1854:
118:
1860:
139:
1878:
688:
Martin, L. 1983. The origin and early radiation of birds. In
Perspectives in Ornithology, Essays Presented for the Centennial of the American Ornithologists’ Union, pp. 291-338.
492:
bones in the shoulder, and in 1983 Larry Martin showed that
Brodkorb has accidentally switched these two bones in his original description, confused by their reversed anatomy.
2022:
585:
618:
Walker, C. A., Buffetaut, E., & Dyke, G. J. (2007). Large euenantiornithine birds from the
Cretaceous of southern France, North America and Argentina.
440:. Brodkorb considered the species to be similar to some modern birds, and at the time, recognized it as one of the few known Cretaceous "land birds" after
1958:
729:
2032:
2027:
432:
is known only from a single fragmentary skeleton including shoulder, wing, and leg bones, but lacking a skull. It was about the size of a
1853:
1859:
722:
436:, weighing only about 35.6 grams (1.26 oz). The specimen was discovered in 1971 and described and named in 1976 by
535:
shares many similarities of its skeletal anatomy with South
American birds from about the same time period, including
480:
and relatives). However, when the first recognized enantiornithine fossils were discovered, it soon became clear that
697:
Walker, C. A., & Dyke, G. J. (2009). Euenantiornithine birds from the late
Cretaceous of El Brete (Argentina).
597:
138:
587:
Discovery of a
Cretaceous bird, apparently ancestral to the orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes (Aves: Carinatae)
2012:
1881:
567:
Tykoski, R. S., & Fiorillo, A. R. (2010). An enantiornithine bird from the lower middle
Cenomanian of Texas.
509:, based on characteristics which are known to unite them with other Cretaceous birds in the group Enantornithes.
826:
359:
715:
484:
was an additional member of this group. Enantiornithes are characterized by a reversed articulation of the
1898:
1349:
1984:
1400:
316:
1286:
2017:
1950:
1300:
880:
969:
1137:
1628:
1496:
1453:
1379:
853:
671:
133:
1635:
1356:
1989:
1328:
1971:
1172:
1032:
663:
655:
442:
433:
408:
1976:
997:
645:
548:
510:
1605:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1335:
1236:
990:
811:
795:
462:
437:
363:
256:
30:
1936:
596:. Vol. 27. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. pp. 67–73. Archived from
1756:
1681:
1649:
1594:
1573:
1480:
1428:
1272:
1025:
948:
926:
892:
738:
352:
238:
446:(most other Cretaceous birds at the time were thought to be aquatic or semi-aquatic).
2006:
1834:
1503:
1462:
1435:
1257:
1095:
1088:
1039:
675:
465:
412:
405:
68:
117:
1827:
1642:
1221:
1193:
1186:
1130:
1060:
1004:
505:
500:
387:
1930:
1781:
1740:
1717:
1656:
1587:
1566:
1517:
1489:
1469:
1372:
1321:
1264:
1158:
1151:
1123:
1109:
1102:
1074:
1053:
1011:
865:
543:
469:
43:
1921:
1770:
1763:
1690:
1621:
1614:
1414:
1279:
1250:
1207:
1116:
1081:
1046:
777:
768:
537:
477:
473:
458:
383:
375:
371:
196:
88:
53:
659:
1813:
1799:
1748:
1705:
1670:
1580:
1558:
1537:
1510:
1421:
1364:
1314:
1307:
1293:
1228:
1200:
1165:
1144:
1018:
962:
838:
786:
209:
150:
93:
37:
667:
634:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs"
1915:
1697:
1663:
1407:
1386:
1342:
1243:
1214:
1179:
1067:
762:
379:
183:
170:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
1963:
1945:
1820:
1806:
1442:
1393:
983:
527:
391:
222:
98:
73:
650:
633:
756:
367:
160:
1892:
423:
348:
707:
355:
1896:
749:
711:
461:
group and, more specifically, as a possible ancestor of the
370:. This geological formation has been dated to the late
1905:
1780:
1716:
1680:
1604:
1527:
1479:
1452:
946:
891:
864:
837:
810:
457:was originally described as an early member of the
632:Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C. (2020).
614:
612:
610:
579:
577:
723:
8:
1893:
1732:
954:
943:
870:
843:
816:
807:
746:
730:
716:
708:
400:. Its name means "Alex's ancestral bird";
116:
20:
649:
525:and a second type of central Asian bird,
499:has been allied with the similarly sized
560:
547:, and is united with them in the group
2023:Late Cretaceous birds of North America
374:period, and more specifically to the
7:
426:for "going before" or "ancestral".
569:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1852:
137:
699:Irish Journal of Earth Sciences
1:
2033:Taxa named by Pierce Brodkorb
2028:Fossil taxa described in 1976
531:. Among the enantiornithes,
517:formed a natural group, the
620:Geological Magazine, London
2049:
1872:
1850:
1735:
957:
942:
923:
873:
846:
819:
806:
745:
589:[File size 70 MB]
322:
315:
134:Scientific classification
132:
124:
115:
23:
1727:Cau & Arduini, 2008)
584:Pierce Brodkorb (1976).
404:from the given name of
125:Life reconstruction of
16:Extinct genus of birds
1985:Paleobiology Database
360:Bocana Roja Formation
513:argued in 1996 that
397:Alexornis antecedens
329:Alexornis antecedens
127:Alexornis antecedens
1350:Piscivorenantiornis
603:on 19 October 2014.
472:and relatives) and
1454:Iberomesornithidae
638:Biological Reviews
308:A. antecedens
2000:
1999:
1972:Open Tree of Life
1899:Taxon identifiers
1890:
1889:
1868:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1033:Cuspirostrisornis
938:
937:
934:
933:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
651:10.1111/brv.12638
571:, 30(1), 288-292.
443:Gobipteryx minuta
409:Alexander Wetmore
340:
339:
296:
277:
260:
252:Alexornithiformes
2040:
2013:Enantiornitheans
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1951:CD76CF402D8CC3D0
1941:
1940:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1894:
1880:
1879:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1792:
1791:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1287:Microenantiornis
998:Castignovolucris
955:
944:
871:
844:
817:
808:
801:
800:
747:
732:
725:
718:
709:
702:
695:
689:
686:
680:
679:
653:
644:(6): 1759–1797.
629:
623:
616:
605:
604:
602:
595:
581:
572:
565:
549:Euenantiornithes
511:Evgeny Kurochkin
382:age, about 93.6
331:
327:
294:
287:
275:
270:
255:
250:
237:
142:
141:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1864:
1857:
1840:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1676:
1606:Bohaiornithidae
1600:
1552:Dapingfangornis
1545:Camptodontornis
1529:Longipterygidae
1523:
1475:
1448:
1336:Paraprotopteryx
1301:Monoenantiornis
1237:Largirostrornis
991:Brevirostruavis
951:
930:
907:
887:
860:
833:
827:Avemetatarsalia
812:Avemetatarsalia
802:
796:Ornithothoraces
752:
751:
741:
736:
706:
705:
701:, 27(1), 15-62.
696:
692:
687:
683:
631:
630:
626:
617:
608:
600:
593:
583:
582:
575:
566:
562:
557:
452:
438:Pierce Brodkorb
390:and only known
364:Baja California
353:enantiornithine
336:
333:
325:
324:
311:
293:
285:
274:
268:
254:
248:
235:
136:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1927:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1790:Chiappe, 1992)
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1757:Enantiophoenix
1753:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:Gobipterygidae
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1650:Parabohaiornis
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1595:Shengjingornis
1591:
1584:
1577:
1574:Longirostravis
1570:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:Pengornithidae
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1429:Yuanjiawaornis
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1273:Longchengornis
1269:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1026:Cruralispennia
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
970:Alethoalaornis
966:
958:
952:
949:Enantiornithes
947:
940:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
927:Enantiornithes
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
906:
905:
904:
903:
897:
895:
893:Enantiornithes
889:
888:
886:
885:
884:
883:
874:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
857:
856:
847:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
830:
829:
820:
814:
804:
803:
799:
798:
789:
780:
771:
765:
759:
750:
743:
742:
739:Enantiornithes
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
704:
703:
690:
681:
624:
622:, 144(6), 977.
606:
573:
559:
558:
556:
553:
519:Alexornithidae
451:
450:Classification
448:
418:, "bird", and
338:
337:
335:Brodkorb, 1976
334:
320:
319:
313:
312:
304:
302:
298:
297:
295:Brodkorb, 1976
283:
279:
278:
276:Brodkorb, 1976
272:Alexornithidae
266:
262:
261:
246:
242:
241:
239:Enantiornithes
233:
226:
225:
220:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1837:
1836:
1835:Soroavisaurus
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1504:Parapengornis
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:Iberomesornis
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:Yungavolucris
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1258:Liaoningornis
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:Eoenantiornis
1093:
1091:
1090:
1089:Eocathayornis
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:Dalingheornis
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
992:
988:
986:
985:
981:
979:
978:
974:
972:
971:
967:
965:
964:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
945:
941:
929:
928:
922:
901:
900:
899:
898:
896:
894:
890:
882:
878:
877:
876:
875:
872:
869:
867:
863:
855:
851:
850:
849:
848:
845:
842:
840:
836:
828:
824:
823:
822:
821:
818:
815:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
790:
788:
784:
781:
779:
775:
772:
770:
766:
764:
760:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
713:
710:
700:
694:
691:
685:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
625:
621:
615:
613:
611:
607:
599:
592:
591:
590:
580:
578:
574:
570:
564:
561:
554:
552:
550:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
530:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
501:Central Asian
498:
495:In the past,
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Coraciiformes
464:
460:
456:
449:
447:
445:
444:
439:
435:
431:
430:A. antecedens
427:
425:
421:
417:
414:
413:Ancient Greek
410:
407:
406:ornithologist
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
345:
332:
330:
321:
318:
317:Binomial name
314:
310:
309:
303:
300:
299:
292:
291:
284:
281:
280:
273:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
247:
244:
243:
240:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
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176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
128:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1906:
1833:
1828:Neuquenornis
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1787:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1724:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1643:Longusunguis
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1461:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1222:Kizylkumavis
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1194:Ilerdopteryx
1192:
1187:Huoshanornis
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1138:Fortunguavis
1136:
1131:Fortipesavis
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1061:Elektorornis
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1005:Catenoleimus
1003:
996:
989:
982:
976:
975:
968:
961:
925:
791:
782:
773:
698:
693:
684:
641:
637:
627:
619:
598:the original
588:
586:
568:
563:
542:
536:
532:
526:
523:Kizylkumavis
522:
518:
514:
506:Kizylkumavis
504:
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
454:
453:
441:
429:
428:
419:
415:
401:
396:
395:
343:
342:
341:
328:
323:
307:
306:
289:
288:
271:
251:
229:
216:
203:
190:
177:
126:
24:
18:
2018:Bird genera
1931:Wikispecies
1782:Avisauridae
1741:Bauxitornis
1718:Avisauridae
1657:Shenqiornis
1629:Gretcheniao
1588:Shanweiniao
1567:Longipteryx
1518:Yuanchuavis
1497:Eopengornis
1490:Chiappeavis
1470:Noguerornis
1380:Pterygornis
1373:Protopteryx
1322:Orienantius
1265:Liaoxiornis
1159:Gracilornis
1152:Grabauornis
1124:Flexomornis
1110:Falcatakely
1103:Explorornis
1075:Enantiornis
1054:Elbretornis
1012:Cathayornis
881:Maniraptora
866:Maniraptora
544:Elbretornis
478:woodpeckers
470:kingfishers
459:modern bird
2007:Categories
1771:Mystiornis
1764:Halimornis
1691:Gobipteryx
1636:Linyiornis
1622:Bohaiornis
1615:Beiguornis
1415:Xiangornis
1357:Platanavis
1280:Martinavis
1251:Lenesornis
1208:Incolornis
1117:Feitianius
1082:Eoalulavis
1047:Dunhuangia
902:see below↓
778:Dinosauria
769:Sauropsida
555:References
538:Martinavis
474:Piciformes
420:antecedens
376:Cenomanian
372:Cretaceous
197:Saurischia
184:Dinosauria
36:93.6
1937:Alexornis
1907:Alexornis
1814:Intiornis
1800:Avisaurus
1749:Concornis
1706:Vescornis
1671:Zhouornis
1581:Rapaxavis
1559:Evgenavis
1538:Boluochia
1511:Pengornis
1422:Yatenavis
1401:Shangyang
1365:Praeornis
1329:Otogornis
1315:Nanantius
1308:Musivavis
1294:Mirusavis
1229:Kuszholia
1201:Imparavis
1166:Gurilynia
1145:Gobipipus
1019:Cratoavis
977:Alexornis
963:Abavornis
854:Theropoda
839:Theropoda
787:Theropoda
755:Kingdom:
676:221404013
660:1469-185X
533:Alexornis
515:Alexornis
497:Alexornis
482:Alexornis
455:Alexornis
402:Alexornis
358:from the
344:Alexornis
301:Species:
290:Alexornis
210:Theropoda
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
25:Alexornis
1922:Q4254960
1916:Wikidata
1882:Category
1698:Jibeinia
1664:Sulcavis
1408:Sinornis
1387:Qiliania
1343:Parvavis
1244:Lectavis
1215:Junornis
1180:Houornis
1173:Holbotia
1068:Elsornis
763:Chordata
761:Phylum:
757:Animalia
668:32869488
490:coracoid
380:Turonian
265:Family:
257:Brodkorb
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
1977:4132093
1964:4844238
1946:Avibase
1821:Mirarce
1807:Gettyia
1443:Yuornis
1394:Sazavis
984:Avimaia
767:Class:
528:Sazavis
521:, with
486:scapula
434:sparrow
392:species
326:†
305:†
282:Genus:
245:Order:
223:Avialae
105:↓
674:
666:
658:
503:genus
463:orders
386:. The
368:Mexico
259:, 1976
1990:53320
1788:sensu
1725:sensu
792:Clade
783:Clade
774:Clade
672:S2CID
601:(PDF)
594:(PDF)
424:Latin
416:ornis
356:birds
349:genus
347:is a
230:Clade
217:Clade
204:Clade
191:Clade
178:Clade
1959:GBIF
879:see
852:see
825:see
664:PMID
656:ISSN
541:and
488:and
388:type
44:PreꞒ
646:doi
394:is
384:mya
378:To
362:of
351:of
2009::
1987::
1974::
1961::
1948::
1933::
1918::
794::
785::
776::
670:.
662:.
654:.
642:95
640:.
636:.
609:^
576:^
551:.
422:,
411:+
366:,
232::
219::
206::
193::
180::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
1786:(
1752:?
1744:?
1723:(
1709:?
1701:?
1562:?
1368:?
1360:?
1268:?
1232:?
731:e
724:t
717:v
678:.
648::
476:(
468:(
286:†
269:†
249:†
236:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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