248:. At this period, the preceptors of the Tsarevich had the highest opinion of his ability. Alexei had strong leanings towards archaeology and ecclesiology. However, Peter had wished his son and heir to dedicate himself to the service of new Russia, and demanded from him unceasing labour in order to maintain Russia's new wealth and power. Painful relations between father and son, quite apart from the prior personal antipathies, were therefore inevitable. It was an additional misfortune for Alexei that his father should have been too busy to attend to him just as he was growing up from boyhood to manhood. He was left in the hands of reactionary boyars and priests, who encouraged him to hate his father and wish for the death of the Tsar.
58:
434:
252:
322:
386:. On the day of the funeral, Peter sent Alexei a stern letter, urging him to take interest in the affairs of the state. Peter threatened to cut him off if he did not acquiesce in his father's plans. Alexei wrote a pitiful reply to his father, offering to renounce the succession in favour of his infant son Peter. Peter would agree but on the condition that Alexei remove himself as a dynastic threat and become a monk.
1110:
1273:
1216:
208:. Alexei despised his father and repeatedly thwarted Peter's plans to raise him as successor to the throne, to continue his policies. His brief defection to Austria scandalized the Russian government, leading to harsh reprisals against Alexei and his associates. Alexei died after interrogation under torture, and his younger half brother
287:). He met with Princess Charlotte, both were pleased with each other and the marriage went forward. In theory, Alexei could have refused the marriage, and he had been encouraged by his father to at least meet his intended. "Why haven't you written to tell me what you thought about her?" wrote Peter in a letter dated 13 August 1710.
220:
The young Alexei was brought up by his mother, who fostered an atmosphere of disdain towards his father, the Tsar. Alexei's relations with his father suffered from the hatred between his father and his mother, as it was very difficult for him to feel affection for his mother's worst persecutor. From
519:
At noon on 24 June (O.S.), the temporal dignitaries – the 126 members of both the Senate and magistrates that comprised the court – declared Alexei guilty and sentenced him to death. Still, Peter was so desperate to uncover any possible collusion that the examination by torture continued.
487:
Despite this and other hearsay evidence, there was no direct evidence. The worst that could be brought against him was that he had wished his father's death. In the eyes of Peter, his son was now a self-convicted and dangerous traitor, whose life was forfeit. However, his father had sworn to pardon
478:
and choose myself new ones according to my will; when I become sovereign I shall live in Moscow and leave Saint
Petersburg simply as any other town; I won't launch any ships; I shall maintain troops only for defense, and won't make war on anyone; I shall be content with the old domains. In winter I
381:
to see to the building of new ships. This was the last commission entrusted to him, since Peter had not been satisfied with his son's performance and his lack of enthusiasm. When Peter asked Alexei to show his progress in mechanics and mathematics, the son responded by shooting himself in the right
454:
Alexei would only consent to return if his father swore that if he came back, he would not be punished and would be allowed to live quietly on his estates and marry
Afrosinia. On 31 January 1718, the tsarevich reached Moscow. Peter had already determined to institute an inquisition in order to
294:, Germany, on 14 October 1711 (O.S.). One of the terms of the marriage contract agreed to by Alexei was that while any forthcoming children were to be raised in the Orthodox faith, Charlotte herself was allowed to retain her Protestant faith, an agreement opposed by Alexei's followers.
512:... had placed his Confidence in those who loved the ancient Customs, and that he had become acquainted with them by the Discourses they held, wherein they had constantly praised the ancient Manners, and spoke with Distaste of the Novelties his Father had introduced.
421:, whom he consulted on this delicate affair. Peter felt insulted: the flight of the tsarevich to a foreign potentate was a reproach and a scandal, and he had to be recovered and brought back to Russia at all costs. This difficult task was accomplished by Count
297:
As for the marriage itself, the first 6 months went well but quickly became a failure within the next 6 months. Alexei was drunk constantly and pronounced his bride "pock-marked" and "too thin". He insisted on separate apartments and ignored her in public.
455:
understand the reasons for Alexei's flight. On 18 February a confession was extorted from Alexei which implicated most of his friends, and he then publicly renounced the succession to the throne in favour of the baby grand-duke Peter
Alexeyevich.
227:
360:
to live in the palace. Some historians speculate that it was his conservative powerbase's disapproval of his foreign, non-Orthodox bride, more so than her appearance, that caused Alexei to spurn
Charlotte. Another influence was
473:
In April 1718 fresh confessions were extorted from, and in regard to, Alexei. This included the words of
Afrosinia, who had turned state's evidence. "I shall bring back the old people ...", Alexei is reported to have told her,
535:, two days after the senate had condemned him to death for conspiring rebellion against his father, and for hoping for the cooperation of the common people and the armed intervention of his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles VI.
438:
417:. He was accompanied throughout his journey by Afrosinia. That the emperor sincerely sympathized with Alexei, and suspected Peter of harbouring murderous designs against his son, is plain from his confidential letter to
382:
hand, and Peter took no more interest in him. Nevertheless, Peter made one last effort to reclaim his son. On 22 October 1715 (O.S.), Charlotte died, after giving birth to a son, the grand-duke Peter, the future
Emperor
2210:
305:
to superintend the provisioning of the
Russian troops in Poland. For the next twelve months Alexei was kept constantly on the move. His wife joined him at Toruń in December, but in April 1712 a peremptory
333:
1757:
1686:
1777:
145:
2005:
1291:
2200:
470:, or otherwise tortured to death. Alexei's servants were beheaded or had their tongues cut out. All this was done to terrorize the reactionaries and isolate the tsarevich.
2190:
2220:
2185:
276:
114:
1752:
1742:
1977:
1737:
1707:
1559:
1248:
1813:
1681:
1782:
1747:
1717:
1457:
1134:
1125:
1823:
1767:
1485:
2180:
1872:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1772:
1727:
1722:
1650:
1479:
1435:
1908:
1833:
1792:
1787:
1691:
1866:
1732:
1491:
17:
2108:
2098:
2093:
1762:
1660:
1347:
1341:
272:
458:
A brutal reign of terror ensued, in the course of which the ex-tsaritsa
Eudoxia was dragged from her monastery and publicly tried for alleged
1849:
1843:
244:
In 1703, Alexei was ordered to follow the army to the field as a private in an artillery regiment. In 1704, he was present at the capture of
2195:
433:
1220:
57:
2010:
1297:
2215:
1970:
1552:
1241:
1052:
1890:
2139:
209:
271:
for one year. There, he finished lessons in French, German, mathematics and fortification. After his education, Alexei married
221:
the ages of 6 to 9, Alexei was educated by his tutor
Vyazemsky, but after the removal of his mother by Peter the Great to the
2205:
398:
280:
251:
1568:
717:
691:
516:
Declaring this to be a civil rather than an ecclesiastical matter, the clergy left the matter to the tsar's own decision.
24:
2170:
1963:
1545:
1234:
887:
389:
While Alexei was pondering his options, on 26 August 1716 Peter wrote from abroad, urging him, if he desired to remain
2036:
1509:
was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.
1327:
488:
him and let him live in peace if he returned to Russia. The whole matter was solemnly submitted to a grand council of
833:
275:, whose family was connected by marriage to many of the great families of Europe (for example, Charlotte's sister
2175:
418:
94:
63:
1258:
232:, Alexei was confined to the care of educated foreigners, who taught him history, geography, mathematics and
1924:
1712:
1464:
528:
321:
314:, and in the autumn of the same year he was forced to accompany his father on a tour of inspection through
1676:
1450:
1201:
222:
1808:
1645:
1472:
1428:
497:
264:
2165:
2160:
2103:
1655:
1442:
1369:
1354:
527:, and then, on 24 June (O.S.), he was subject to fifteen more. On 26 June (O.S.), Alexei died in the
2057:
1613:
1401:
1319:
571:
2015:
1608:
1304:
1163:
1121:
629:
597:
383:
357:
347:
339:
150:
365:, a high-placed official who had fallen out with the Tsar and had been deprived of his estates.
1945:
title of pretence granted by Grand Duke
Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne
1938:
title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne
1512:
1393:
1267:
1048:
655:
447:
350:
in 1727. With his death in 1730, the direct male-line of the House of Romanov became extinct.
284:
205:
185:
137:
2113:
2077:
2068:
2020:
1629:
1526:
1420:
1362:
1334:
1312:
532:
493:
354:
165:
2118:
1578:
1522:
362:
233:
201:
175:
1276:
523:
On 19 June (O.S.), the weak and ailing tsarevich received twenty-five strokes with the
467:
393:, to join him and the army without delay. Rather than face this ordeal, Alexei fled to
102:
98:
2154:
2048:
1996:
1129:
1116:
422:
374:
402:
410:
263:
to collect supplies and recruits, and after that to Moscow to fortify it against
378:
373:
Immediately on his return from Finland, Alexei was dispatched by his father to
1226:
463:
443:
353:
After the birth of Natalia in 1714, Alexei brought his long-time Finnish serf
28:
290:
The marriage contract was signed in September. The wedding was celebrated at
1986:
1516:
1272:
1138:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 578–580.
501:
480:
390:
311:
197:
397:
and placed himself under the protection of his brother-in-law, the emperor
1515:'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the
1215:
459:
302:
260:
1955:
1537:
439:
Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhof
489:
315:
268:
160:
1931:
of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar
505:
414:
406:
394:
291:
77:
301:
Three weeks later, the bridegroom was hurried away by his father to
1204:, The Romanovs 1613–1918 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2016).
1928:
1115:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
524:
432:
320:
307:
250:
245:
1959:
1541:
1230:
2211:
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
1191:(2 vols.), (1723; reprint, London: Frank Cass and Co, 1968).
1069:. United Kingdom: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 123.
425:, the most subtle and unscrupulous of Peter's servants.
1149:
Grey, Ian. "Peter the Great and the Tsarevich Alexei"
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
508:, for their part, declared that the Tsarevich Alexei
115:
Duchess Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1198:(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998).
2127:
2086:
2066:
2046:
2029:
1994:
1900:
1882:
1859:
1801:
1700:
1669:
1638:
1622:
1601:
1585:
1412:
1385:
1284:
181:
171:
159:
136:
108:
84:
71:
66:, c. 1712–16, Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg
43:
547:Ancestors of Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia
1153:(Nov 1974), Vol. 24 Issue 11, pp 754–764, online.
1923:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by
196:(28 February 1690 – 26 June 1718) was a Russian
346:Peter Alexeyevich would succeed as the Emperor
1971:
1553:
1242:
8:
273:Princess Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2201:18th-century people from the Russian Empire
1182:Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia
2039:(pretendent, murdered at the age of three)
1978:
1964:
1956:
1560:
1546:
1538:
1249:
1235:
1227:
552:
543:
146:Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia
40:
2191:Russian people who died in prison custody
200:. He was born in Moscow, the son of Tsar
2221:Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress
2186:Prisoners who died in Russian detention
1000:
479:shall live in Moscow, and in summer in
401:, who sent him for safety first to the
129: 1711; died 1715)
18:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia
1743:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich
790:
786:
776:
671:
561:
557:
1753:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich
947:
944:
934:
921:
911:
907:
903:
891:
885:
875:
863:
853:
849:
837:
831:
821:
808:
798:
794:
773:Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia
770:
760:
747:
737:
733:
721:
715:
705:
689:
679:
675:
659:
653:
643:
627:
617:
613:
601:
595:
585:
569:
565:
267:. At the end of 1709, Alexei went to
194:Grand Duke Alexei Petrovich of Russia
7:
1196:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
1091:
1079:
1031:
329:He had two children with Charlotte:
1738:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich
1175:Peter the Great, His Life and World
1047:, p. 115. Penguin Books, New York.
342:(23 October 1715 – 30 January 1730)
1814:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich
1682:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich
1577:The generations are numbered from
1160:(London: Thames and Hudson, 1978).
14:
1783:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich
1748:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich
1718:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
255:Grand Duchess Charlotte of Russia
2181:Heirs apparent who never acceded
1824:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich
1768:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich
1708:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich
1651:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich
1271:
1214:
1108:
1065:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016).
630:Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshnyova
409:), and finally to the castle of
336:(21 July 1714 – 3 December 1728)
56:
16:For the son of Nicholas II, see
1873:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich
1850:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich
1839:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich
1829:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich
1819:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich
1773:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich
1758:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
1728:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
1723:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
1687:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
945:7. Ustinya Bogdanovna Rtischeva
310:ordered him off to the army in
126:
1909:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
1867:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich
1834:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich
1793:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich
1788:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich
1778:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
1692:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
259:In 1708, Peter sent Alexei to
212:became the new heir apparent.
1:
1733:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
1177:(New York: Ballantine, 1981).
809:12. Abraham Nikitich Lopukhin
748:11. Anna Leontyevna Leontyeva
718:Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina
692:Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin
281:Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI
25:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1891:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
1763:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich
1661:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
1168:The First Romanovs 1613–1725
1045:A Treasure of Royal Scandals
888:Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina
504:on 13 June 1718 (O.S.). The
405:fortress of Ehrenberg (near
2196:17th-century Russian people
1844:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
1189:The Present State of Russia
334:Natalia Alexeievna Romanova
2239:
1593:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich
1221:Alexey Petrovich of Russia
1184:(London: 1950), pp 91–100.
1043:Farquhar, Michael (2001).
834:Feodor Abramovich Lopukhin
788:
665:
559:
23:In this name that follows
22:
15:
2128:3rd generation (Romanovs)
2087:2nd generation (Romanovs)
2030:2nd generation (Rurikids)
1918:
1575:
1501:
1265:
928:
909:
905:
897:
869:
851:
843:
815:
796:
792:
754:
735:
727:
699:
677:
673:
637:
615:
607:
579:
563:
462:. Friends of Alexei were
419:George I of Great Britain
340:Peter Alexeyevich Romanov
95:Petropavlovskaya fortress
64:Johann Gottfried Tannauer
55:
48:
2216:Sons of Russian emperors
1187:Fredrick Charles Weber,
2104:Feodor III Alekseyevich
2021:Dmitry Ivanovich (1582)
2006:Dmitry Ivanovich (1552)
1135:Encyclopædia Britannica
529:Peter and Paul fortress
1202:Simon Sebag Montefiore
514:
485:
451:
442:, history painting by
326:
256:
62:Portrait of Alexei by
2206:Tsareviches of Russia
1569:Grand Dukes of Russia
1386:Without special title
1156:Matthew S. Anderson,
510:
476:
436:
324:
265:Charles XII of Sweden
254:
2119:Peter I Alekseyevich
2058:Feodor II Borisovich
1223:at Wikimedia Commons
223:Intercession Convent
204:and his first wife,
2171:Royalty from Moscow
2114:Ivan V Alekseyevich
2099:Alexei Alekseyevich
1122:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1082:, pp. 579–580.
922:14. Bogdan Rtischev
572:Michael I of Russia
468:broken on the wheel
50:Tsarevich of Russia
38:Tsarevich of Russia
2109:Simeon Alexeyevich
2094:Dmitry Alexeyevich
2016:Feodor I Ivanovich
1995:1st generation (
1173:Robert K. Massie,
1164:Robert Nisbet Bain
598:Alexis I of Russia
452:
327:
257:
151:Peter II of Russia
2148:
2147:
2067:1st generation (
2047:1st generation (
2037:Ivan Dmitriyevich
1953:
1952:
1579:Peter I of Russia
1535:
1534:
1268:Tsardom of Russia
1219:Media related to
1126:Alexius Petrovich
991:
990:
987:
986:
656:Peter I of Russia
448:Tretyakov Gallery
285:Habsburg monarchy
206:Eudoxia Lopukhina
191:
190:
186:Eudoxia Lopukhina
176:Peter I of Russia
2228:
2176:House of Romanov
2135:Alexei Petrovich
2078:Alexei I Romanov
1980:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1527:tsarevich Dmitry
1275:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1194:Lindsey Hughes,
1139:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1008:
1005:
553:
544:
533:Saint Petersburg
231:
130:
128:
103:Empire of Russia
91:
75:28 February 1690
60:
44:Alexei Petrovich
41:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2140:Peter Petrovich
2123:
2082:
2062:
2042:
2025:
1990:
1984:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1922:
1914:
1901:10th generation
1896:
1878:
1855:
1797:
1696:
1665:
1634:
1618:
1597:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1536:
1531:
1497:
1408:
1381:
1280:
1261:
1255:
1211:
1170:(London, 1905).
1158:Peter the Great
1146:
1144:Further reading
1120:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
541:
431:
371:
363:Alexander Kikin
283:, ruler of the
279:was married to
242:
240:Military career
225:
218:
210:Peter Petrovich
155:
132:
124:
120:
117:
93:
89:
76:
67:
39:
36:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Ivan Ivanovich
2008:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1883:9th generation
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1860:8th generation
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1802:7th generation
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1701:6th generation
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1670:5th generation
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1639:4th generation
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1623:3rd generation
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1602:2nd generation
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1586:1st generation
1583:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:claimed to be
1519:
1510:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:Russian Empire
1270:(1547–1721) /
1266:
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90:(1718-06-26)
88:26 June 1718
49:
32:
2166:1718 deaths
2161:1690 births
1987:Tsareviches
1809:Nicholas II
1646:Alexander I
1488:(1899–1904)
1432:(1796–1801)
1378:(1690–1718)
1323:(1598–1605)
1285:Tsareviches
1279:(1721–1917)
1007:Grey, 1974.
502:dignitaries
379:Lake Ladoga
226: [
2155:Categories
1656:Nicholas I
1436:Konstantin
995:References
500:and other
444:Nikolai Ge
399:Charles VI
29:patronymic
1989:of Russia
1614:Peter III
1521:Son of a
1517:canon law
1507:Tsarevich
1505:Title of
1494:(1904–17)
1482:(1894–99)
1476:(1881–94)
1468:(1865–81)
1465:Alexander
1460:(1855–65)
1454:(1825–55)
1451:Alexander
1446:(1823–25)
1438:(1801–23)
1429:Alexander
1424:(1762–96)
1405:(1742–62)
1366:(1676–81)
1358:(1670–76)
1350:(1654–70)
1344:(1648–49)
1338:(1629–45)
1308:(1581–84)
1300:(1554–81)
1294:(1552–53)
1124:(1911). "
1092:Bain 1911
1080:Bain 1911
1032:Bain 1911
498:ministers
481:Iaroslavl
411:Sant'Elmo
391:tsarevich
358:Afrosinia
312:Pomerania
277:Elizabeth
216:Childhood
198:Tsarevich
33:Petrovich
2069:Romanovs
2049:Godunovs
1997:Rurikids
1609:Peter II
1473:Nicholas
1458:Nicholas
1443:Nicholas
539:Ancestry
494:senators
490:prelates
460:adultery
450:, Moscow
446:, 1871,
403:Tirolean
384:Peter II
355:mistress
348:Peter II
261:Smolensk
80:, Russia
1513:Ivan IV
1486:Michael
1132:(ed.).
1119::
464:impaled
316:Finland
269:Dresden
202:Peter I
166:Romanov
131:
123:
119:
1630:Paul I
1492:Alexei
1480:George
1397:(1740)
1376:Alexei
1372:(1681)
1355:Feodor
1348:Alexis
1342:Dmitry
1335:Alexis
1320:Feodor
1313:Dmitry
1305:Feodor
1292:Dmitry
1128:". In
1113:
1051:
506:clergy
429:Return
415:Naples
407:Reutte
395:Vienna
369:Flight
292:Torgau
234:French
182:Mother
172:Father
109:Spouse
78:Moscow
27:, the
1929:ukase
1402:Peter
525:knout
308:ukase
303:Toruń
246:Narva
230:]
161:House
138:Issue
125:(
121:
1421:Paul
1394:Ivan
1370:Ilya
1363:Ivan
1328:Ivan
1298:Ivan
1049:ISBN
690:10.
377:and
85:Died
72:Born
1927:'s
1523:man
886:3.
832:6.
771:1.
716:5.
654:2.
628:9.
596:4.
570:8.
531:in
413:at
31:is
2157::
1166:,
1012:^
496:,
492:,
466:,
318:.
236:.
228:ru
127:m.
101:,
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2071:)
2051:)
1999:)
1979:e
1972:t
1965:v
1561:e
1554:t
1547:v
1250:e
1243:t
1236:v
1055:.
483:.
35:.
20:.
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