698:
693:
685:
671:
645:
638:
631:
622:
601:
600:
580:
574:
573:
553:
547:
540:
531:
528:
522:
521:
519:
518:
507:
501:
500:
498:
497:
486:
480:
466:Levy, Richard S.
462:
456:
446:
437:
427:
421:
411:
402:
392:
383:
361:
355:
345:
339:
329:
323:
313:
307:
297:
241:Adalbert Polacek
212:Legatio ad Gaium
133:Roman Alexandria
55:
53:
43:
36:
29:
20:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
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2619:
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2605:
2598:
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2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
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2527:
2520:
2513:
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2484:
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2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2312:Antwerp bombing
2310:
2302:
2294:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2225:Munich massacre
2223:
2215:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1573:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1516:Campbell pogrom
1514:
1508:Hebron massacre
1506:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1274:Zablotov pogrom
1272:
1264:
1256:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1153:Damascus affair
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1014:Lisbon massacre
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
899:
891:
883:
875:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
814:
807:
800:
786:
778:
770:
762:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
696:
688:
680:
662:
649:
610:
608:Further reading
605:
604:
597:
582:
581:
577:
570:
555:
554:
550:
541:
534:
529:
525:
516:
514:
509:
508:
504:
495:
493:
488:
487:
483:
463:
459:
447:
440:
428:
424:
412:
405:
393:
386:
362:
358:
346:
342:
330:
326:
314:
310:
298:
294:
289:
257:
223:Sandra Gambetti
220:
203:
190:
177:
141:
121:
116:
89:Major conflicts
56:
51:
49:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2550:Matzuva attack
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2415:Purim massacre
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:Purim stabbing
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2186:Tripoli pogrom
2182:
2174:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2111:Cairo bombings
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1910:Luduș massacre
1906:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1845:Sarny massacre
1841:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1660:Dorohoi pogrom
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1631:Dynów massacre
1627:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1552:
1548:Przytyk pogrom
1544:
1536:
1532:Thrace pogroms
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1500:Safed massacre
1496:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1314:Siedlce pogrom
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1181:Russian Empire
1174:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1137:Safed massacre
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1089:Tétouan pogrom
1085:
1077:
1069:
1065:Safed massacre
1061:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
953:
950:
949:
947:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
910:
908:
898:
897:
889:
885:Navarre pogrom
881:
872:
870:
863:
859:
858:
855:
854:
852:
851:
843:
835:
826:
823:
822:
820:
819:
812:
805:
797:
795:
785:
784:
776:
768:
759:
757:
753:
752:
749:
748:
746:
745:
737:
729:
721:
713:
704:
702:
701:Jewish revolts
695:
694:
686:
677:
675:
668:
664:
663:
650:
648:
647:
640:
633:
625:
619:
618:
609:
606:
603:
602:
595:
575:
568:
548:
532:
523:
502:
481:
457:
438:
422:
403:
384:
356:
340:
324:
308:
291:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
256:
253:
219:
216:
202:
199:
189:
188:Riots in 40 CE
186:
176:
173:
140:
137:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
108:
107:
97:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
61:
58:
57:
48:
46:
45:
38:
31:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3021:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Herod Agrippa
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:30s conflicts
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:Netiv HaAsara
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:Ein HaShlosha
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:Itamar attack
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2558:
2557:Hebron ambush
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:Hadera attack
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:Kraków pogrom
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1808:The Holocaust
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:Švenčionėliai
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:Kaunas (June)
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1638:Silc massacre
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1602:Kristallnacht
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1485:Oradea pogrom
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Kielce pogrom
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Shiraz pogrom
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Hebron pogrom
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Hep-Hep riots
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Hebron pogrom
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
944:
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
911:
909:
906:
902:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
871:
867:
864:
860:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
798:
796:
793:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:
758:
754:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
703:
699:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
626:
623:
616:
612:
611:
607:
598:
596:9789004116825
592:
588:
587:
579:
576:
571:
569:9789004116825
565:
561:
560:
552:
549:
546:, pages 11-12
545:
539:
537:
533:
530:Gambetti, p13
527:
524:
512:
506:
503:
491:
485:
482:
479:
478:1-85109-439-3
475:
471:
467:
461:
458:
454:
451:
445:
443:
439:
435:
432:
426:
423:
419:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
360:
357:
353:
350:
344:
341:
337:
334:
328:
325:
321:
318:
312:
309:
305:
302:
296:
293:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
231:ante litteram
228:
224:
217:
215:
213:
209:
200:
198:
196:
187:
185:
183:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:Herod Agrippa
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
113:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
64:
59:
54:
44:
39:
37:
32:
30:
25:
24:
21:
2805:Israel riots
2797:2020–present
2450:21st century
2391:AMIA bombing
1975:Cairo pogrom
1556:Brest pogrom
1346:Skver pogrom
1243:20th century
1220:Corfu pogrom
1121:Tzfat pogrom
1030:Safed pogrom
1006:Arles pogrom
966:1391 pogroms
831:Ham massacre
772:Fez massacre
681:
614:
585:
578:
558:
551:
543:
526:
515:. Retrieved
505:
494:. Retrieved
484:
469:
460:
449:
430:
425:
414:
395:
364:
359:
348:
343:
332:
327:
316:
311:
300:
295:
244:
239:
234:
230:
226:
221:
211:
207:
204:
191:
178:
142:
128:
124:
122:
88:
87:
77:
62:
2154:1950s–1960s
1926:(1944–1945)
1810:(1941–1945)
1559: [
1488: [
1398:(1918–1920)
1370:Lwów pogrom
1338:Lwów pogrom
1282:Kiev pogrom
1183:(1881–1884)
1073:Mawza Exile
1059:(1648–1657)
907:(1348–1350)
895:(1336–1339)
841:(1189–1190)
218:Terminology
2948:Categories
2011:Kunmadaras
1420:Justingrad
936:Strasbourg
517:2020-08-31
496:2020-08-31
394:Josephus,
287:References
208:In Flaccum
169:synagogues
2682:2010–2019
2635:2004–2009
2457:2000–2009
1989:1946–1999
1710:Szczuczyn
1682:Bucharest
1579:1938–1945
1455:Proskurov
1413:Radomyshl
1330:The Tritl
1250:1900–1937
1049:1600–1899
869:1300–1599
756:1000–1299
735:(614–617)
727:(351–352)
719:(132–136)
652:Massacres
399:XVIII.8.1
182:crucified
135:, Egypt.
105:Kitos War
3009:Caligula
2869:Nahal Oz
2862:Kissufim
2855:Kfar Aza
2579:Istanbul
1773:Babi Yar
1738:Jedwabne
1145:Allahdad
743:(628 CE)
658:against
468:(2005).
255:See also
153:Tiberius
145:Caligula
2904:Yakhini
2772:(2019)
2097:Djerada
2090:Tripoli
2018:Miskolc
1801:Rumbula
1759:Tykocin
1689:Antwerp
1550:(1936)
1434:Zviahel
711:(66–73)
656:pogroms
453:XVI.115
434:XXX.203
418:XXX.201
365:Flaccus
349:Flaccus
333:Flaccus
320:V.26–28
317:Flaccus
301:Flaccus
193:Jewish
63:Prelude
2929:(2024)
2921:(2023)
2883:Nir Oz
2834:Be'eri
2815:(2022)
2807:(2021)
2788:(2019)
2780:(2019)
2764:(2018)
2756:(2017)
2748:(2016)
2740:(2015)
2732:(2014)
2724:(2014)
2716:(2014)
2708:(2012)
2700:(2012)
2692:(2011)
2669:(2008)
2661:(2006)
2653:(2004)
2645:(2004)
2433:(1997)
2425:(1997)
2417:(1996)
2409:(1995)
2401:(1994)
2393:(1994)
2385:(1991)
2377:(1990)
2354:(1989)
2346:(1986)
2338:(1985)
2330:(1982)
2322:(1981)
2314:(1981)
2306:(1980)
2298:(1980)
2275:(1979)
2267:(1978)
2259:(1975)
2251:(1974)
2243:(1974)
2235:(1972)
2227:(1972)
2219:(1970)
2196:(1968)
2188:(1967)
2180:(1956)
2172:(1954)
2164:(1952)
2068:Manama
2061:Aleppo
2004:Kielce
1780:Odessa
1752:Ponary
1745:Farhud
1731:Wąsosz
1569:(1937)
1542:(1936)
1534:(1934)
1526:(1934)
1518:(1931)
1510:(1929)
1502:(1929)
1494:(1927)
1479:(1921)
1448:Fastov
1372:(1918)
1364:(1918)
1356:(1917)
1348:(1917)
1340:(1914)
1332:(1912)
1324:(1910)
1316:(1906)
1308:(1906)
1300:(1905)
1292:(1905)
1284:(1905)
1276:(1903)
1268:(1903)
1260:(1902)
1230:(1898)
1222:(1891)
1198:Warsaw
1171:(1871)
1163:(1859)
1155:(1840)
1147:(1839)
1139:(1838)
1131:(1834)
1123:(1834)
1115:(1821)
1107:(1819)
1099:(1805)
1091:(1790)
1083:(1768)
1075:(1679)
1067:(1660)
1040:(1536)
1032:(1517)
1024:(1517)
1016:(1506)
1008:(1484)
1000:(1478)
992:(1474)
984:(1465)
976:(1401)
968:(1391)
960:(1370)
943:Zurich
929:Speyer
915:Erfurt
887:(1328)
879:(1320)
849:(1298)
833:(1143)
816:Mainz
809:Speyer
794:(1096)
782:(1066)
774:(1033)
766:(1013)
593:
566:
476:
227:pogrom
2897:Re'im
2890:Nirim
2848:Holit
2367:1990s
2288:1980s
2209:1970s
1696:Gabès
1567:]
1492:]
1441:Pinsk
1427:Skver
922:Basel
802:Worms
674:1–999
376:XVIII
352:VI.43
304:III.9
165:Philo
127:, or
2571:2003
2493:2002
2464:2001
2132:1949
2082:1948
2054:Aden
2032:1947
1996:1946
1939:1945
1895:1944
1859:1943
1823:1942
1724:Lviv
1717:Iași
1674:1941
1652:1940
1616:1939
1587:1938
1462:Kiev
1406:Lida
1191:Kiev
692:(66)
684:(38)
660:Jews
591:ISBN
564:ISBN
474:ISBN
372:XIII
368:VI-X
336:V.29
123:The
654:or
380:XXI
2974:38
2950::
1565:pl
1563:;
1561:de
1490:hu
535:^
441:^
406:^
387:^
378:,
374:,
370:,
644:e
637:t
630:v
599:.
572:.
520:.
499:.
455:.
436:.
420:.
401:.
382:.
354:.
338:.
322:.
306:.
42:e
35:t
28:v
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