563:, for peace talks. The conditions demanded by the Venetian, however, were too harsh for the Byzantines to consider. Choniates states that the meeting was brought to a close by a sudden attack by crusader cavalry on Alexios V and his entourage, the emperor narrowly escaping capture. Alexios IV was probably killed the same day; the insistence by the crusaders that he be restored to the throne may have precipitated his death. When news of the death of Alexios IV reached the crusaders, relations between them and Alexios V deteriorated further. The forcible expulsion of all Latins resident in Constantinople in March seems to have been the tipping point which led the crusaders to begin actively negotiating amongst themselves regarding the
492:), and with their backing arrest the emperors. Choniates states that Mourtzouphlos, when bribing the guards, had the help of a eunuch with access to the imperial treasury. The support of the Varangians seems to have been of major importance in the success of the coup, though Mourtzouphlos also had help from his relations and associates. The young Alexios IV was eventually strangled in prison; while his father Isaac, both enfeebled and blind, died at around the time of the coup, his death variously attributed to fright, sorrow, or mistreatment. Kanabos was initially spared and offered an office under Alexios V, but he refused both this and a further summons from the emperor and took sanctuary in the
505:
642:
476:
third of the population homeless; the dislocation and desperation of those affected eventually sapped the will of the people to resist the crusaders. Alexios Doukas
Mourtzouphlos emerged as a leader of the anti-Latin movement in the city. He won the approval of the populace by his valour in leading an attack on the Latins at "Trypetos Lithos"; in this clash his mount stumbled and he would have been killed or captured had a band of youthful archers from the city not defended him. Mourtzouphlos exploited the hatred of the people for the Latins to serve his personal ambition.
66:
410:
334:
309:, killing his predecessors in the process. Though he made vigorous attempts to defend Constantinople from the crusader army, his military efforts proved ineffective. His actions won the support of the mass of the populace, but he alienated the elite of the city. Following the fall, sack, and occupation of the city, Alexios V was
475:
allies, and the citizens were becoming restless. The crusaders were also losing patience with the emperors; they rioted and set fires in the city when the money and aid promised by
Alexios IV was not forthcoming. The fires affected about a sixth of the area of Constantinople and may have made up to a
551:
The loss of the icon, traditionally seen as a physical embodiment of divine protection for the city, was a severe psychological blow. Its possession by the crusaders convinced many of the population of
Constantinople that the victory of the Westerners was now divinely sanctioned, as a punishment for
523:
Finding the treasury empty, the new emperor confiscated money from the aristocracy and high officials to be put to public use. These actions endeared
Alexios V to the citizens, but alienated his relations and other prominent supporters. Once in firm control, Alexios V closed the gates of the city to
345:
Though in possession of the surname used by a leading
Byzantine aristocratic family, there is very little definitely known concerning the ancestry of Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos. The noble Doukas clan were not the only Doukai, as the surname was also employed by many families of humble origins. It
610:
in
November 1204. On his return to Constantinople as a prisoner, Alexios V was tried for treason against Alexios IV. In his trial the blind ex-emperor argued that it was Alexios IV who had committed treason to his country, through his intention to invite the crusaders to enter Constantinople in
618:
The new, alien, Latin regime of conquerors in
Constantinople may have viewed the public trial and execution of the man who murdered the last "legitimate emperor" as a way to cast an aura of legitimacy on themselves. Alexios V was the last Byzantine Emperor to reign in Constantinople before the
487:
and entrusted
Mourtzouphlos with a mission to seek help from the crusaders, or at least they informed him of their intentions. Instead of contacting the crusaders, Mourtzouphlos, on the night of 28–29 January 1204, used his access to the palace to bribe the "ax-bearers" (the
819:
598:, which had been occupied by the deposed emperor Alexios III Angelos and his followers. At first they were well received, with Alexios V marrying Eudokia Angelina. Later, however, Alexios III arranged for his new son-in-law to be made captive and
532:
led a part of the crusader army to Filea (or
Phileas), in order to obtain food supplies. As he returned towards Constantinople, Alexios V attacked his rearguard. The Byzantines were defeated, the imperial standard and an important icon of the
2740:
515:
The timing of the deaths of the deposed emperors and of
Kanabos, and their relation to the coronation of Alexios V are problematic. Alexios V appears to have been acclaimed emperor as early as the night he moved against the
579:, the crusaders entered the city and looted the Blachernae Palace. Alexios V attempted to rally the people to the defence of the city, but with no success. Alexios V then boarded a fishing boat and fled the city towards
2733:
575:
The defenders of Constantinople held out against a crusader assault on 9 April. The crusaders' second attack three days later, however, proved too strong to repel. Breaking through the walls near the
401:
by Mourtzouphlos. His assessment of the emperor's character might therefore be biased; however, Choniates allows that he was extremely clever by nature, though arrogant in his manner and lecherous.
2726:
688:
Choniates, p. 307, (see also: Head, p. 238) says that Alexios Doukas gained the name 'Mourtzouphlos' in his youth from his companions on account of his eyebrows meeting and overhanging his eyes.
544:) were captured. The Byzantines lost some of their best soldiers in the clash, and Alexios V was lucky to escape alive. At about this time Alexios V attempted to destroy the crusader fleet with
591:
was acclaimed as emperor, but being unable to persuade the Varangians to continue the fight, in the early hours of 13 April he also fled, leaving Constantinople under crusader control.
602:, thereby rendering him ineligible for the imperial throne. Having been abandoned by both his supporters and his father-in-law, Alexios V was captured near Mosynopolis, or possibly in
446:), the brother and predecessor of Alexios III. Isaac II, along with his son Alexios IV Angelos, were restored to the throne through the intervention of the leaders of the
361:). This is not improbable, as all other Byzantine emperors, and the majority of attempted usurpers, of the period had a connection with the former imperial house of the
1034:
Giarenis, I. (2017) "The Crisis of the Fourth Crusade in Byzantium (1203–1204) and the Emergence of Networks for Anti-Latin Reaction and Political Action",
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1189:
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310:
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1884:
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365:, either by descent or marriage. A more precise theory has been proposed, that he was the son of an Isaac Doukas, and was the second cousin of
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1126:
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1891:
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2514:
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The manuscript explicitally calls him "Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos", but there are some doubts about the authenticity of the portrait.
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of the Byzantine Empire. They also began to prepare for their final assault on the city, which took place the following month.
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2165:
2132:
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838:"2 months and 16 days". Regnal dates for these emperors are calculated reckoning from the fall of Constantinople on 12 April.
2711:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
435:
in 1200 had led to his imprisonment. Mourtzouphlos was probably imprisoned from 1201 until the restoration to the throne of
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2492:
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2138:
660:
528:. Sword in hand, he was active in leading attacks on sorties made by the crusaders in search of supplies. On 2 February,
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was acclaimed emperor, though he was unwilling to accept the crown. The two co-emperors barricaded themselves in the
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The citizens of Constantinople rebelled in late January 1204, and in the chaos an otherwise obscure nobleman named
65:
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305:), referring to either bushy, overhanging eyebrows or a sullen, gloomy character. He achieved power through a
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force. On being condemned, he was executed by novel means: he was thrown to his death from the top of the
280:
169:
31:
1074:
Madden, T.F. (1992) "The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople, 1203–1204: A Damage Assessment",
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By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of
129:
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2256:
1974:
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1628:
1597:
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858:
826:
was chosen on the 27th and Doukas began his coup "as soon as these deliberations were detected".
472:
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71:
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2015:
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2010:
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456:(head of the imperial finances). He had been married twice but was allegedly the lover of
452:
79:
1048:
Head, C. (1980) "Physical Descriptions of the Emperors in Byzantine Historical Writing",
509:
387:, stated that Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos was 'a blood relation' of Alexios IV Angelos.
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17:
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1968:
1830:
1471:
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620:
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318:
141:
1171:"The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation"
853:"The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade - A New Annotated Translation"
321:. He was the last Byzantine emperor to rule in Constantinople until the Byzantine
1094:
A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
1001:
623:, which controlled the city for the next 57 years, until it was recovered by the
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co-emperors, on 27 January. He was crowned soon after, on or around 5 February.
450:
in July 1203. On release, Mourtzouphlos was invested with the court position of
420:
The participation of Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos in the attempted overthrow of
185:
346:
has been claimed that Alexios Doukas was a great-great-grandson of the emperor
2852:
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2110:
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1778:
1725:
1705:
1650:
1615:
1608:
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1518:
1381:
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on the night of 12 April 1204, accompanied by Eudokia Angelina and her mother
545:
119:
102:
52:
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2100:
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1962:
1949:
1736:
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1006:. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
30:"Alexios V" redirects here. For the 15th-century Emperor of Trebizond, see
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1995:
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1937:
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115:
56:
48:
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2005:
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1193:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 578.
539:
517:
238:
233:
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2074:
1931:
1813:
1585:
1451:
580:
288:
1170:
852:
496:; he was forcibly removed and killed on the steps of the cathedral.
1085:, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Nov., 1995), Taylor and Francis, pp. 726–743
1057:"Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos: His Life, Reign and Death (?–1204)
376:). His date of birth is also unknown, but it is sometimes given as
2809:
1675:
1446:
1436:
1416:
503:
408:
332:
1182:
1421:
1411:
2722:
1341:
1081:
Madden, T.F. (1995) "Outside and Inside the Fourth Crusade",
1052:, Vol. 50, No. 1 (1980), Peeters Publishers, pp. 226–240
300:
383:
because he was considered "old" in 1204. A letter sent to
1022:
Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades
2749:
Rebels, secessionists, and autonomous magnates in the
986:, trans. Ruth Macrides (2007) Oxford University Press
3060:
3021:
2920:
2823:
2758:
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2087:
1984:
1867:
1694:
1532:
1380:
508:Alexios V negotiating with Doge Enrico Dandolo, by
244:
232:
220:
205:
197:
193:
125:
111:
101:
93:
86:
41:
1136:
1163:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
702:The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts
1147:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1003:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
594:Alexios V and his companions eventually reached
467:with their efforts to protect the city from the
279:from February to April 1204, just prior to the
2734:
1353:
8:
571:The fall of Constantinople, flight and death
337:Miniature from a 13th-century chronicle of
2741:
2727:
2719:
1864:
1360:
1346:
1338:
1197:
64:
38:
1096:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
413:The siege of Constantinople in 1204, by
291:, but he was also known by the nickname
830:ruled "8 years, 3 months and 10 days";
672:
1121:(London and New York, 2nd ed., 2014).
1055:Hendrickx, B. and Matzukis, C. (1979)
555:Around 8 February, Alexios V met the
313:by his father-in-law, the ex-emperor
7:
846:
844:
969:Hendrickx and Matzukis, pp. 127–131
924:Hendrickx and Matzukis, pp. 121–127
915:Hendrickx and Matzukis, pp. 124–125
906:Hendrickx and Matzukis, pp. 123–124
870:Hendrickx and Matzukis, pp. 120–122
524:the crusaders and strengthened the
3243:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
1144:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
797:Hendrickx and Matzukis, p. 118-120
752:Hendrickx and Matzukis, p. 112-113
405:Political intrigues and usurpation
25:
3208:Byzantine prisoners and detainees
822:There was a meeting on the 25th,
3213:Christians of the Fourth Crusade
1083:The International History Review
640:
606:, by the advancing Latins under
444: 1185–1195, 1203–1204
317:, and later executed by the new
3183:13th-century Byzantine emperors
1328:Latin Emperor of Constantinople
679:Hendrickx and Matzukis, p.113.
441:
426:
371:
352:
3238:Leaders who took power by coup
725:Hendrickx and Matzukis, p. 111
1:
3178:12th-century Byzantine people
699:Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976).
661:Sack of Constantinople (1204)
460:, a daughter of Alexios III.
394:was dismissed from office as
377:
70:Portrait of Alexios V from a
3037:Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos
585:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
552:the sins of the Byzantines.
3248:People executed for treason
1165:(London and New York, 2004)
1078:, lxxxiv–v, pp. 72–93.
761:Choniates, pp. 303–304, 307
705:. Brill. pp. 152–158.
390:The contemporary historian
323:recapture of Constantinople
283:by the participants of the
3269:
3198:Blind royalty and nobility
2633:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2584:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2471:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1161:Jonathan Phillips (2004).
1119:Byzantium and the Crusades
834:"6 months and 8 days" and
656:List of Byzantine emperors
301:
97:27 January – 12 April 1204
29:
3228:Executed Byzantine people
2780:Andronikos Kontostephanos
2709:
2606:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2574:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2399:Constantine IX Monomachos
1316:
1296:
1280:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
1276:
1256:
1247:
1233:
1228:
1200:
1076:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
264:
74:containing a copy of the
63:
46:
27:Byzantine emperor in 1204
2569:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1300:Alexios I Megas Komnenos
851:Savignac, David (2020).
628:Michael VIII Palaiologos
548:, but to little effect.
3122:Michael Komnenos Doukas
2964:Michael Komnenos Doukas
2424:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2058:Tiberius II Constantine
1190:Encyclopædia Britannica
933:Choniates, p.p. 313-314
743:Choniates, pp. 311, 314
648:Byzantine Empire portal
267:; died December 1204),
18:Alexios V Mourtzouphlos
3063:fall of Constantinople
2806:Theodore Kantakouzenos
2796:John Komnenos Vatatzes
2579:Michael IX Palaiologos
1038:, 23, pp. 73–80.
788:Choniates, pp. 307–309
587:. In the Hagia Sophia
512:
417:
357:) in the female line (
342:
287:. His family name was
281:sack of Constantinople
32:Alexios V of Trebizond
2998:John Komnenos the Fat
2761:Andronikos I Komnenos
2673:Thessalonian emperors
2667:Trapezuntine emperors
2628:John VIII Palaiologos
2623:Manuel II Palaiologos
2594:John VI Kantakouzenos
2510:Andronikos I Komnenos
2347:Constantine Lekapenos
1375:and empresses regnant
879:Choniates, pp.311–312
806:Runciman, pp. 120–121
619:establishment of the
507:
433:John Komnenos the Fat
412:
336:
329:Origins and character
2889:Constantine Tatikios
2611:John VII Palaiologos
2559:Theodore II Laskaris
2419:Constantine X Doukas
2359:Nikephoros II Phokas
1308:Emperor of Trebizond
779:Madden (1995) p. 742
613:Column of Theodosius
589:Constantine Laskaris
485:Palace of Blachernae
471:crusaders and their
130:Constantine Laskaris
3188:13th-century rebels
3168:12th-century births
2923:Alexios III Angelos
2770:Andronikos Lapardas
2542:Theodore I Laskaris
2527:Alexios III Angelos
2505:Alexios II Komnenos
2429:Romanos IV Diogenes
2384:Romanos III Argyros
2330:Romanos I Lekapenos
1260:Theodore I Laskaris
1036:Mediterranean World
951:Akropolites, p. 117
734:Akropolites, p. 112
422:Alexios III Angelos
76:Extracts of History
3203:Greek blind people
3092:John Kantakouzenos
3028:Alexios IV Angelos
2859:Theodore Mangaphas
2661:Britannic emperors
2655:Palmyrene emperors
2589:John V Palaiologos
2532:Alexios IV Angelos
2481:Constantine Doukas
2476:Alexios I Komnenos
2464:Constantine Doukas
2447:Michael VII Doukas
2409:Michael VI Bringas
1975:Romulus Augustulus
1598:Trebonianus Gallus
1591:Herennius Etruscus
1373:Byzantine emperors
1243:Alexios IV Angelos
1184:"Alexius V."
1138:"Alexios V Doukas"
1133:Kazhdan, Alexander
998:Choniates, Nicetas
859:Novgorod Chronicle
513:
418:
367:Alexios IV Angelos
348:Alexios I Komnenos
343:
72:15th-century codex
3233:Executed monarchs
3218:Deaths from falls
3155:
3154:
3142:Manuel Maurozomes
3132:Theodore Laskaris
2988:John Spyridonakes
2927:
2716:
2715:
2554:John III Vatatzes
2500:Manuel I Komnenos
2239:Michael I Rangabe
2083:
2082:
1925:Petronius Maximus
1524:Severus Alexander
1492:Septimius Severus
1336:
1335:
1332:
1317:Succeeded by
1312:
1297:Succeeded by
1292:
1277:Succeeded by
1272:
1268:Emperor of Nicaea
1257:Succeeded by
1250:Byzantine emperor
1202:Alexios V Doukas
1169:Savignac, David.
1127:978-1-78093-767-0
1117:Jonathan Harris,
960:Choniates, p. 334
530:Henry of Flanders
396:logothete of the
392:Niketas Choniates
385:Pope Innocent III
339:Niketas Choniates
277:Byzantine emperor
254:
253:
88:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
3260:
3112:Alexios Komnenos
2944:Dobromir Chrysos
2925:
2826:Isaac II Angelos
2751:Byzantine Empire
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2564:John IV Laskaris
2537:Alexios V Doukas
2522:Isaac II Angelos
2488:John II Komnenos
2414:Isaac I Komnenos
2374:Constantine VIII
2364:John I Tzimiskes
2091:Byzantine Empire
1865:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1323:
1303:
1283:
1263:
1237:Isaac II Angelos
1234:Preceded by
1224:
1217:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1174:
1158:
1140:
1107:
1090:Runciman, Steven
1020:Falk, A. (2010)
1017:
982:Akropolites, G.
970:
967:
961:
958:
952:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
897:Choniates, p.312
895:
889:
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877:
871:
868:
862:
856:
848:
839:
824:Nicholas Kanabos
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
762:
759:
753:
750:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
716:
695:
689:
686:
680:
677:
650:
645:
644:
643:
481:Nicholas Kanabos
458:Eudokia Angelina
445:
443:
437:Isaac II Angelos
430:
429: 1195–1203
428:
415:Palma il Giovane
382:
379:
375:
374: 1203–1204
373:
359:cognatic descent
356:
355: 1081–1118
354:
304:
303:
266:
257:Alexios V Doukas
227:Eudokia Angelina
216:
214:
189:
178:
167:
156:
145:
134:
68:
42:Alexios V Doukas
39:
21:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3253:Protovestiarioi
3193:Angelid dynasty
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3082:Theodore Gabras
3056:
3017:
3008:Manuel Kamytzes
2916:
2819:
2754:
2747:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2649:Gallic emperors
2637:
2325:Constantine VII
2106:Constantine III
2093:
2090:
2079:
1988:
1980:
1919:Valentinian III
1907:Constantius III
1901:Priscus Attalus
1885:Constantine III
1871:
1863:
1753:Valerius Valens
1698:
1690:
1536:
1528:
1487:Didius Julianus
1467:Marcus Aurelius
1384:
1376:
1366:
1322:
1302:
1288:Ruler of Epirus
1282:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1131:
1114:
1112:Further reading
1104:
1088:
1024:, Karnac Books
1014:
996:
979:
974:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:Giarenis, p. 78
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
850:
849:
842:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
769:
765:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
729:
724:
720:
713:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
678:
674:
669:
646:
641:
639:
636:
625:Nicaean Emperor
608:Thierry de Loos
573:
502:
490:Varangian Guard
453:protovestiarios
440:
425:
407:
380:
370:
351:
331:
273:Alexius V Ducas
239:Angelos dynasty
225:
212:
210:
183:
179:
172:
168:
161:
157:
150:
146:
139:
135:
132:
107:5 February 1204
82:
80:Joannes Zonaras
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3102:David Komnenos
3099:
3089:
3079:
3076:Maeander River
3072:Sabas Asidenos
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3041:Constantinople
3033:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3002:Constantinople
2995:
2985:
2971:
2961:
2954:Leo Chamaretos
2951:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2903:Maeander River
2899:Pseudo-Alexios
2896:
2893:Constantinople
2886:
2883:Constantinople
2879:Isaac Komnenos
2876:
2866:
2856:
2849:Alexios Branas
2846:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2793:
2786:Isaac Komnenos
2783:
2777:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2608:
2603:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2468:
2444:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Theodora (III)
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2266:
2254:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Constantine VI
2216:
2211:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Theodosius III
2180:
2175:
2170:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2128:Constantine IV
2125:
2120:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:Eastern Empire
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:Western Empire
1862:
1861:
1854:
1842:Magnus Maximus
1838:
1836:Valentinian II
1833:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1768:Constantius II
1765:
1763:Constantine II
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Antoninus Pius
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1385:27 BC – AD 235
1378:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1229:Regnal titles
1226:
1225:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1181:, ed. (1911).
1179:Chisholm, Hugh
1175:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1135:, ed. (1991).
1129:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1071:: 111–117
1053:
1046:
1032:
1018:
1012:
994:
978:
975:
972:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
840:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
711:
690:
681:
671:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
658:
652:
651:
635:
632:
572:
569:
561:Enrico Dandolo
557:Doge of Venice
526:fortifications
501:
498:
465:Constantinople
448:Fourth Crusade
406:
403:
330:
327:
285:Fourth Crusade
265:Ἀλέξιος Δούκας
252:
251:
249:Greek Orthodox
246:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
222:
218:
217:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
127:
123:
122:
113:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
83:
69:
61:
60:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Doukas family
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:Basil Chotzas
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:Theodora (II)
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:Constantine V
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Anastasius II
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Theodosius II
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Valentinian I
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:Constantine I
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Constantius I
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1223:December 1204
1222:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:0-19-504652-8
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:0-14-013705-X
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:9781855757332
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:0-8143-1764-2
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
993:
992:9780199210671
989:
985:
981:
980:
976:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
860:
854:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
770:Madden (1992)
767:
764:
758:
755:
749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
714:
712:9789633862971
708:
704:
703:
694:
691:
685:
682:
676:
673:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
638:
633:
631:
629:
626:
622:
616:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
547:
543:
541:
536:
531:
527:
521:
519:
511:
506:
499:
497:
495:
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19:
3036:
2863:Philadelphia
2800:Philadelphia
2782:(Asia Minor)
2616:Andronikos V
2614:
2597:
2545:
2536:
2513:
2491:
2479:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2438:
2432:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2306:
2289:
2277:
2260:
2248:
2242:
2229:Nikephoros I
2204:
2203:
2197:
2164:
2161:Justinian II
2156:Tiberius III
2146:Justinian II
2137:
2131:
2114:
2066:
2038:Anastasius I
2029:
1973:
1969:Julius Nepos
1961:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1831:Theodosius I
1818:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1748:Maximinus II
1735:
1637:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1510:
1472:Lucius Verus
1325:
1324:
1305:
1304:
1285:
1284:
1265:
1264:
1248:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1188:
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1049:
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1021:
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983:
977:Bibliography
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956:
947:
942:Falk, p. 163
938:
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621:Latin Empire
617:
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554:
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538:
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510:Gustave Doré
494:Hagia Sophia
478:
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451:
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319:Latin regime
302:Μούρτζουφλος
296:
292:
272:
256:
255:
224:Philokalina
201:Date unknown
142:Latin Empire
75:
47:
36:
3173:1204 deaths
3106:Paphlagonia
3065:(1204–1205)
3047:Leo Gabalas
3030:(1203–1204)
2974:Leo Sgouros
2926:(1195–1203)
2907:Paphlagonia
2828:(1185–1195)
2774:Adramyttion
2763:(1182–1185)
2753:, 1182–1205
2675:(1224–1242)
2669:(1204–1461)
2458:Konstantios
2335:Christopher
2308:Constantine
2298:Michael III
2279:Constantine
2262:Constantine
2244:Theophylact
2173:Philippicus
2123:Constans II
2048:Justinian I
1944:Severus III
1892:Constans II
1646:Claudius II
1622:Silbannacus
1569:Gordian III
1544:Maximinus I
1512:Diadumenian
984:The History
828:Alexios III
596:Mosynopolis
577:Petria Gate
381: 1140
315:Alexios III
307:palace coup
297:Murtzuphlus
186:Mosynopolis
181:Alexios III
112:Predecessor
3162:Categories
3061:After the
2853:Adrianople
2452:Andronikos
2440:Nikephoros
2389:Michael IV
2354:Romanos II
2274:Theophilos
2269:Michael II
2250:Staurakios
2234:Staurakios
2206:Nikephoros
2199:Artabasdos
2111:Heraclonas
2068:Theodosius
2026:Basiliscus
1786:Nepotianus
1779:Magnentius
1773:Constans I
1726:Severus II
1706:Diocletian
1651:Quintillus
1616:Aemilianus
1609:Volusianus
1554:Gordian II
1519:Elagabalus
1382:Principate
832:Alexios IV
667:References
546:fire-ships
148:Theodore I
133:(briefly?)
120:Alexios IV
103:Coronation
3116:Trebizond
2992:Macedonia
2982:Corinthia
2948:Macedonia
2911:Nicomedia
2839:Ivan Asen
2694:Classical
2679:Empresses
2663:(286–296)
2657:(267–273)
2651:(260–274)
2394:Michael V
2320:Alexander
2133:Heraclius
2101:Heraclius
2053:Justin II
1963:Glycerius
1950:Anthemius
1820:Procopius
1758:Martinian
1737:Maxentius
1666:Florianus
1639:Saloninus
1634:Gallienus
1603:Hostilian
1579:Philip II
1549:Gordian I
1497:Caracalla
1432:Vespasian
1427:Vitellius
1320:Baldwin I
1092:(1987) .
1061:Hellenika
1050:Byzantion
1044:1343-9626
836:Alexios V
816:Choniates
630:in 1261.
565:partition
542:Nikopoios
325:in 1261.
269:Latinized
175:Trebizond
170:Alexios I
159:Michael I
137:Baldwin I
126:Successor
3024:Isaac II
3012:Thessaly
2843:Bulgaria
2835:Theodore
2689:Usurpers
2684:Augustae
2642:See also
2547:Nicholas
2369:Basil II
2166:Tiberius
2151:Leontius
2139:Tiberius
2116:Tiberius
2094:610–1453
2089:Eastern/
2043:Justin I
1996:Arcadius
1956:Olybrius
1938:Majorian
1879:Honorius
1858:Eugenius
1793:Vetranio
1743:Licinius
1716:Galerius
1711:Maximian
1696:Dominate
1686:Numerian
1656:Aurelian
1629:Valerian
1574:Philip I
1564:Balbinus
1559:Pupienus
1507:Macrinus
1482:Pertinax
1477:Commodus
1442:Domitian
1407:Claudius
1402:Caligula
1397:Tiberius
1392:Augustus
1065:Έλληνικά
1000:(1984).
820:299-314.
634:See also
604:Anatolia
473:Venetian
363:Komnenoi
245:Religion
116:Isaac II
53:Autocrat
3146:Phrygia
3096:Methone
2978:Argolid
2968:Phrygia
2958:Laconia
2699:Eastern
2599:Matthew
2493:Alexios
2341:Stephen
2303:Basil I
2188:Leo III
2063:Maurice
2006:Marcian
1989:395–610
1913:Joannes
1872:395–480
1826:Gratian
1699:284–610
1681:Carinus
1661:Tacitus
1537:235–285
1457:Hadrian
1216:unknown
1209:dynasty
1207:Angelid
600:blinded
540:Panagia
518:Angeloi
500:Emperor
398:sekreta
311:blinded
234:Dynasty
213:1205-01
211: (
55:of the
49:Emperor
3136:Nicaea
3126:Epirus
3086:Amisus
3051:Rhodes
3022:Under
2938:Thrace
2934:Ivanko
2921:Under
2873:Tarsia
2824:Under
2814:Nicaea
2810:Prussa
2790:Cyprus
2759:Under
2461:&
2437:&
2344:&
2315:Leo VI
2291:Thekla
2247:&
2214:Leo IV
2136:&
2075:Phocas
2031:Marcus
2016:Leo II
1932:Avitus
1849:Victor
1814:Valens
1804:Jovian
1799:Julian
1671:Probus
1606:&
1586:Decius
1534:Crisis
1452:Trajan
1219:
1151:
1125:
1100:
1059:", in
1042:
1028:
1010:
990:
709:
581:Thrace
535:Virgin
289:Doukas
275:, was
221:Spouse
164:Epirus
153:Nicaea
57:Romans
2257:Leo V
2224:Irene
2011:Leo I
1676:Carus
1447:Nerva
1437:Titus
1417:Galba
1369:Roman
1254:1204
1221:Died:
1214:Born:
818:, p.
537:(the
469:Latin
431:) by
261:Greek
94:Reign
3026:and
2980:and
2837:and
2812:and
2613:(w.
2596:(w.
2544:(w.
2515:John
2512:(w.
2490:(w.
2478:(w.
2449:(w.
2431:(w.
2332:(w.
2305:(w.
2288:(w.
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2241:(w.
2202:(w.
2163:(w.
2130:(w.
2113:(w.
2065:(w.
2028:(w.
2021:Zeno
1888:(w.
1845:(w.
1636:(w.
1600:(w.
1588:(w.
1576:(w.
1509:(w.
1502:Geta
1422:Otho
1412:Nero
1371:and
1149:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1040:ISSN
1026:ISBN
1008:ISBN
988:ISBN
707:ISBN
206:Died
198:Born
118:and
51:and
2434:Leo
2379:Zoe
1625:(?)
1326:as
1306:as
1286:as
1266:as
1240:and
295:or
271:as
78:by
3164::
2909:,
2905:,
2455:,
2338:,
1187:.
1141:.
1069:31
1067:)
843:^
615:.
559:,
442:r.
427:r.
378:c.
372:r.
353:r.
341:.
263::
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