Alfalfa - Knowledge (XXG)

803: 1707:(3) are unlikely to increase the weediness potential of any other cultivated or wild species with which it can interbreed; (4) will not cause damage to raw or processed agricultural commodities; (5) will not harm threatened or endangered species or organisms that are beneficial to agriculture; and (6) should not reduce the ability to control pests and weeds in alfalfa or other crops." Monsanto started selling RRA and within two years, more than 300,000 acres were devoted to the plant in the US. 1789:, said, "A lot of people are shell-shocked. While we feel Secretary Vilsack worked on this issue, which is progress, this decision puts our organic farmers at risk." The Organic Trade Association issued a press release in 2011 saying that the USDA recognized the impact that cross-contamination could have on organic alfalfa and urged them to place restrictions to minimize any such contamination. However, organic farming groups, organic food outlets, and activists responded by publishing an 1318:

hectares; 29 million acres), Europe produced 25% (7.12 million hectares; 17.6 million acres), South America produced 23% (7 million hectares; 17 million acres), Asia produced 8% (2.23 million hectares; 5.5 million acres), and Africa and Oceania produced the remainder. The US was the largest alfalfa producer in the world by area in 2009, with 9 million hectares (22 million acres), but considerable production area is found in

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Vilsack commented, "After conducting a thorough and transparent examination of alfalfa ... APHIS has determined that is as safe as traditionally bred alfalfa." About 20 million acres (8.1 million hectares) of alfalfa were grown in the US, the fourth-biggest crop by acreage, of which about 1% were organic. Some biotechnology officials forecast that half of the US alfalfa acreage could eventually be planted with GM alfalfa.

729: 717: 1617: 1425: 1548: 38: 1746:, the Supreme Court overturned the District Court decision to ban planting RRA nationwide as there was no evidence of irreparable injury. They ruled that the USDA could partially deregulate RRA before an EIS was completed. The Supreme Court did not consider the District Court's ruling disallowing RRA's deregulation and consequently RRA was still a regulated crop waiting for USDA's completion of an EIS. 1216: 689: 748: 934: 2466: 1722:. Organic growers were concerned that the GM alfalfa could cross-pollinate with their organic alfalfa, making their crops unsalable in countries that ban the growing of GM crops. The District Court ruled that the USDA's environmental assessment did not address two issues concerning RRA's effect on the environment, and in 2007, required the USDA to complete a much more extensive 1310: 1204: 1231:. Loose haystacks are still used in some areas, but bales are easier for use in transportation, storage, and feed. Ideally, the first cutting should be taken at the bud stage, and the subsequent cuttings just as the field is beginning to flower, or one-tenth bloom because carbohydrates are at their highest. When using farm equipment rather than hand-harvesting, a 1492:) is increasingly used to circumvent these problems. As a solitary but gregarious bee species, it does not build colonies or store honey, but is a very efficient pollinator of alfalfa flowers. Nesting is in individual tunnels in wooden or plastic material, supplied by the alfalfa seed growers. The leafcutter bees are used in the 1301:. The anaerobic fermentation of alfalfa allows it to retain high nutrient levels similar to those of fresh forage, and is also more palatable to dairy cattle than dry hay. In many cases, alfalfa silage is inoculated with different strains of microorganisms to improve the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the silage. 1239:. In areas where the alfalfa does not immediately dry out on its own, a machine known as a mower-conditioner is used to cut the hay. The mower-conditioner has a set of rollers or flails that crimp and break the stems as they pass through the mower, making the alfalfa dry faster. After the alfalfa has dried, a 1015:. Alfalfa hay is a widely used protein and fiber source for meat rabbits. In poultry diets, dehydrated alfalfa and alfalfa leaf concentrates are used for pigmenting eggs and meat, because of their high content in carotenoids, which are efficient for colouring egg yolk and body lipids. Humans also eat alfalfa 1813:

strongly supported the decision, respectively stating that it would give growers "the green light to begin planting an abundant, affordable and safe crop" and give farmers and consumers the "choice ... in planting or purchasing food grown with GM technology, conventionally, or organically". In a

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to 6 ft) in diameter and weighing from 500 to 1,000 kg (1,100 to 2,200 lb). These bales can be placed in stable stacks or in large feeders for herds of horses or unrolled on the ground for large herds of cattle. The bales can be loaded and stacked with a tractor using a spike, known as

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Several types of bales are commonly used for alfalfa. For small animals and individual horses, the alfalfa is baled into small, two-string bales, commonly named by the strands of string used to wrap it. Other bale sizes are three-string, and so on up to half-ton (six-string) "square" bales – actually

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both seeming to play a role. Levels of autotoxicity in soil depends on soil type (clay soils maintain autotoxicity for longer), cultivar and age of the previous crop. A soil assay can be used to measure autotoxicity. Resistance to autotoxicity also varies by cultivar, a tolerant one being 'WL 656HQ'.

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Alfalfa growers or lucerne growers have a suite of varieties or cultivars to choose from in the seed marketplace and base their selection on a number of factors including the dormancy or activity rating, crown height, fit for purpose (i.e., hay production or grazing), disease resistance, insect pest

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derived from the plant pathogen figwort mosaic virus. The USDA granted the application for deregulation, stating that the RRA with its modifications: "(1) Exhibit no plant pathogenic properties; (2) are no more likely to become weedy than the nontransgenic parental line or other cultivated alfalfa;

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Title 7 Part 340, which regulates, among other things, the introduction (importation, interstate movement, or release into the environment) of organisms and products altered or produced through genetic engineering that are plant pests or that there is reason to believe are plant pests. Monsanto had

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was unintentionally introduced into the US during the 1940s, and its management as a pollinator of alfalfa has led to a three-fold increase in seed production in the U.S. The synchronous emergence of the adult bees of this species during alfalfa blooming period in combination with such behaviors as

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from the side of the flower. The bees thus collect the nectar, but carry no pollen, so do not pollinate the next flower they visit. Because older, experienced bees do not pollinate alfalfa well, most pollination is accomplished by young bees that have not yet learned the trick of robbing the flower

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During the early 2000s, alfalfa was the most cultivated forage legume in the world. Worldwide production was around 436 million tons in 2006. In 2009, alfalfa was grown on approximately 30 million hectares (74 million acres) worldwide; of this North America produced 41% (11.9 million

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Coumestrol levels in alfalfa have been shown to be elevated by fungal infection, but not significantly under drought stress or aphid infestation. Grazing management can be utilised to mitigate the effects of coumestrol on ewe reproductive performance, with full recovery after removal from alfalfa.

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Lucerne grown in Australia prior to the 1970s was from seed brought from Great Britain in the early years of colonization, with production most successful in the Hunter and Peel river valleys. Hunter River cv. was the first lucerne variety developed for the Australian environment and was bred from

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Three of the biggest natural food brands in the US lobbied for a partial deregulation of RRA, but in January 2011, despite protests from organic groups, Secretary Vilsack announced that the USDA had approved the unrestricted planting of genetically modified alfalfa and planting resumed. Secretary

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Most varieties go dormant in the fall, with reduced growth in response to low temperatures and shorter days. 'Nondormant' varieties that grow through the winter are planted in long-season environments such as Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California, whereas 'dormant' varieties are planted in the

822:, if the two are interplanted, because the alfalfa harbours predatory and parasitic insects that would protect the other crop. Harvesting the alfalfa by mowing the entire crop area destroys the insect population, but this can be avoided by mowing in strips so that part of the growth remains. 1891:, resulting in the synthesis of dysfunctional proteins. Raw unsprouted alfalfa has toxic effects in primates, including humans, which can result in lupus-like symptoms and other immunological diseases in susceptible individuals. Stopping consumption of alfalfa seeds can reverse the effects. 1624:

Most of the improvements in alfalfa over the last decades have consisted of better disease resistance on poorly drained soils in wet years, better ability to overwinter in cold climates, and the production of more leaves. Multileaf alfalfa varieties have more than three leaflets per leaf.

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asking him to immediately allow limited planting of genetically engineered alfalfa. However the USDA did not issue interim deregulatory measures, instead focusing on completing the EIS. Their 2,300-page EIS, published in December 2010, concluded that RRA would not affect the environment.

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These two issues were: 1) evaluation of the risk that complete deregulation of RRA would lead to cross-pollination or the transmission of the gene conferring glyphosate tolerance from RRA to conventional alfalfa 2) evaluation of the risk that growing RRA might lead to the development of

1514:. It is cultured in special beds near the fields. These bees also have their own problems. They are not portable like honey bees, and when fields are planted in new areas, the bees take several seasons to build up. Honey bees are still trucked to many of the fields at bloom time. 1089:

short tons per acre) in temperate environments, but yields have been recorded up to 20 tonnes per hectare (9 short tons per acre). Yields vary with region, weather, and the crop's stage of maturity when cut. Later cuttings improve yield, but with reduced nutritional content.

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rectangular, and typically about 40 cm × 45 cm × 100 cm (16 in × 18 in × 39 in). Small square bales weigh from 25 to 30 kg (55 to 66 lb) depending on moisture, and can be easily hand separated into "flakes". Cattle

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but also injects salivary toxins into the leaves. Registered insecticides or chemical controls are sometimes used to prevent this and labels will specify the withholding period before the forage crop can be grazed or cut for hay or silage. Alfalfa is also susceptible to

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Alfalfa is a small-seeded crop and has a slowly growing seedling, but after several months of establishment, it forms a tough "crown" at the top of the root system. This crown contains shoot buds that enable alfalfa to regrow many times after being grazed or harvested.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

1726:(EIS). Until the EIS was completed, they banned further planting of RRA but allowed land already planted to continue. The USDA proposed a partial deregulation of RRA but this was also rejected by the District Court. Planting of RRA was halted. 5269: 1523:, is important to the agricultural industry as well as for the pollination of alfalfa. It is known that members of this species pollinate up to 65 different species of plants, and it is the primary pollinator of key dietary crops, such as 1386:

in the 1970s caused significant destruction of NSW lucerne paddocks, with surviving populations being used as parents for Hunterfield cv. (released 1983). This variety showed significant improvement of resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid.

1681:. Although most grassy and broadleaf plants, including ordinary alfalfa, are killed by Roundup, growers can spray fields of Roundup Ready alfalfa with the glyphosate herbicide and kill the weeds without harming the alfalfa crop. 667:

feet), and has a deep root system, sometimes growing to a depth of more than 15 m (49 ft) to reach groundwater. Typically the root system grows to a depth of 2–3 m (7–10 ft) depending on subsoil constraints.

5777: 1849:, which have caused numerous food product recalls and illness outbreaks, putting sprouts into a "high risk" category for food safety. People with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, pregnant women, or those taking 4968: 1063:

or a chemical fertilizer, but correction of pH is particularly important. Usually a seeding rate of 13–20 kg/ha (12–18 lb/acre) is recommended, with differences based upon region, soil type, and seeding method. A

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seeds at the immature stage for use as a garnish on various food preparations, such as salads. Although sprouts may be grown in soil, they are more commonly germinated in a soilless medium using drums, trays or racks.

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such as 'Vernal' have been the standard for years, but many public and private varieties better adapted to particular climates are available. Private companies release many new varieties each year in the US.

1601:). This species may bear either the purple flowers of alfalfa or the yellow of sickle medick, and is so called for its ready growth in sandy soil. Traits for insect resistance have also been introduced from 1354:. Alfalfa is predominantly grown in the northern and western US; it can be grown in the southeastern US, but leaf and root diseases, poor soils, and a lack of well-adapted varieties are often limitations. 5305: 1793:

saying that planting the "alfalfa without any restrictions flies in the face of the interests of conventional and organic farmers, preservation of the environment, and consumer choice". In addition to

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resistance, forage yield, fine leafed varieties and a combination of many favourable attributes. Plant breeding efforts use scientific methodology and technology to strive for new improved varieties.

992:. When grown on soils where it is well-adapted, alfalfa is often the highest-yielding forage plant, but its primary benefit is the combination of high yield per hectare and high nutritional quality. 1195:

and introduced the word "alfalfa" to the English language. Since North and South America now produce a large part of the world's output, the word "alfalfa" has been slowly entering other languages.

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Fields, Rachel Lilian; Sedcole, J. Richard; Barrell, Graham Keith; Moot, Derrick Jan (2 October 2019). "Prediction of coumestrol content in unirrigated lucerne crops using weather variables".

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of it is abundantly sufficient for three horses all the year ... It may be given to cattle, but new provender is at first to be administered very sparingly, because it bloats up the cattle."

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Like most plants, alfalfa can be attacked by various pests and pathogens. Diseases often have subtle symptoms which are easily misdiagnosed and can affect leaves, roots, stems and blossoms.

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gregarious nesting, and utilization of leaves and nesting materials that have been mass-produced by humans provide positive benefits for the use of these bees in pollinating alfalfa.

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in several forms, such as tablets, powders and tea. Fresh alfalfa can cause bloating in livestock, so care must be taken with livestock grazing on alfalfa because of this hazard.

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Bardana Jr, E. J.; Malinow, M. R.; Houghton, D. C.; McNulty, W. P.; Wuepper, K. D.; Parker, F; Pirofsky, B (1982). "Diet-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in primates".

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Saloniemi, Hannu; Wähälä, Kristiina; Nykänen-Kurki, Päivi; Kallela, Kaarlo; Saastamoinen, Ilkka (January 1995). "Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder".

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in the 18th century, it was called "lucerne", and many trials at growing it were made, but generally without sufficiently successful results. Relatively little is grown in the

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Upper Midwest, Canada, and the Northeast. 'Nondormant' varieties can be higher-yielding, but they are susceptible to winter-kill in cold climates and have poorer persistence.

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Monsanto Co. and Forage Genetics International; Availability Determination of Nonregulated Status for Alfalfa Genetically Engineered for Tolerance to the Herbicide Glyphosate

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to maximize the number of young bees. However, Western honey bee colonies may suffer protein stress when working alfalfa only, because alfalfa pollen protein is deficient in

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Grazing is the most commonly used form of pasture management in Australia, with many varieties of lucerne specifically being bred for low rainfall, high grazing pressure.

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and many other states publish alfalfa variety trial data. A complete listing of state variety testing data is provided by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference

894:, can reduce alfalfa yields dramatically, particularly with the second cutting when weather is warmest. Spotted alfalfa aphid, broadly spread in Australia, not only sucks 3347: 2747: 4966:

Part 340—Introduction of Organisms and Products Altered or Produced Through Genetic Engineering Which Are Plant Pests or Which There Is Reason to Believe Are Plant Pests

1887:. Much of the canavanine is converted into other amino acids during germination, so sprouts contain much less canavanine than unsprouted seeds. Canavanine competes with 4786: 2991: 5394:"USDA's Decision Thursday On Genetically Engineered Alfalfa – Leahy And DeFazio Warn About USDA Decision Lifting All Protections For Organic And Conventional Farmers" 2965:

Section, Government of Alberta, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Livestock and Crops Division, Crop Research and Extension Branch, Pest Surveillance (1 March 1983).

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Fields, R. L.; Moot, D. J.; Sedcole, J. R.; Barrell, G. K. (2019). "Recovery of ovulation rate in ewes following their removal from an oestrogenic lucerne forage".

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Pitts-Singer, Theresa L.; Cane, James H. (1 January 2011). "The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata: the world's most intensively managed solitary bee".

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Other concerns are for women during pregnancy or breast-feeding, hormone-sensitive conditions (such as breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers), and for people with

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United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Biotechnology Regulatory Services, October 2004. Retrieved 13 November 2011

1765:, National Cotton Council, and National Potato Council. In July 2010, 75 members of Congress from both political parties sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary 5302: 3291: 1856:

With long-term human consumption of alfalfa seeds, several safety concerns and medication interactions may result, including possible reactions similar to the

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is sometimes used, particularly for spring plantings, to reduce weed problems and soil erosion, but can lead to competition for light, water, and nutrients.

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In March 2011, the non-profit Center for Food Safety appealed the deregulation decision, which the District Court for Northern California rejected in 2012.

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said the USDA had the "opportunity to address the concerns of all farmers", but instead "surrender to business as usual for the biotech industry".

6387: 6335: 1694: 5074: 3007: 4877: 4510:"Biological and genetic characterization of morphologically similar Therioaphis trifolii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with different host utilization" 4046: 3560: 2672: 6573: 6498: 3636: 3480: 4100: 3005:

Phytophthora Root Rot of Alfalfa Key words: Plant Disease, Lucerne, black medic, birdsfoot trefoil, Phytophthora megasperma F. sp. medicaginis

6018: 5584: 5524: 4301: 4224: 3954: 2703:"Growth and nodulation of alfalfa-rhizobia symbiosis under salinity: electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence" 2592: 1762: 1729:

In June 2009, a divided three-judge panel on the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the District Court's decision. Monsanto and others

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to grow well. It is moderately sensitive to salt levels in both the soil and irrigation water, although it continues to be grown in the arid

1153:, says that alfalfa is cultivated as an animal feed and consumed in both fresh and dried forms. It is from the Arabic that the Spanish name 5282: 5055: 4485: 4010: 3820: 3172: 1115: 3390: 6216: 3870:. Search for فصفصة in the dictionary. (The dictionary is also downloadable at Archive.org but that version doesn't have searchable text). 3693: 2524: 6060: 5849: 4762:"COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Rusty–patched Bumble Bee Bombus affinis in Canada – 2010 - Species at Risk Public Registry" 3422: 1754: 1742: 1730: 5185: 2772: 6250: 6211: 5124: 2561: 848:, which means it is difficult for alfalfa seed to grow in existing stands of alfalfa. Therefore, alfalfa fields are recommended to be 6467: 6013:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 1040:. Its nitrogen-fixing ability (which increases soil nitrogen) and its use as an animal feed greatly improve agricultural efficiency. 57: 5401: 5014: 4431:"Register of Australian Herbage Plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 8. Lucerne (a) Medicago sativa (L.) Benth. (lucerne) cv. Hunter River" 1778: 988:, grazed, or fed as greenchop. Alfalfa usually has the highest feeding value of all common hay crops. It is used less frequently as 5976: 4453:"Register of Australian Herbage Plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 8. Lucerne (a) Medicago sativa (L.) Benth. (lucerne) cv. Hunterfield" 5234: 5030: 4659: 2844:

Zhang, Xiao-Yan; Shi, Shang-Li; Li, Xiao-Long; Li, Chang-Ning; Zhang, Cui-Mei; A, Yun; Kang, Wen-Juan; Yin, Guo-Li (21 May 2021).

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Alfalfa is considered an insectary, a place where insects are reared, and has been proposed as helpful to other crops, such as

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of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in two to three turns containing 10–20 seeds. Alfalfa is native to warmer

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Vincent HA, Wiersema J, Dobbie SL, Kell SP, Fielder H, Castañeda Alvarez NP, Guarino L, Eastwood R, Leόn B, Maxted N. 2012.

4452: 4430: 3981:. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service. January 2013. p. 33. Archived from 1669:

variety, was released by Forage Genetics International in 2005. This was developed through the insertion of a gene owned by

728: 6032: 5341: 5221: 4509: 4480: 3454: 3364: 6436: 3602: 3024: 5972: 5166: 4735: 1806: 1718:, a US non-governmental organization that is a critic of biotech crops, and others, challenged this deregulation in the 4987: 2701:

LATRACH, Lahbib; FARISSI, Mohamed; MAURADI, Mohammed; MAKOUDI, Bouchra; BOUIZGAREN, Abdelaziz; GHOULAM, Cherki (2014).

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Glyphosate-Tolerant Alfalfa Events J101 and J163: Request for Nonregulated Status Final Environmental Impact Statement

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The granting of deregulation was opposed by many groups, including growers of non-GM alfalfa who were concerned about

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is home to 83% of all lucerne seed production in Australia. Much of this seed industry is centred around the town of

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United States District Court for Northern California, Case No C 06-01075 CR, 3 May 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2011

1056: 5367: 4800: 3057: 2939: 2465: 1456:. Western honey bees, however, do not like being struck in the head repeatedly and learn to defeat this action by 802: 6454: 1786: 6591: 4266: 3208: 1416:, also encompassing the neighbouring localities of Tintinara, Bordertown, Willalooka, Padthaway and Naracoorte. 1071:

In most climates, alfalfa is cut three to four times a year, but it can be harvested up to 12 times per year in

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Links to online copies in French, Spanish, and Arabic are listed at the foot of the Knowledge (XXG) article

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Organic Trade Association's Organic Newsroom: Organic industry wants farmers protected in the marketplace

5202: 4369: 3112: 5472: 4578: 4395: 2234: 1785:, and the Council for Biotech Information warmly applauded this decision. Christine Bushway, CEO of the 1401: 1383: 1362: 200: 6340: 3577: 2363: 1160:

In the 16th century, Spanish colonizers introduced alfalfa to the Americas as fodder for their horses.

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Federal Register, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 27 June 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2011

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Milius, Susan (6 January 2007). "Most Bees Live Alone: No hives, no honey, but maybe help for crops".

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Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Boval, M.; Lebas, F.; Lessire, M.; Noblet, J.; Renaudeau, D. (6 October 2013).

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which normally lives four to eight years, but can live more than 20 years, depending on variety and

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Montanaro, A; Bardana Jr, E. J. (1991). "Dietary amino acid-induced systemic lupus erythematosus".

4107: 2676: 2599: 1872: 1861: 1703: 1678: 1488: 1298: 1208: 6428: 5021:, Supreme Court of the United States, Decision no 09-475, 21 June 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2011 6681: 6203: 5954: 5831: 5730: 5052: 4705: 2221: 2201: 2011: 1857: 1582: 1397: 1020: 287: 52: 6663: 6578: 4337: 4021: 3179: 1191:

in the 1850s. That was the beginning of a rapid and extensive introduction of the crop over the

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of the alfalfa flower trips and strikes pollinating bees on the head, which helps transfer the

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Sunnucks, P.; Driver, F.; Brown, W. V.; Carver, M.; Hales, D. F.; Milne, W. M. (August 1997).

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Proceedings, 2011 Western Alfalfa & Forage Conference, Las Vegas, NV, 11–13 December 2011

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Coumestrol levels in unirrigated crops can be predicted practically using weather variables.

1118:, stating: "One sow-down lasts ten years. The crop may be cut four or six times a year ... A 6722: 6405: 5938: 5893: 5883: 5815: 5714: 5679: 5670:

Herbert, V.; Kasdan, T. S. (1 October 1994). "Alfalfa, vitamin E, and autommune disorders".

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Godfrey, L. D.; Natwick, E. T.; Goodell, P. B.; Long, R. F.; Barlow, V. M. (January 2017).

4241: 2553: 582:. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is more commonly used in the 6673: 6511: 6064: 5864:"Alfalfa Coumestrol Content in Response to Development Stage, Fungi, Aphids, and Cultivar" 5328: 5309: 5289: 5241: 5209: 5189: 5170: 5150: 5131: 5059: 5018: 4994: 4972: 4895: 3887: 3867: 3697: 3678: 3659: 3640: 3564: 3351: 3011: 1802: 1511: 1409: 1393: 1369:) are necessary, but even that is not always enough due to constant resistance evolution. 1293:. Rather than being dried to make dry hay, the alfalfa is chopped finely and fermented in 1168: 1103: 1043:

Alfalfa can be sown in spring or fall, and does best on well-drained soils with a neutral

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Fields, Rachel L.; Barrell, Graham K.; Gash, Alan; Zhao, Jenny; Moot, Derrick J. (2018).

5852:, Proceedings of the 18th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference, Ballarat, Australia. 5011: 2502: 2375:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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that pierces the center of the bale, or they can be handled with a grapple (claw) on the

6124: 5934: 5879: 3578:"New Findings on Salinity in Streams and Ground Water in the Southwestern United States" 2412:-ounce) reference amount, raw alfalfa sprouts supply 96 kilojoules (23 kilocalories) of 1059:, where salinity is an emerging issue. Soils low in fertility should be fertilized with 6560: 6278: 4898:, Leaf Morphology, Shoot Growth, and Gas Exchange of Multifoliolate Alfalfa Phenotypes. 4685: 1616: 1519: 1460: 1457: 1424: 999:, because of its high protein content and highly digestible fiber, and secondarily for 916: 883: 626: 583: 82: 6617: 5648: 5613: 5099: 4293:

Recent Advances in Biofertilizers and Biofungicides (PGPR) for Sustainable Agriculture

3265: 6716: 6565: 6400: 4725:"Status Review of Three Formerly Common Species of Bumble Bee in the Subgenus Bombus" 4573: 3810: 3533: 3144: 2903: 2878: 2646: 1967: 1900: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1662: 1555:

Considerable research and development has been done with this important plant. Older

849: 216: 5958: 5835: 5734: 5192:, United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2011 5153:, United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2011 4709: 4214:"Potential Benefits of Plant Modification of Alfalfa and Corn Silage to Dairy Diets" 1547: 1098:

Alfalfa seems to have originated in south-central Asia, and was first cultivated in

37: 6686: 6190: 5551: 5381:

Sen. Lugar strongly supports GE alfalfa deregulation, to avoid 'government control'

4630: 3652: 1953: 1215: 1099: 996: 905: 845: 834: 830: 630: 587: 575: 5942: 1346:

In the United States in 2012, the leading alfalfa-growing states were California,

6604: 6415: 6157: 6144: 4878:

A prioritised crop wild relative inventory to help underpin global food security.

4643: 3904: 3754: 1075:

and southern California. Total yields are typically around 8 tonnes per hectare (

1019:

in salads and sandwiches. Dehydrated alfalfa leaf is commercially available as a

856:

or wheat) before reseeding. The exact mechanism of autotoxicity is unclear, with

6640: 6441: 6423: 6348: 6107: 5345: 4336:. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 1–2. Archived from 3458: 3368: 2452: 2417: 2413: 1937: 1904: 1790: 1766: 1702:

to seek deregulation to conduct field trials of RRA, because the RRA contains a

1437: 1203: 1000: 911: 595: 6134: 6008: 5888: 5863: 5718: 5222:

Vilsack's USDA Officially Approves Controversial Genetifically Modified Alfalfa

1650:, as well as additional detailed alfalfa genetic and variety data published by 1133:

in the later 12th century, discussed how to cultivate alfalfa, which he called

933: 5292:

University of Pennsylvania Law School, RegBlog News, Retrieved 1 November 2012

4525: 3609: 2433: 2429: 2273: 2133: 2082: 1908: 1884: 1835: 1674: 1507: 1476: 1472: 1433: 1192: 1184: 1065: 1052: 857: 811: 676: 579: 6255: 6098: 5950: 5907: 5827: 5164:

Deregulation of genetically modified alfalfa stirs debate about 'coexistence'

5163: 4804: 4693: 4533: 3819:

Links to online copies are listed at the foot of the Knowledge (XXG) article

2943: 2862: 2845: 2728: 1647: 960: 947: 919:. Alfalfa is also susceptible to downy mildew caused by the oomycete species 6480: 6273: 6237: 5683: 3891: 3795: 3028: 2448: 2425: 2421: 2260: 2179: 2166: 1916: 1912: 1711: 1610: 1556: 1524: 1319: 1048: 1016: 838: 642: 619: 591: 244: 151: 6630: 6028: 5368:

Senate Ag's Stabenow, House Ag's Lucas welcome biotech alfalfa deregulation

5033:, by Barry Estabrook, 'The Atlantic'. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010. 4701: 4195: 1309: 5726: 5691: 5656: 5621: 5451: 5270:

National Corn Growers Assn. supports deregulation of Roundup Ready alfalfa

4101:"Hay harvesting by Self-Propelled Swather compared with mowing and raking" 2624: 1496:, while western honeybees dominate in California alfalfa seed production. 6625: 6462: 6167: 6092: 5527:. Consumer Food Safety Program, Cooperative Extension, Clemson University 2065: 1888: 1868: 1290: 1228: 900: 826: 555: 173: 161: 141: 108: 6516: 6314: 3921: 2719: 2702: 1915:. Because of this, grazing on alfalfa during breeding can cause reduced 1036:, producing a high-protein feed regardless of available nitrogen in the 6475: 6327: 6198: 5898: 3558:

G4555 Managing Manure on Alfalfa Hay | University of Missouri Extension

3014:. Nu-distance.unl.edu (26 February 1997). Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 2391: 2045: 1351: 1297:, trenches, or bags, where the oxygen supply can be limited to promote 1286: 1275: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1180: 1119: 1072: 989: 650: 563: 240: 131: 5576:

How to Poison Your Spouse the Natural Way: A Guide to High-Risk Dining

5331:. Organicnewsroom.com (20 January 2011). Retrieved on 8 February 2011. 3231: 1761:, American Soybean Association, National Alfalfa and Forage Alliance, 6353: 3204: 2149: 1467:

When western honey bees are used to pollinate alfalfa, the beekeeper

1449: 1327: 1323: 1176: 1060: 985: 977: 861: 819: 787: 646: 622: 611: 599: 571: 559: 551: 121: 6069: 5819: 4212:

Hartnell, G.F.; Hatfield, R.D.; Mertens, D.R.; Martin, N.P. (2005).

2492:

illustration from Amédée Masclef - Atlas des plantes de France. 1891

1720:

United States District Court for the Northern District of California

5554:. MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 24 September 2021 4290:

M S Reddy; Rodolfo I. Ilao; Patricio S. Faylon (10 November 2014).

1833:

Alfalfa sprouts may contain microbiological pathogens, mainly from

1506:

A smaller amount of alfalfa produced for seed is pollinated by the

833:. This depth of root system, and perenniality of crowns that store 6366: 6242: 5183:

USDA - Roundup Ready® Alfalfa Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

4161: 3239: 1615: 1546: 1536: 1532: 1480: 1445: 1423: 1347: 1335: 1331: 1308: 1252: 1244: 1214: 1202: 1188: 1183:, and a number of other countries. Alfalfa seeds were imported to 1130: 1008: 1004: 932: 887: 853: 801: 69: 5501:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 February 2023 5235:

USDA Announces Decision to Fully Deregulate Roundup Ready Alfalfa

1110:. Alfalfa cultivation is discussed in the fourth-century AD book 5707:

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

2437: 2312: 1528: 1294: 1037: 1012: 6229: 6073: 1285:

When used as feed for dairy cattle, alfalfa is often made into

610:

predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated. It has

4866:

Alfalfa Farming in the U.S. 79 (Sanders Publishing Co. 1912)".

4760:

Canada, Government of Canada, Environment (15 December 2010).

3886:(in French) (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 101. 3243: 2395: 1987: 1453: 1408:) in 1977 all varieties grown there must be resistant to it. 1224: 981: 895: 567: 5259:

Wall Street Journal, 27 January 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011

5077:

by Jennifer Koons, NYT, 21 June 2010 (Retrieved 21 June 2010)

2390:

Raw alfalfa seed sprouts are 93% water, 2% carbohydrates, 4%

1883:

Raw alfalfa seeds and sprouts are a source of the amino acid

1875:), birth control pills (contraceptive drugs), and estrogens. 1643: 5212:

Reuters US Edition, 27 January 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011

4322:"Chapter 1. Global Status and Development Trends of Alfalfa" 3883:

Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe

3724: 837:

as an energy reserve, make it very resilient, especially to

602:(a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when 5173:

Ohio Farm Bureau Federation Inc., Retrieved 1 November 2011

4368:. Certified Alfalfa Seed Council. p. 2. Archived from 3025:"Rhizoctonia Root, Stem, and Crown Rot of Alfalfa AC-42-96" 2877:

GQ, L.; Huang, H.C.; Acharya, S.N.; Erickson, R.S. (2005).

1044: 976:

Alfalfa is widely grown throughout the world as forage for

528: 5977:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3860: 5784:. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. 8 July 2014 5436:"Nigeria Passes Law Allowing Genetically Modified Plants" 5383:

Agri-Pulse Communications Inc., Retrieved 1 November 2012

5370:

Agri-Pulse Communications Inc., Retrieved 1 November 2012

5100:

Ag Groups Applaud Supreme Court Ruling On Biotech Alfalfa

2919:"Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa (Department of Entomology)" 1919:

in sheep and in dairy cattle if not effectively managed.

1334:(1.3 million hectares; 3.2 million acres), and 519: 507: 5303:

BIO Applauds USDA Decision to Deregulate Biotech Alfalfa

3762:. Washington: U. S. Department of Agriculture. p. 5 3700:. Uwex.edu (9 April 1999). Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 2887:

in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa"

825:

Owing to its deep root system, it helps to improve soil

562:

crop in many countries around the world. It is used for

5848:

Fields, R.L., D.J. Moot, and G.K. Barrell. 2017.

5203:

UPDATE 3-U.S. farmers get approval to plant GMO alfalfa

4267:"Alfalfa control test with polymicrobial biofertilizer" 4047:"G4570 Reducing Losses when Feeding Hay to Beef Cattle" 3970: 3968: 3966: 3567:. Extension.missouri.edu. Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 2746:. University of Wisconsin Extension Service (Madison). 2627:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper Inc. 2019 1651: 1378:

selections of pre-existing lucerne stands in the Upper

1106:, it was introduced to Greece in about 490 BC when the 1026:

Like other legumes, its root nodules contain bacteria,

5257:

USDA Won't Impose Restrictions on Biotech Alfalfa Crop

3790:. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 3. 5469:"Overview of food safety for sprouts and microgreens" 2525:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" 1899:

Alfalfa, like other leguminous crops, is a source of

1853:

affecting the immune system, should not eat sprouts.

1636:

claimed it created the world's first hybrid alfalfa.

1567:

Most alfalfa cultivars contain genetic material from

1338:(1.3 million hectares; 3.2 million acres). 1330:(1.8 million hectares; 4.4 million acres), 1147:). A 13th-century general-purpose Arabic dictionary, 525: 516: 4018:

University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service

1322:(6.9 million hectares; 17 million acres), 1255:

use large round bales, typically 1.4 to 1.8 m (

1141: 522: 510: 6082: 5471:. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 5425:. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 8 February 2011. 5283:

USDA Fully Deregulates Genetically Modified Alfalfa

5272:

The Minnesota Farm Guide, Retrieved 1 November 2012

5224:. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 8 February 2011. 4988:

Roundup Ready Alfalfa—What Have We Learned to Date?

3527:"Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization of Alfalfa" 2940:"Insect Pest Management on Alfalfa, FC-ENT-0031-00" 2348: 2336: 2311: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2259: 2246: 2233: 2220: 2199: 2178: 2165: 2148: 2132: 2115: 2098: 2081: 2064: 2043: 2008: 1984: 1966: 1950: 1936: 1931: 1326:(2 million hectares; 4.9 million acres), 513: 6010:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 5850:Coumestrol content of lucerne under drought stress 5423:Maria Rodale: We Stand in Opposition to GE Alfalfa 4964:Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7: Agriculture 4315: 4313: 3643:. Extension.umn.edu. Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 2554:"alfalfa (plant) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 3082:Constantinescu, O. (1991). "An annotated list of 2211: 2055: 1436:when the fields of alfalfa are in bloom. Alfalfa 1432:Alfalfa seed production requires the presence of 1175:) is the name for alfalfa in Britain, Australia, 1047:of 6.8–7.5. Alfalfa requires sustained levels of 5233:USDA News Release No. 0035.11, 27 January 2011. 4732:The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation 4662:. Pollination.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 4400:Agriculture: Alfalfa Pest Management Guidelines" 2923:Department of Entomology (Penn State University) 2673:"Alfalfa as an insectary for beneficial insects" 1895:Phytoestrogens and effect on livestock fertility 1396:produces 40% of Australia's lucerne. Due to the 653:. The plant grows to a height of up to 1 metre ( 5801: 5799: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4982: 4980: 5075:Supreme Court Lifts Ban on Planting GM Alfalfa 5070: 5068: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4655: 4653: 4460:Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4438:Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4296:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 381. 1932:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 995:Its primary use is as feed for high-producing 5342:"We Stand United in Opposition to GE Alfalfa" 5102:Medical News Today, Retrieved 1 November 2012 5053:Memorandum and Order Re: Permanent Injunction 4801:"Alfalfa Variety Characteristics, AGF-014-92" 3946:21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops 3354:. Plantdex.com. Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 1697:(USDA) granted RRA nonregulated status under 8: 5923:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 5782:Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System 5751:. Health Canada. 8 July 2013. Archived from 4785:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3653:Alfalfa seeding rates: how much is too much? 3396:. portal.sciencesocities.org. Archived from 2990:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1926: 1677:, a broad-spectrum herbicide, also known as 1134: 6738:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine 5463: 5461: 5125:Letter by 75 Members of Congress to Vilsack 4602:"Australian Lucerne Seed Industry Synopsis" 4077:"Alfalfa Management Guide—Harvest (3 of 3)" 3748: 3746: 3167: 3165: 2773:"SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE MANAGEMENT GUIDES" 2707:Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 6070: 5973:United States Food and Drug Administration 5672:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5637:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 5113:Supreme Court rules in favor of RR alfalfa 5089:at ScotusWiki – Briefs and Documents, etc. 5012:Monsanto et al v Geertson Seed Farms et al 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 3457:. Cestanislaus.ucdavis.edu. Archived from 2025: 1925: 1585:of alfalfa that naturally hybridizes with 1440:is somewhat problematic, however, because 36: 27: 5897: 5887: 5772: 5770: 5518: 5516: 5031:Supreme Court on Modified Foods: Who Won? 4185:"The Art and Science of Ensiling Alfalfa" 3779: 3777: 3714:"California Agriculture in the Classroom" 3708: 3706: 3662:. Uwex.edu. Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 2902: 2861: 2718: 1464:without tripping the head-knocking keel. 1165:North American colonies of the eastern US 5749:"Chemical Substance - alpha-Spinasterol" 5251: 5249: 4285: 4283: 3738:Alfalfa: The High-Quality Hay for Horses 3205:"HayUSA, INC. Premium Quality – Alfalfa" 3056:. Pods.dasnr.okstate.edu. Archived from 2827:"Alfalfa autotoxicity remains a mystery" 1125:The medieval Arabic agricultural writer 5546: 5544: 5542: 5525:"The Food Safety of Sprouts: Factsheet" 5087:Monsanto Company v. Geertson Seed Farms 4451:Barnard, C.; Drummond, G. (June 1983). 4005: 4003: 3833:Ibn al-'Awwam. "Chapter XXII, § VIII". 3784:Oakley, R. A.; Westover, H. L. (1922). 3740:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 3681:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 17 October 2011. 3292:"Alfalfa for Industrial and Other Uses" 3238:. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, 2744:"Understanding Autotoxicity in Alfalfa" 2666: 2664: 2593:"CELL BIOLOGY & MOLECULAR GENETICS" 2485: 2461: 1695:United States Department of Agriculture 684: 300: 5312:Biotech Now, Retrieved 1 November 2012 5201:Gilla, Carey and Doering, Christopher 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4778: 4475: 4473: 4429:Cameron, A.G.; Campbell, B.G. (1972). 3511:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3504: 3391:"Nitrogen Fixation in Crop Production" 2983: 2934: 2932: 2767: 2765: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 1871:. Alfalfa may interact with warfarin ( 5115:Seed World, Retrieved 1 November 2012 4133:"hay mower-conditioner (agriculture)" 3603:"Growing Alfalfa for Seed in Arizona" 3428:. Alfalfa.ucdavis.edu. Archived from 3297:. Alfalfa.ucdavis.edu. Archived from 2778:. Kansas Rural Center. Archived from 1763:National Association of Wheat Growers 7: 6654:405359ab-b2a3-4377-beab-bb1c196a60ab 6491:48ebef4d-e42e-41d0-a060-8b6b80065a20 5579:. JDM & Associates. p. 45. 4660:Alfalfa Leafcutter Bee in California 4552:NSW Department of Primary Industries 4486:NSW Department of Primary Industries 4330:Alfalfa Management Guide for Ningxia 4242:"The Ensiling Process and Additives" 3943:Bilello, Stanley (10 October 2016). 3821:Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius 3365:"Sinorhizobium meliloti genome home" 2548: 2546: 1689:In 2005, after completing a 28-page 1469:stocks the field at a very high rate 1235:cuts the alfalfa and arranges it in 598:. The plant superficially resembles 5602:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 5499:Outbreak Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts" 4941:USDA/APHIS Environmental Assessment 3880:Dozy, R.; Engelmann, W. H. (1869). 3367:. Cmgm.stanford.edu. Archived from 2813:Purdue University Extension Service 2503:"Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb" 1755:Biotechnology Industry Organization 1743:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms 1486:Today, the alfalfa leafcutter bee ( 1135: 558:. It is cultivated as an important 6592:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30234961-2 5987:from the original on 27 March 2024 5523:Kimberly Baker (1 December 2016). 5379:Harsch, John H. (27 January 2011) 4839:. Msuextension.org. Archived from 4686:10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836 4514:Bulletin of Entomological Research 3324:"Alfalfa: MedlinePlus Supplements" 2598:. Ddr.nal.usda.gov. Archived from 1749:This decision was welcomed by the 1479:essential in the diet of honeybee 14: 5400:. 27 January 2011. Archived from 5344:. 31 January 2011. Archived from 5281:Tannen, Benjamin (14 March 2011) 3211:from the original on 23 July 2011 2750:from the original on 14 June 2011 1779:National Corn Growers Association 1609:, members of alfalfa's secondary 980:, and is most often harvested as 852:with other species (for example, 4909:"Kent Feeds Buys Seed Firm Here" 4051:University of Missouri Extension 3634:Fertilizing Alfalfa in Minnesota 3608:. Ag.arizona.edu. Archived from 3532:. Ces.purdue.edu. Archived from 3272:from the original on 8 July 2011 2904:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01119.x 2564:from the original on 7 June 2011 2464: 2451:alfalfa seeds is the process of 2424:. They are a moderate source of 1108:Persians invaded Greek territory 758: 746: 727: 715: 701: 687: 503: 56: 6035:from the original on 9 May 2024 5255:Tomson, Bill and Kilman, Scott 3976:"Crop Production: 2012 Summary" 2806:"Managing Alfalfa Autotoxicity" 2804:Volenec, Jeff; Johnson, Keith. 1783:American Farm Bureau Federation 1759:American Seed Trade Association 1751:American Farm Bureau Federation 1714:into their crops. In 2006, the 4766:registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca 4137:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 1724:environmental impact statement 1517:The rusty patched bumble bee, 1382:region. Pest burdens from the 1380:Hunter River (New South Wales) 1223:When alfalfa is to be used as 625:since at least the era of the 1: 5943:10.1080/00288233.2018.1519512 5778:"Notes on poisoning: alfalfa" 5649:10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00573-1 5614:10.1016/s0272-6386(82)80005-x 4406:UC Integrated Pest Management 3111:. Caf.wvu.edu. Archived from 1551:Small square bales of alfalfa 1247:collects the hay into bales. 4986:Steve Orloff and Dan Putnam 4644:10.1002/scin.2007.5591710110 2371:Percentages estimated using 1927:Alfalfa seeds, sprouted, raw 1814:joint statement, US Senator 1807:Senate Agriculture Committee 1313:Worldwide alfalfa production 1219:Cylindrical bales of alfalfa 984:, but can also be made into 618:. It has been cultivated as 4834:"Alfalfa Variety Selection" 4674:Annual Review of Entomology 4221:Proc. Southwest Nutr. Conf. 2471:Close up of alfalfa sprouts 2364:Link to USDA Database entry 1795:House Agriculture Committee 1699:Code of Federal Regulations 1673:that confers resistance to 1142: 829:fertility and protect from 485:H.J.Chowdhery & R.R.Rao 16:Plant species in pea family 6764: 5889:10.2134/agronj2017.09.0535 5719:10.3181/00379727-208-43825 4320:Cash, Dennis, ed. (2009). 3178:. Uaex.edu. Archived from 3173:"Alfalfa for Dairy Cattle" 1207:Alfalfa hay on the way to 1057:southwestern United States 872: 18: 6058:Grassland species profile 5808:Animal Production Science 5240:10 September 2015 at the 5208:24 September 2015 at the 5188:24 September 2008 at the 5162:Staff (24 February 2011) 5134:Retrieved 1 November 2012 4526:10.1017/S0007485300037433 4404:UC Agriculture (UC ANR), 4223:: 156–172. Archived from 3345:Medicago Sativa (Alfalfa) 3051:"Phymatotrichum Root Rot" 2394:, and contain negligible 2370: 2360: 2356: 2332: 2324: 2195: 2191: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2024: 2004: 2000: 1980: 1976: 1946: 1942:96 kJ (23 kcal) 1787:Organic Trade Association 1620:Watering an alfalfa field 1357:In California, varieties 753:Seeds (actual size ≈ 2mm) 293: 286: 228: 223: 206: 199: 53:Scientific classification 51: 44: 35: 30: 6063:3 September 2010 at the 5440:Biotechnology Law Report 5301:Staff (27 January 2011) 5268:Staff (20 January 2011) 5169:19 February 2015 at the 5130:19 February 2015 at the 5043:Roundup-resistant weeds. 4971:22 December 2015 at the 4011:"Harvesting Alfalfa Hay" 3753:Westgate, J. M. (1908). 2863:10.3390/agronomy11061027 2671:Thomas F. Leigh (n.d.). 1691:environmental assessment 1227:, it is usually cut and 882:Some pests, such as the 875:List of alfalfa diseases 606:leaves comprising round 21:Alfalfa (disambiguation) 5288:7 November 2012 at the 4396:"Spotted Alfalfa Aphid 4247:. Extension.iastate.edu 3866:29 October 2013 at the 2967:"Spotted Alfalfa Aphid" 2373:US recommendations 1634:L. Teweles Seed Company 961:24.339306°S 18.593444°E 550:flowering plant in the 6743:Pollination management 4363:"Alfalfa in the South" 3691:Alfalfa Cutting Height 3350:16 August 2011 at the 3106:"Alfalfa in the South" 2885:Trichoderma atroviride 2377:the National Academies 1879:Toxicity of canavanine 1716:Center for Food Safety 1685:Legal issues in the US 1621: 1552: 1429: 1414:Keith, South Australia 1314: 1289:by a process known as 1220: 1212: 1032:, with the ability to 1029:Sinorhizobium meliloti 973: 937:Lucerne fields in the 922:Peronospora aestivalis 815: 6733:Nitrogen-fixing crops 5684:10.1093/ajcn/60.4.639 5473:Government of Ontario 5452:10.1089/blr.2012.9900 5366:Staff (January 2011) 5098:Staff (22 June 2010) 4993:12 April 2013 at the 4913:The Milwaukee Journal 4894:17 March 2018 at the 4579:AgriFutures Australia 3143:. UKY. Archived from 2881:Coniothyrium minitans 2030:Vitamins and minerals 1648:(NAAIC) State Listing 1619: 1550: 1427: 1402:spotted alfalfa aphid 1384:spotted alfalfa aphid 1363:spotted alfalfa aphid 1312: 1218: 1206: 966:-24.339306; 18.593444 936: 805: 466:Medicago trautvetteri 450:Medicago tianschanica 378:Medicago mesopotamica 5573:Jay D. Mann (2004). 5327:20 July 2012 at the 5149:1 March 2013 at the 5058:3 March 2012 at the 5017:5 March 2022 at the 4398:Therioaphis maculata 4343:on 24 September 2015 4183:Harrison, Joseph H. 3677:27 July 2011 at the 3639:17 June 2010 at the 3563:27 July 2011 at the 3010:23 July 2010 at the 2971:www1.agric.gov.ab.ca 1740:On 21 June 2010, in 1667:genetically modified 1658:Genetic modification 1406:Therioaphis maculata 1367:Therioaphis maculata 844:This plant exhibits 786:modification of the 338:Medicago grandiflora 322:Medicago beipinensis 19:For other uses, see 5935:2019NZJAR..62..528F 5880:2018AgrJ..110..910F 5755:on 24 December 2013 5308:22 May 2013 at the 4864:Joseph Elwyn Wing, 4548:"Lucerne varieties" 3839:Book of Agriculture 3787:How to Grow Alfalfa 3696:28 May 2010 at the 3658:6 July 2009 at the 3539:on 26 February 2012 3264:Spottiswood, John. 2946:on 14 December 2012 2785:on 7 September 2012 2720:10.3906/tar-1305-52 2117:Pantothenic acid (B 1928: 1862:lupus erythematosus 1818:and Representative 1805:(Chairwoman of the 1489:Megachile rotundata 1209:Clayton, New Mexico 1171:today. Lucerne (or 957: / 482:Trigonella upendrae 442:Medicago sylvestris 437:(Trautv.) Vassilcz. 434:Medicago subdicycla 410:Medicago praesativa 394:Medicago orientalis 386:Medicago ochroleuca 341:(Grossh.) Vassilcz. 317:(Bordere) Vassilcz. 279:(T. Martyn) Arcang. 4158:"Washburn Company" 4057:on 11 January 2011 3809:Palladius (1898). 3727:on 6 October 2008. 3461:on 31 January 2011 3150:on 13 October 2012 2879:"Effectiveness of 2338:Other constituents 1858:autoimmune disease 1851:prescription drugs 1622: 1583:crop wild relative 1553: 1442:western honey bees 1430: 1315: 1221: 1213: 1104:Pliny (died 79 AD) 1021:dietary supplement 974: 869:Pests and diseases 816: 616:temperate climates 418:Medicago rivularis 362:Medicago lavrenkoi 346:Medicago hemicycla 6710: 6709: 6525:Open Tree of Life 6076:Taxon identifiers 6020:978-0-309-48834-1 5586:978-1-877139-73-4 4880:(in preparation). 4807:on 5 January 2015 4606:Lucerne Australia 4582:. 11 January 2019 4303:978-1-4438-7105-1 4230:on 20 March 2012. 3956:978-1-365-45290-1 3815:Opus Agriculturae 3455:"UCANR Web Sites" 3435:on 7 October 2011 3304:on 7 October 2011 3266:"Alfalfa sprouts" 2649:. Merriam-Webster 2398:. In a 100-gram ( 2383: 2382: 2328: 2327: 1704:promoter sequence 1665:alfalfa (RRA), a 1494:Pacific Northwest 1112:Opus Agriculturae 892:potato leafhopper 814:on alfalfa flower 496: 495: 486: 478: 470: 462: 461:(Alef.) Vassilcz. 458:Medicago tibetana 454: 446: 438: 430: 429:(Brand) Vassilcz. 426:Medicago sogdiana 422: 414: 406: 405:(Brand) Vassilcz. 398: 390: 382: 374: 366: 358: 350: 342: 334: 330:Medicago coerulea 326: 318: 314:Medicago afganica 310: 280: 259: 247: 6755: 6703: 6702: 6690: 6689: 6677: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6644: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6621: 6620: 6608: 6607: 6595: 6594: 6582: 6581: 6569: 6568: 6556: 6555: 6546: 6545: 6533: 6532: 6520: 6519: 6507: 6506: 6494: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6471: 6470: 6458: 6457: 6445: 6444: 6442:NBNSYS0000013971 6432: 6431: 6419: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6396: 6395: 6383: 6382: 6370: 6369: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6343: 6331: 6330: 6318: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6295: 6294: 6282: 6281: 6269: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6246: 6245: 6233: 6232: 6220: 6219: 6207: 6206: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6128: 6127: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6071: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5891: 5868:Agronomy Journal 5859: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5548: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5446:(2): 153. 2012. 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5319: 5313: 5299: 5293: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5244: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5199: 5193: 5180: 5174: 5160: 5154: 5141: 5135: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5063: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5009: 4998: 4984: 4975: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4846:on 26 March 2013 4845: 4838: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4803:. Archived from 4797: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4734:. Archived from 4729: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4625: 4610: 4609: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4218: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4201:on 18 July 2011. 4200: 4194:. Archived from 4189: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4160:. Archived from 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4106:. Archived from 4105: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4053:. Archived from 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4020:. Archived from 4015: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3961: 3960: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3924:. YourDictionary 3919: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3877: 3871: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3761: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3723:. Archived from 3721:learnaboutag.org 3718: 3710: 3701: 3688: 3682: 3669: 3663: 3650: 3644: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3583:. Water.usgs.gov 3582: 3574: 3568: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3492: 3486:. Archived from 3485: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3403:on 24 March 2012 3402: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3355: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3268:. CookEatShare. 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3027:. Archived from 3021: 3015: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942:. Archived from 2936: 2927: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2831:hayandforage.com 2823: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2742:Jennings, John. 2739: 2733: 2732: 2722: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2675:. Archived from 2668: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2605:on 28 March 2012 2604: 2597: 2589: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2531:on 20 April 2019 2527:. Archived from 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2468: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2215: 2153: 2137: 2120: 2103: 2086: 2069: 2059: 2026: 1929: 1735:US Supreme Court 1671:Monsanto Company 1510:, mostly in the 1452:to the foraging 1420:Alfalfa and bees 1280:front-end loader 1268: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 972: 971: 969: 968: 967: 962: 958: 955: 954: 953: 950: 762: 750: 731: 719: 705: 691: 666: 665: 661: 658: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 484: 476: 468: 460: 452: 444: 436: 428: 420: 412: 404: 396: 388: 380: 372: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 278: 257: 238: 212: 61: 60: 40: 28: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6685: 6680: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6660: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6637: 6629: 6624: 6616: 6611: 6603: 6598: 6590: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6564: 6559: 6551: 6549: 6543:Medicago sativa 6541: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6515: 6512:Observation.org 6510: 6502: 6497: 6489: 6487: 6479: 6474: 6468:Medicago~sativa 6466: 6461: 6453: 6448: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6422: 6414: 6413:MichiganFlora: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6386: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6313: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6290: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6249: 6241: 6236: 6228: 6223: 6217:Medicago_sativa 6215: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6176: 6174: 6166: 6164: 6156: 6151: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6131: 6123: 6121: 6114:Medicago sativa 6112: 6111: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6084:Medicago sativa 6078: 6065:Wayback Machine 6054: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6021: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5820:10.1071/AN17586 5805: 5804: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5348:on 2 March 2011 5340: 5339: 5335: 5329:Wayback Machine 5320: 5316: 5310:Wayback Machine 5300: 5296: 5290:Wayback Machine 5280: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5254: 5247: 5242:Wayback Machine 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5210:Wayback Machine 5200: 5196: 5190:Wayback Machine 5181: 5177: 5171:Wayback Machine 5161: 5157: 5151:Wayback Machine 5142: 5138: 5132:Wayback Machine 5123: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5066: 5060:Wayback Machine 5051: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5019:Wayback Machine 5010: 5001: 4995:Wayback Machine 4985: 4978: 4973:Wayback Machine 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4896:Wayback Machine 4888: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4777: 4770: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4741:on 4 March 2016 4738: 4727: 4723:Evans, Elaine. 4722: 4721: 4717: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4627: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4440:(2nd ed.). 4433: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4375:on 17 July 2012 4372: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4164:on 17 June 2010 4156: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4113:on 22 July 2011 4110: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3988:on 13 July 2013 3985: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3964: 3957: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3868:Wayback Machine 3855: 3851: 3835:Kitāb al-filāḥa 3832: 3831: 3827: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3698:Wayback Machine 3689: 3685: 3679:Wayback Machine 3670: 3666: 3660:Wayback Machine 3651: 3647: 3641:Wayback Machine 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3565:Wayback Machine 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3493:on 26 June 2010 3490: 3483: 3481:"Archived copy" 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3352:Wayback Machine 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3234:Medicago sativa 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3118:on 17 July 2012 3115: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3063:on 17 July 2011 3060: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3031:on 18 July 2012 3023: 3022: 3018: 3012:Wayback Machine 3003: 2999: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2682:on 11 June 2010 2679: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2446: 2430:B vitamins 2416:and 29% of the 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2388: 2366: 2361: 2319: 2306: 2293: 2280: 2267: 2254: 2241: 2228: 2216: 2186: 2173: 2160: 2151: 2143: 2135: 2127: 2118: 2110: 2101: 2093: 2084: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2031: 2020: 2015: 1996: 1991: 1962: 1957: 1897: 1881: 1831: 1829:Safety concerns 1803:Debbie Stabenow 1687: 1660: 1545: 1539:, and alfalfa. 1512:northwestern US 1422: 1410:South Australia 1394:New South Wales 1375: 1344: 1307: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1201: 1169:southeastern US 1129:, who lived in 1102:. According to 1096: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1076: 965: 963: 959: 956: 951: 948: 946: 944: 943: 942: 939:Kalahari Desert 931: 877: 871: 800: 776: 771: 770: 769: 766: 763: 754: 751: 742: 741:, mature fruits 732: 723: 720: 711: 706: 697: 695:Medicago sativa 692: 663: 659: 656: 654: 639: 574:, as well as a 542:), also called 539:Medicago sativa 506: 502: 492: 489: 299: 298: 219: 214: 210:Medicago sativa 208: 195: 55: 46:Medicago sativa 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6761: 6759: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6715: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6691: 6687:wfo-0000213468 6678: 6668: 6658: 6645: 6635: 6622: 6609: 6596: 6583: 6570: 6557: 6547: 6534: 6521: 6508: 6495: 6485: 6472: 6459: 6446: 6433: 6420: 6410: 6397: 6384: 6371: 6358: 6345: 6332: 6319: 6309: 6296: 6283: 6270: 6260: 6247: 6234: 6221: 6208: 6195: 6182: 6172: 6162: 6149: 6139: 6129: 6119: 6104: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6053: 6052:External links 6050: 6047: 6046: 6019: 5998: 5964: 5929:(4): 528–542. 5913: 5854: 5841: 5795: 5766: 5740: 5697: 5678:(4): 639–640. 5662: 5627: 5592: 5585: 5565: 5538: 5512: 5486: 5475:. 1 March 2022 5457: 5427: 5415: 5385: 5372: 5359: 5333: 5314: 5294: 5274: 5261: 5245: 5226: 5214: 5194: 5175: 5155: 5136: 5117: 5104: 5091: 5079: 5064: 5045: 5035: 5023: 4999: 4976: 4957: 4945: 4926: 4915:. 21 July 1972 4900: 4882: 4869: 4857: 4818: 4792: 4752: 4715: 4664: 4649: 4611: 4593: 4565: 4554:. 27 July 2022 4539: 4520:(4): 425–436. 4500: 4489:. 27 July 2022 4469: 4443: 4421: 4386: 4354: 4309: 4302: 4279: 4258: 4233: 4204: 4175: 4149: 4124: 4092: 4068: 4038: 4027:on 28 May 2010 3999: 3962: 3955: 3935: 3909:Dictionary.com 3872: 3857:Lisān al-'Arab 3849: 3825: 3801: 3773: 3742: 3730: 3702: 3683: 3664: 3645: 3626: 3615:on 6 June 2011 3594: 3569: 3550: 3518: 3472: 3446: 3414: 3382: 3371:on 19 May 2011 3356: 3337: 3315: 3283: 3256: 3222: 3207:. Hayusa.net. 3196: 3185:on 27 May 2010 3161: 3129: 3097: 3074: 3042: 3016: 2997: 2957: 2928: 2910: 2897:(2): 204–211. 2869: 2836: 2818: 2796: 2761: 2734: 2693: 2660: 2638: 2616: 2575: 2558:Britannica.com 2542: 2516: 2494: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2445: 2442: 2426:vitamin C 2422:vitamin K 2387: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2062: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1901:phytoestrogens 1896: 1893: 1880: 1877: 1830: 1827: 1809:) and Senator 1686: 1683: 1659: 1656: 1544: 1541: 1520:Bombus affinis 1421: 1418: 1374: 1371: 1343: 1340: 1306: 1303: 1200: 1197: 1150:Lisān al-'Arab 1095: 1092: 930: 927: 917:Texas root rot 884:alfalfa weevil 873:Main article: 870: 867: 808:Apis mellifera 799: 796: 775: 772: 768: 767: 764: 757: 755: 752: 745: 743: 733: 726: 724: 722:Yellow flowers 721: 714: 712: 707: 700: 698: 693: 686: 683: 682: 681: 675:Alfalfa has a 638: 635: 627:ancient Greeks 584:United Kingdom 494: 493: 491: 490: 488: 487: 479: 474:Medicago varia 471: 463: 455: 447: 439: 431: 423: 415: 407: 402:Medicago polia 399: 391: 383: 375: 370:Medicago media 367: 359: 354:Medicago ladak 351: 343: 335: 327: 319: 311: 302: 296: 295: 294: 291: 290: 284: 283: 282: 281: 269: 260: 248: 226: 225: 221: 220: 215: 204: 203: 197: 196: 192:M. sativa 189: 187: 183: 182: 171: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 112: 111: 106: 99: 98: 93: 86: 85: 80: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 49: 48: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6760: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 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5445: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5404:on 3 May 2012 5403: 5399: 5398:Patrick Leahy 5395: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111:Staff (2010) 5108: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4387: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3936: 3923: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3859:is online at 3858: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3845:Ibn al-'Awwam 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3811:"Book V, § I" 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3672:MT200504.indd 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3326:. Nlm.nih.gov 3325: 3319: 3316: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3146: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2479: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2083:Riboflavin (B 2080: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1968:Dietary fiber 1965: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954:Carbohydrates 1949: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1873:e.g. Coumadin 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Peter DeFazio 1817: 1816:Patrick Leahy 1812: 1811:Richard Lugar 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Roundup Ready 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1569:sickle medick 1565: 1561: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1475:, one of the 1474: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1428:Alfalfa field 1426: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1342:United States 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1211:, circa 1915. 1210: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1157:was derived. 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1132: 1128: 1127:Ibn al-'Awwam 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 970: 952:018°35′36.4″E 940: 935: 928: 926: 924: 923: 918: 914: 913: 908: 907: 902: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 876: 868: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 835:carbohydrates 832: 828: 823: 821: 813: 809: 804: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 773: 765:Lucerne field 761: 756: 749: 744: 740: 736: 730: 725: 718: 713: 710: 704: 699: 696: 690: 685: 680: 678: 673: 669: 652: 648: 644: 641:Alfalfa is a 636: 634: 632: 628: 624: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540: 533: 500: 483: 480: 475: 472: 467: 464: 459: 456: 451: 448: 443: 440: 435: 432: 427: 424: 419: 416: 411: 408: 403: 400: 395: 392: 387: 384: 379: 376: 371: 368: 363: 360: 355: 352: 347: 344: 339: 336: 331: 328: 323: 320: 315: 312: 307: 306:Medica sativa 304: 303: 301: 292: 289: 285: 277: 273: 270: 268: 264: 261: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 237: 233: 230: 229: 227: 222: 218: 213: 211: 205: 202: 201:Binomial name 198: 194: 193: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 176: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83:Tracheophytes 81: 78: 75: 74: 71: 68: 65: 64: 59: 54: 50: 47: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6083: 6037:. 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Retrieved 2497: 2488: 2447: 2389: 2342: 2337: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2010: 1986: 1952: 1921: 1903:, including 1898: 1882: 1866: 1855: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1824: 1776: 1772: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1728: 1709: 1688: 1661: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1607:M. prostrata 1606: 1603:M. glomerata 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591:sand lucerne 1590: 1586: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1518: 1516: 1505: 1500:M. rotundata 1499: 1498: 1487: 1485: 1466: 1431: 1405: 1398:introduction 1392: 1389: 1376: 1366: 1356: 1345: 1316: 1299:fermentation 1284: 1271: 1249: 1222: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1140: 1124: 1111: 1100:Central Asia 1097: 1070: 1042: 1034:fix nitrogen 1027: 1025: 994: 975: 949:24°20′21.5″S 920: 910: 906:Phytophthora 904: 903:, including 881: 878: 846:autotoxicity 843: 831:soil erosion 824: 817: 807: 791: 779: 777: 738: 734: 708: 694: 674: 670: 640: 588:South Africa 576:green manure 543: 538: 537: 498: 497: 481: 473: 465: 457: 449: 441: 433: 425: 417: 409: 401: 393: 385: 377: 369: 361: 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 305: 275: 271: 266: 262: 254: 250: 235: 231: 209: 207: 191: 190: 178: 174: 162: 115: 102: 89: 76: 45: 25: 6424:NatureServe 6349:iNaturalist 6108:Wikispecies 5899:10182/10252 5713:(1): 13–7. 4680:: 221–237. 4638:(1): 11–3. 3861:Baheth.info 3084:Peronospora 2856:(6): 1027. 2713:: 320–326. 2505:. ildis.org 2453:germinating 2418:Daily Value 2414:food energy 2066:Thiamine (B 1905:spinasterol 1799:Frank Lucas 1791:open letter 1767:Tom Vilsack 1589:to produce 1525:cranberries 1477:amino acids 1438:pollination 1434:pollinators 1001:beef cattle 964: / 929:Cultivation 912:Rhizoctonia 858:medicarpins 806:Honey bee ( 637:Description 596:New Zealand 224:Subspecies 148:Subfamily: 96:Angiosperms 6748:Vegetables 6717:Categories 6661:WisFlora: 6561:Plant List 6175:Calflora: 5874:(3): 910. 5814:(3): 493. 5788:30 October 5497:Salmonella 4811:17 October 4771:11 October 4745:10 October 4142:17 October 4117:17 October 4085:17 October 4061:17 October 3242:, AFZ and 3232:"Alfalfa ( 3088:Thunbergia 3035:17 October 2950:17 October 2480:References 2434:phosphorus 2274:Phosphorus 1909:coumestrol 1885:canavanine 1836:Salmonella 1801:, Senator 1675:glyphosate 1644:California 1508:alkali bee 1473:isoleucine 1305:Production 1272:bale spear 1243:pulling a 1199:Harvesting 1193:western US 1185:California 1143:al-fiṣfiṣa 1066:nurse crop 1053:phosphorus 997:dairy cows 812:pollinator 792:al-faṣfaṣa 677:tetraploid 604:trifoliate 580:cover crop 255:microcarpa 6305:200012215 6292:200012215 6274:FloraBase 5951:0028-8233 5908:0002-1962 5828:1836-0939 5558:7 October 5552:"Alfalfa" 5531:7 October 5505:7 October 5479:7 October 4919:4 January 4694:1545-4487 4574:"Lucerne" 4534:0007-4853 4481:"Lucerne" 4192:ucanr.org 3922:"Alfalfa" 3905:"Alfalfa" 3892:23301798M 3249:6 October 2729:1300-011X 2647:"Alfalfa" 2625:"Alfalfa" 2535:3 October 2449:Sprouting 2386:Nutrition 2287:Potassium 2261:Manganese 2248:Magnesium 2180:Vitamin K 2167:Vitamin C 2150:Folate (B 2134:Vitamin B 2100:Niacin (B 1917:fertility 1913:coumestan 1797:Chairman 1712:gene flow 1640:Wisconsin 1611:gene pool 1595:M. sativa 1587:M. sativa 1557:cultivars 1543:Varieties 1373:Australia 1359:resistant 1320:Argentina 1116:Palladius 1049:potassium 901:root rots 778:The word 774:Etymology 735:M. sativa 709:M. sativa 643:perennial 620:livestock 592:Australia 548:perennial 453:Vassilcz. 421:Vassilcz. 397:Vassilcz. 381:Vassilcz. 365:Vassilcz. 357:Vassilcz. 325:Vassilcz. 272:M. sativa 263:M. sativa 251:M. sativa 232:M. sativa 186:Species: 170:Section: 152:Faboideae 66:Kingdom: 6728:Medicago 6649:VicFlora 6638:VASCAN: 6631:13035689 6626:Tropicos 6566:ild-8536 6463:NSWFlora 6429:2.143614 6380:10179148 6367:506409-1 6212:eFloraSA 6165:BioLib: 6093:Wikidata 6061:Archived 6033:Archived 6029:30844154 5991:28 March 5985:Archived 5975:(2024). 5959:92277149 5836:91082792 5759:3 August 5735:40324719 5352:19 March 5325:Archived 5306:Archived 5286:Archived 5238:Archived 5206:Archived 5186:Archived 5167:Archived 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