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front of them, retreat back to their nests until diapausing individuals emerge, or chew through the nesting cells in front of them, killing the diapausing bees. These decisions are contingent on the extent of development of delay of nestmates. For example, emerging individuals would remain in their cells when they were delayed from emerging for a relatively short period of time. When delayed for longer periods of times, however, emerging individuals would use their mandibles to destroy the cells of their nest mates. With respect to sex differences, males have been observed to bypass nests more frequently than females due to the small size of males.
493:
spring-emergent adults weigh more than summer-emergent ("second-generation") adults. These differences have been proposed to be attributed to the chances of survival to mating of the two sexes and the metabolic costs involved in development. Bees that undergo diapause and emerge in the spring must endure the long winter, so require more food stores. As a result, they will be larger when they mature. Another explanation has been that smaller bees mature faster, thus are able to mate more quickly when they emerge in the summer to avoid the cold, harsh conditions of the winter.
531:
from these males. This behavior is attributed to female productivity during the construction of her nest and egg-laying. When harassed, females are unable to build their nests efficiently, making less foraging trips and spending a longer time overall in nest construction. Fleeing allows females to avoid being mounted. In the process of fleeing, however, females may lose their nesting materials, such as leaves and must then make an additional trip to make up for the lost materials.
597:
57:
44:
439:
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265:, which includes more than 4,000 bee species; this currently makes this family the second-largest among all bee families. This subfamily is one of four other subfamilies of Megachilidae, the other three being the Fideliinae, Pararhophitinae, and Lithurginae. Phylogenetic studies suggest that this subfamily is monophyletic. More specifically, it belongs to the genus
796:
when the target does alight, the male leaf cutter darts rapidly onto the target's back. This causes bumble bees and nonreceptive female leaf cutters to move to another flower and in the process shed the male leaf cutter. The male may then move right to the next prospect, or may first stop for a sip of nectar.
530:
bee species. During the mating season, males attempt to obtain mates by positioning themselves at sites where female are likely to be, including foraging sites and nests. While females can mate several times, they resist male advances by restricting their mating to one sexual interaction and fleeing
392:
behaviors: 1) The mother brings more provisions to the inner cells because she expects that female progeny will be produced there and 2) the mother chooses to fertilize her egg, and therefore promotes the production of female progeny, because she has to bring larger provision proportions to a larger
378:
on top of the nectar. Each cell contains one pollen and nectar ball, and one egg with each cell containing a 2:1 nectar-to-pollen ratio. The completion of one cell in the nest requires between 15 and 20 provisioning trips. After the female lays her eggs, she seals the cell with circular leaf pieces.
795:
Males of the species may, presumably by mistake, attempt to mate with other bee species that are using the same foraging areas as female leaf cutters. They follow several inches behind their intended partner, whether a leaf cutter or bumble bee, which is moving around a plant seeking a flower; then
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state called prepupal, and kept in such state by a constant temperature of about 7 °C (45 °F). At a time that is appropriate for the crop's flowers, the farmer puts the prepupal form in an incubating environment, a constant temperature around 27 °C (81 °F) The adult bees emerge
387:
Studies reveal that positioning of male and female progeny in the nest is strategic and that cell size plays a major role in the size of progeny, independent of the mother's size. Females have been observed to lay female eggs in the inner cells and male eggs in the outer cells. With respect to sex
373:
Each cell is made from circular disks cut from plant leaves using the bee's mandibles, hence the name "leafcutter". Females use about 15 leaves per cell, called a concave bottom, overlapping the leaves to produce the thimble-shaped cell. While the bees do not store honey, females do collect pollen
369:
Females construct tubular nests in a variety of sites, including rotting wood, flower stems, reeds, and soda straws. In the wild, females also create nests in small holes in the ground or in available cracks/crevices in trees or buildings. The nests are composed of a string of individual cells, as
951:
Other methods of preventing parasitoid invasion include physical barriers. For example, the presence of thick artificial cavities separating the exterior from the nest and application of a felt cloth sealing to the back of the nesting board prevents parasitoid access to the nest. Another way that
509:
of nest mates is not a genetically based behavior. Further, fratricide has been hypothesized to be a nondiscriminatory behavior; emerging individuals treat developing siblings and non-siblings similarly. When developing in cells behind diapausing bees, inner-nesting bees either bypass the nest in
409:
cues onto their nests to facilitate nest recognition. Specifically, they transfer these hormones by running their abdomens along the nest or excreting liquid from the tip of the abdomen. The olfactory cues are especially concentrated around the nest entrance. When these olfactory cues were
492:
Progeny released via the two alternative pathways for emergence display different sex ratios and sizes. Among adults that emerge during the summer of the same year, the sex ratio is biased towards males. Among the "second-generation bees", however, the sex ratio is female biased. Further,
821:, which is introduced into the nest cells through nectar and pollen provisions that females bring back from foraging visits. Signs of chalkbrood infection have been observed to occur in the fifth-instar larvae, leading to the milky appearance of the larval
662:
larvae kill host bee larvae and consume pollen from nest provisions. When it reaches the third stage of development, it burrows into adjacent cells and consumes host larvae irrespective of host larval instar stage. In another case, female
393:
cell. The sex ratio changes depending on nest size, length, and nesting material. This ratio is controlled by the female. These observations have been made for females that make their nests in tunnels. For example, a 5.5 mm tunnel
485:
out of silk threads. The next spring, the mature larva pupates, a process that lasts 3–4 weeks, and completes its development. Once the bee is developed, it cuts its way out from the nest by chewing itself out of its cocoon.
496:
The sex ratio of the offspring also depends on the distance between nesting and foraging sites. Females have been observed and determined to bias their offspring sex ratio to males at larger flight distances from the nest.
977:
was accidentally introduced into the United States during the 1940s, and its management as a pollinator leads to increases in seed production of some crops in the U.S. It has been shown to pollinate these plant species:
825:
and development of a pink, tan, or gray cast in their head or abdominal regions. These changes are accompanied by the spread of pink, tan, or gray color throughout the body of the larvae, and dark-colored, fungal
667:
females lay eggs in cracks between cells at the back of the nest. As they develop, the larvae begin to consume host larvae, moving towards the front of the nest and eating females first. In a third case,
551:
are the primary compound detected by males. Further, females of different ages emit different pheromones, containing different alkene compositions. In young females, substances that classify as either
374:
and nectar which they store in the cells of their nests. Specifically, females first regurgitate the nectar they have provisioned into the cell and then transfer the pollen that is attached to their
1809:
Paulmier, Ivan; Bagnères, Anne-Geneviève; Afonso, Carlos M. M.; Dusticier, Georges; Rivière, Germaine; Clément, Jean-Luc (1999-03-01). "Alkenes as a Sexual
Pheromone in the Alfalfa Leaf-Cutter Bee
730:
larvae or pupae. After stinging to paralyze its host, the female lays her eggs on the host's surface and the development of the parasite offspring takes place. After about 15–20 weeks, adults of
397:
is associated with a 3:1 ratio and a 6.0 mm tunnel diameter is associated with a 2:1 ratio of males to females. Shorter tunnels, those that are below 5.0 cm long, are less favorable.
773:
stage, to the bee. The triungulin will then, upon the host bee's arrival to its nest, remove itself from the bee, entering a cell and consuming all the provisions gathered by the host female.
915:, such as those required with honey bees, are not necessary when dealing with these bees. When these bees do sting, however, they do not lose their stingers or die after stinging.
1337:"Nest Establishment, Pollination Efficiency, and Reproductive Success of Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Relation to Resource Availability in Field Enclosures"
291:
278:
1381:
Peterson, Jason H.; Roitberg, Bernard D.; Peterson, J. H. (2005-10-22). "Impacts of flight distance on sex ratio and resource allocation to offspring in the leafcutter bee,
892:
In controlling chalkbrood, such methods as decontamination of nest cells and materials and shelters was initially achieved using household bleach. Current methods include
1493:
2354:
370:
many as the space will allow. When managed for pollination, the females are induced to nest in paper cylinders similar to drinking straws or drilled blocks of wood.
2241:
1466:
1485:
2280:
1172:
Pitts-Singer, Theresa L.; Cane, James H. (2011-01-01). "The
Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata: The World's Most Intensively Managed Solitary Bee".
459:. Adults emerge by the end of the summer through one of two developmental pathways: larvae will develop by the end of one summer and proceed through the a pre
388:
ratios, larger cell provisions are correlated with a greater production of female offspring. Two explanations exist for these behaviors in terms of mother's
1730:
Tepedino, V. J.; Frohlich, D. R. (1984-01-01). "Fratricide in
Megachile rotundata, a Non-Social Megachilid Bee: Impartial Treatment of Sibs and Non-Sibs".
2055:
1092:
1028:, and synchronous emergence of adult bees during alfalfa blooming period provide positive benefits for the use of these bees in agricultural development.
889:
This is supported by observations in chalkbrood-diseased larvae, which contain higher levels of bacteria and fungi in their guts than in healthy larvae.
2215:
1246:
2254:
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when the pollen is fully consumed. In its progression into the diapause phase, the larva defecates pellets in a ring formation and then spins its
414:
were unable to identify their own nests, revealing the importance of these chemicals. The chemical composition of these olfactory cues includes
1145:
761:
reaches the larval stage, it will kill the developing, host larva and consume all of the provisions that the host female placed in the nest.
589:. Females will immediately begin feeding after emergence during the maturation period of their eggs. During feeding, the bee will insert its
250:, but it poses no overall danger unless it is threatened or harmed, and its sting has been described as half as painful as a honey bee's.
1128:
Goettel, Mark S. (2008-01-01). "Alfalfa
Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)". In Capinera, John L. (ed.).
56:
2349:
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804:
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phase until the next summer; or larvae, known as "second-generation" bees, skip this phase and emerge as adults in the same summer.
1921:
Inglis, G. Douglas; Sigler, Lynne; Goette, Mark S. (1993-09-01). "Aerobic microorganisms associated with alfalfa leafcutter bees (
563:
compounds predominate. During mating season, males are able to detect these pheromones and preferentially select young females to
337:
is currently found on all continents except
Antarctica. In North America, the species was deliberately imported to assist in the
477:
stages before emerging as an adult. During its development, which occurs rapidly, the larva consumes the pollen ball and enters
1976:
Vandenberg, John D.; Stephen, W. P. (1982-03-01). "Etiology and symptomatology of chalkbrood in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,
2259:
1600:
Guédot, Christelle; Buckner, James S.; Hagen, Marcia M.; Bosch, Jordi; Kemp, William P.; Pitts-Singer, Theresa L. (2013).
1482:
1463:
2111:
2098:
1602:"Nest Marking Behavior and Chemical Composition of Olfactory Cues Involved in Nest Recognition in Megachile rotundata"
881:
547:
are released by females to assist in attracting males as mates. Studies of the emissions from these waxes reveal that
2194:
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will lay their eggs on flowers and, when a bee arrives at this flower during provisioning, will secure itself, as a
2285:
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is the most formidable predator, with females laying their eggs in cracks between leaf pieces. During development,
427:
2207:
2030:
1045:
180:
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nesting, use of leaves and nesting materials that have been mass-produced by humans, efficient pollination of
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from the pupal form after about 25 days at that temperature. Then, the farmer brings the bees to the field.
1013:
696:
1856:
O'Neill, Kevin M.; O'Neill, Ruth P.; Blodgett, Sue; Fultz, Jessica (2004). "Composition of Pollen Loads of
644:
2066:
314:, meaning that under the right conditions they can produce two generations per year. These bees present a
702:
690:
2116:
885:. With respect to the development of chalkbrood, the bacteria and fungi may promote the inhabitation of
817:
310:, the "small leaf-cutting bees"; they are 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) in length. They are partially
163:
1435:
Milius, Susan (January 6, 2007). "Most Bees Live Alone: No hives, no honey, but maybe help for crops".
1774:
1519:"Introducing the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee into Australia - A Case Study, R.M. Bitner and S.S. Peterson"
857:
708:
2295:
2150:
1563:"Influence of Tunnel Size and Nesting Medium on Sex Ratios in a Leaf-Cutter Bee, Megachile rotundata"
908:
638:
632:
1504:
714:
556:
552:
2272:
624:, all of which have unique ways of invading and destroying their host nests. Some species include
140:
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are away from the nest, such as during foraging, to lay their egg in the host nest cells. Once a
626:
448:
51:
869:
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bees are a dark grey color. Females have white hairs all over their bodies, including on their
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1402:
1358:
1307:
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When these bees are supplied to farmers for pollinating crops, they are usually supplied in a
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as a defensive mechanism, usually only defending themselves when squeezed or antagonized. So,
831:
650:
606:
315:
243:
2321:
1989:
1934:
1905:
Parasite, predators, and nest destroyers of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata
1869:
1822:
1789:
1739:
1704:
1661:
1613:
1574:
1446:
1394:
1348:
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1245:
Gonzalez, Victor H.; Griswold, Terry; Praz, Christophe J.; Danforth, Bryan N. (2012-04-01).
1181:
1133:
893:
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specifically larvae, was discovered in 1974 in Nevada. This disease occurs from exposure of
745:
544:
1506:"There have been several importations of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, beginning in 1987..."
1247:"Phylogeny of the bee family Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) based on adult morphology"
1218:
2303:
1489:
1470:
936:
851:
506:
489:
Upon emergence, females mate immediately and begin constructing their nests after a week.
323:
242:, these nests are lined with cut leaves. These bees feed on pollen and nectar and display
1095:, a publication of the University of Maine Agricultural Cooperative Extension, year 2007.
43:
2202:
2189:
1185:
423:
239:
17:
2338:
2007:
1993:
1646:"Sexual harassment by males reduces female fecundity in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,
1265:
1021:
863:
838:
456:
1889:
1842:
1759:
1673:
1530:
Klostermeyer, E. C.; Mech, Stephen J.; Rasmussen, Wm. B. (1973). "Sex and Weight of
1414:
1281:
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pest are controlled is by opening up the nesting material and cleaning the cocoons.
765:, in contrast, initiate parasitism of hosts at foraging sites. Specifically, female
438:
2142:
1962:
1437:
875:
782:
262:
204:
118:
2050:
Effectiveness of the
Alfalfa Leafcutter Bee as a pollinator of legume forage crops
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776:
1562:
1450:
2267:
2228:
940:
415:
350:
338:
108:
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Female alfalfa leafcutter bees have stingers, but both sexes usually use their
1826:
1398:
967:
944:
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into the keel of the plant. In the process, pollen is brushed onto its scopa.
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2089:
1946:
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1794:
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267:
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1954:
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2308:
1644:
Rossi, Benjamin H.; Nonacs, Peter; Pitts-Singer, Theresa L. (2010-01-01).
318:, in which the males are smaller than the females and differently marked.
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564:
478:
463:
394:
389:
2129:
1881:
1547:
1534:(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Progeny Associated with Provision Weights".
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223:, other vegetables, and some fruits. Because of this, farmers often use
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1938:
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231:
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How to Manage
Alfalfa Leafcutting Bees for Wild Blueberry Pollination
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As a member of the
Hymenoptera order, the alfalfa leafcutter bee is
326:. In contrast, males have white and yellow spots on their abdomens.
2168:
1873:
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that has been introduced to various regions around the world. As a
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842:
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can feed on nectar and pollen from a variety of plants but prefer
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around their crops. Each female constructs and provisions her own
208:
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are present in the highest concentrations and, in older females,
2155:
1070:
Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual
Checklist
827:
482:
460:
235:
2064:
1775:"Male mating behaviour and mating systems of bees: an overview"
1308:"Megachile rotundata (Fabricius, 1787) Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee"
1860:
in
Relation to Flower Diversity (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)".
200:
1483:"Selection and importation of new pollinators to New Zealand"
275:
consists of bees that cut leaf pieces to line their nests.
271:, which contains 52 subgenera and 1,478 species. The genus
1473:, New Zealand Entomologist Vol 33: 92-101 (February 2010)
943:
lamps placed above liquid traps are effective in killing
1689:"Alternation of Sex Ratio in a Partially Bivoltine Bee,
1509:, Australian Honey Industry Monthly Review, January 2001
837:
A variety of microorganisms have been isolated from the
684:
Various families of wasps are the primary parasites of
306:
is a European leaf-cutting bee placed in the subgenus
238:, which is built in old trees or log tunnels. Being a
505:
Research on second-generation bees illustrates that
2073:
718:. The most formidable predator of this species is
1561:Stephen, W. P.; Osgood, Charles E. (1965-10-01).
753:spp. take advantage of instances when females of
722:, a parasitoid wasp in which the female uses her
295:Backside of female, showing such features as the
1335:Pitts-Singer, Theresa L.; Bosch, Jordi (2010).
1219:"Megachile rotundata (alfalfa leafcutting bee)"
1072:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2019
1697:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1687:Tepedino, V. J.; Parker, F. D. (1988-05-01).
676:when it is in its cocoon or the pupal stage.
620:Currently, 28 species are known to prey on
299:, abdomen, wings, and color of the body hairs
207:species, it does not build colonies or store
8:
1862:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1536:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
737:Other parasites include several species of
405:During nest construction, females transfer
2061:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
246:. This species has been known to bite and
42:
31:
1907:. Western Regional Extension Publication.
1793:
1617:
1352:
1132:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 98–101.
1903:Eves, Jack D.; Mayer, Daniel F. (1980).
1093:"How to Manage Alfalfa Leafcutting Bees"
357:in 1987 to assist in the pollination of
2355:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
1057:
2008:"Pests, Chemicals, & Drilled Wood"
1916:
1914:
1639:
1637:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1295:https://bugguide.net/node/view/210925
1123:
1121:
227:as a pollination aid by distributing
7:
2296:6c93e83f-09ce-4a5d-9884-f9383abc074b
2208:eda89238-a975-4128-83bb-eb014f4ed9b2
1330:
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1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1732:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1387:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
410:experimentally removed, females of
2104:Megachile_(Eutricharaea)_rotundata
1186:10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836
341:of food crops, but has now become
25:
1982:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
932:for pollination, such methods as
1464:"Introduced Bees in New Zealand"
1266:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00620.x
1066:"ITIS Bees: World Bee Checklist"
924:Human assistance in pest control
882:Trichosporonoides megachiliensis
55:
1567:Journal of Economic Entomology
1297:BugGuide, Megachille rotundata
571:Interaction with other species
501:Kin recognition and fratricide
287:Description and identification
1:
1666:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.10.023
1138:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_135
383:Nest dimensions and sex ratio
261:is a member of the subfamily
1994:10.1016/0022-2011(82)90002-7
1773:Paxton, Robert John (2005).
1693:(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)"
1451:10.1002/scin.2007.5591710110
428:fatty alcohol acetate esters
361:(known locally as lucerne).
1815:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1174:Annual Review of Entomology
2371:
2052:(ISHS membership required)
1130:Encyclopedia of Entomology
211:, but is a very efficient
2350:Insects described in 1787
1399:10.1007/s00265-005-0085-9
1046:List of Megachile species
611:on a yellow inflorescence
473:transitions through four
169:
162:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
2031:Alfalfa Leafcutter Bee (
1606:Environmental Entomology
1341:Environmental Entomology
879:spp., and fungi include
349:was also introduced to
330:Distribution and habitat
1827:10.1023/A:1020993518226
1014:Vaccinium angustifolium
697:Monodontomerus obscurus
526:has been found to be a
446:and (B) subfossil male
282:Heads-on view of female
197:alfalfa leafcutting bee
971:
787:
726:to sting a developing
612:
452:
300:
283:
254:Taxonomy and phylogeny
18:Alfalfa leafcutter bee
1795:10.1051/apido:2005007
1709:10.1093/aesa/81.3.467
1494:DSIR Plant Protection
1254:Systematic Entomology
963:
818:Ascosphaera aggregata
779:
688:Some species include
645:Tribolium brevicornis
599:
441:
294:
281:
2203:Fauna Europaea (new)
1579:10.1093/jee/58.5.965
1223:Animal Diversity Web
633:Trogoderma variabile
442:Pupae of (A) female
2075:Megachile rotundata
2033:Megachile rotundata
1978:Megachile rotundata
1923:Megachile rotundata
1858:Megachile rotundata
1811:Megachile rotundata
1691:Megachile rotundata
1648:Megachile rotundata
1532:Megachile rotundata
1383:Megachile rotundata
975:Megachile rotundata
849:. Bacteria include
780:Slide illustrating
703:Melittobia chalybii
691:Pteromalus venustus
581:Megachile rotundata
524:Megachile rotundata
335:Megachile rotundata
320:Megachile rotundata
304:Megachile rotundata
259:Megachile rotundata
192:Megachile rotundata
173:Megachile rotundata
36:Megachile rotundata
1939:10.1007/BF00177048
1744:10.1007/bf00310210
1492:, B. J. Donovan,
1488:2008-10-15 at the
1469:2010-05-27 at the
1020:Such behaviors as
972:
947:, but not harming
788:
627:Trogoderma glabrum
613:
545:epicuticular waxes
453:
449:Megachile gentilis
301:
284:
2332:
2331:
2317:Open Tree of Life
2067:Taxon identifiers
1927:Microbial Ecology
1147:978-1-4020-6242-1
970:on alfalfa flower
839:alimentary canals
830:appear under the
651:Trichodes ornatus
607:Trichodes ornatus
535:Sexual pheromones
365:Nest construction
345:and widespread.
316:sexual dimorphism
244:sexual dimorphism
188:
187:
155:M. rotundata
16:(Redirected from
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1062:
919:Human importance
894:paraformaldehyde
858:B. licheniformis
746:Nemognatha lutea
709:Diachys confusus
600:One predator of
401:Nest recognition
199:, is a European
175:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
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1054:
1042:
984:Medicago sativa
958:
926:
921:
905:
852:Bacillus firmus
802:
793:
682:
639:Tribolium audax
618:
586:Medicago sativa
578:
573:
537:
521:
516:
514:Sexual behavior
507:kin recognition
503:
436:
424:fatty aldehydes
403:
385:
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2190:Fauna Europaea
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2044:External links
2042:
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1999:
1988:(2): 133–137.
1968:
1933:(2): 125–143.
1910:
1895:
1874:10.2317/E-24.1
1868:(4): 619–625.
1848:
1821:(3): 471–490.
1801:
1788:(2): 145–156.
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1722:
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1660:(1): 165–171.
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27:Species of bee
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2012:crownbees.com
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949:M. rotundata.
946:
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887:A. aggregata.
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864:B. megaterium
860:
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715:Sapyga pumila
711:
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693:
692:
687:
686:M. rotundata.
679:
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557:9-pentacosene
554:
553:7-pentacosene
550:
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164:Binomial name
161:
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37:
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2032:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1904:
1898:
1865:
1861:
1857:
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1781:
1768:
1738:(1): 19–23.
1735:
1731:
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1525:
1514:
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1500:
1478:
1459:
1442:
1438:Science News
1436:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1344:
1340:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1177:
1173:
1129:
1074:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1004:
997:
989:
982:
974:
973:
965:M. rotundata
964:
948:
930:M. rotundata
929:
928:In managing
927:
906:
891:
886:
880:
876:Streptomyces
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
847:M. rotundata
846:
836:
816:
813:M. rotundata
812:
808:
803:
794:
783:Streptomyces
781:
766:
762:
758:
755:M. rotundata
754:
750:
744:
738:
736:
731:
728:M. rotundata
727:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
685:
683:
674:M. rotundata
673:
670:T. variabile
669:
664:
659:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
622:M. rotundata
621:
619:
605:
602:M. rotundata
601:
584:
580:
579:
538:
523:
522:
504:
495:
491:
488:
468:
457:haplodiploid
454:
447:
444:M. rotundata
443:
416:hydrocarbons
412:M. rotundata
411:
404:
386:
372:
368:
353:in 1971 and
347:M. rotundata
346:
334:
333:
319:
307:
303:
302:
272:
266:
263:Megachilinae
258:
257:
229:M. rotundata
228:
225:M. rotundata
224:
205:solitary bee
196:
191:
190:
189:
172:
170:
154:
153:
142:Eutricharaea
141:
129:
119:Megachilidae
35:
29:
2268:NatureServe
2229:iNaturalist
1445:(1): 11–3.
956:Pollination
945:parasitoids
941:ultraviolet
939:strips and
807:disease in
732:P. venustus
720:P. venustus
351:New Zealand
339:pollination
308:Eutricharia
109:Hymenoptera
2339:Categories
2017:2017-04-18
1782:Apidologie
1228:2015-10-15
1076:2019-06-20
1052:References
1022:gregarious
968:pollinator
934:dichlorvos
897:fumigation
870:B. pumilus
805:Chalkbrood
771:triungulin
724:ovipositor
665:T. glabrum
660:T. ornatus
656:T. ornatus
541:pheromones
528:monandrous
434:Life cycle
420:wax esters
213:pollinator
137:Subgenus:
89:Arthropoda
2345:Megachile
1947:0095-3628
1835:0098-0331
1717:0013-8746
1587:0022-0493
1407:0340-5443
1317:9 January
1274:1365-3113
1026:M. sativa
1006:Trifolium
913:bee suits
909:mandibles
823:hemolymph
759:Coelioxys
751:Coelioxys
740:Coelioxys
680:Parasites
616:Predators
591:proboscis
561:5-monoene
407:olfactory
355:Australia
312:bivoltine
273:Megachile
268:Megachile
181:Fabricius
149:Species:
130:Megachile
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
2273:2.882193
2247:10731358
2125:BugGuide
2084:Wikidata
1955:24190009
1890:86689599
1882:25086246
1843:38411367
1760:26028688
1674:53192944
1628:23905742
1548:25082604
1486:Archived
1467:Archived
1415:38237901
1363:20146851
1282:19087532
1194:20809804
1040:See also
767:N. lutea
763:N. lutea
734:emerge.
672:attacks
565:copulate
479:diapause
464:diapause
395:diameter
390:foraging
232:prepupae
115:Family:
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
2221:1335648
2156:1046632
2090:Q431061
1963:2331321
1752:4599689
1033:dormant
992:Legumes
903:Defense
832:cuticle
800:Disease
786:culture
549:alkenes
539:Sexual
359:alfalfa
221:carrots
217:alfalfa
183:, 1787)
125:Genus:
105:Order:
99:Insecta
95:Class:
2322:344336
2309:178764
2293:NZOR:
2286:143995
2260:154369
2195:232852
2182:254965
2169:MEGCRO
2130:210925
1961:
1953:
1945:
1888:
1880:
1841:
1833:
1758:
1750:
1715:
1672:
1626:
1585:
1546:
1413:
1405:
1361:
1280:
1272:
1192:
1144:
990:Other
873:, and
791:Mating
712:, and
648:, and
567:with.
519:Mating
483:cocoon
475:instar
426:, and
324:scopae
297:thorax
195:, the
2242:IRMNG
2234:52783
2177:EUNIS
2143:8S6JQ
2117:21202
1959:S2CID
1886:S2CID
1878:JSTOR
1839:S2CID
1778:(PDF)
1756:S2CID
1748:JSTOR
1670:S2CID
1544:JSTOR
1411:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1250:(PDF)
843:frass
828:cysts
471:larva
461:pupal
376:scopa
343:feral
248:sting
209:honey
2281:NCBI
2255:ITIS
2216:GBIF
2164:EPPO
2112:BOLD
1951:PMID
1943:ISSN
1925:)".
1831:ISSN
1713:ISSN
1624:PMID
1583:ISSN
1403:ISSN
1359:PMID
1319:2016
1270:ISSN
1190:PMID
1142:ISBN
1009:spp.
937:pest
841:and
743:and
576:Diet
469:The
236:nest
2151:EoL
2138:CoL
2099:AFD
1990:doi
1980:".
1935:doi
1870:doi
1823:doi
1813:".
1790:doi
1740:doi
1705:doi
1662:doi
1614:doi
1575:doi
1447:doi
1443:171
1395:doi
1385:".
1349:doi
1262:doi
1182:doi
1134:doi
845:of
815:to
555:or
543:in
215:of
201:bee
2341::
2319::
2306::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2244::
2231::
2218::
2205::
2192::
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