381:
less than that for high temperature. The virus usually reaches his inactivation temperature at 60–65 °C. Dark conditions slow down the virus multiplication, while light speeds it up. A hypothesis for this phenomenon is that shading causes a decrease in ATP production by photosynthesis. The optimum pH was found to be about pH 7–7.5 for AMV in sap (depending on the host species). It has been proved that in the important forage grass alfalfa, the infection by AMV leads to a decrease of Cu, Fe, Mn, P and Zn quantities. On the other hand, an increase in N (viral protein) was observed. Infected alfalfa was also not seen to be harmful for domestic animals.
52:
31:
958:
944:
323:
359:
Symptoms vary from wilting, white flecks, malformation like dwarfing, ringspots, mottles, mosaics to necrosis depending on the virus strain, host variety, stage of growth at infection and environmental conditions. Signs of infection can persist or disappear quickly. The virus can be detected in each
436:
Insecticides against aphids are not effective for controlling AMV. Recommendations are sowing healthy seed (some seed companies sell seed tested for AMV), managing weeds, avoiding growing crops adjacent to infected pasture and other cultural practices to minimize AMV. Work has been done on creating
265:
and its role in movement, the viral coat protein plays a role in the initiation of RNA replication. This property is called genome activation and means that the genomic nucleic acid is not infectious without the capsid. Specific association of the coat protein with the RNA 3’- terminal sequences or
380:
AMV has a longevity of 1–4 days (sometimes much longer). Temperature and light are the environmental factors that have the greatest influence on the multiplication and movement of AMV in the plant and thus indirectly on the symptoms. Under low temperature the appearance of necrosis for example is
384:
AMV is a very variable plant virus and several strains with minor differences exist (strain Q, strain S, strain 425, strain AlMV-B, strain AlMV- S,...). Distinction is based on different symptoms in one or two chosen hosts and also on, for example, differential physico-chemical properties.
441:
AMV resistant plants. For example, DNA derived from AMV encoding the gene for the capsid has been inserted into alfalfa plants. This reduced the susceptibility of the plants to infection by AMV and the plants would be less of a reservoir of virus for spread to other plants.
273:
sequence of the complete genome has been determined and the length of the genome is 8274 nucleotides (or 9155 including the subgenomic RNA). RNA 1, 2, 3 and 4 are respectively 3644 (3.65kb), 2593 (2.6kb), 2037 (2.2kb) and 881 (0.88kb) nucleotides long.
427:
The host range of the virus is wide and includes food and pasture crops (peas, lentils, potatoes, clovers,...). Infection by AMV causes important yield losses, reduces winter survival and facilitates infection of the affected plant by other pathogens.
369:
767:
665:
258:
strand of RNA 3. RNA 1 and 2 encode proteins needed for replication. RNA 3 is required for the synthesis of the protein responsible for cell-to-cell movement. RNA 4 encodes the capsid.
451:
293:
2nd step: The coat protein interacts with an initiation factor. This triggers translation of RNA1 and 2 into replicase proteins P1 and P2. The complex P1/P2 binds to the RNA.
286:
1st step: AMV enters the cell and the particles disassemble. The capsid protein remains attached to the coat protein binding site (CPB) at the 3’- end of the RNAs. The
747:
Kudo A.; Misawa T. (1971). "Some phenoma observed in systemic infection of alfalfa mosaic virus: the influences of air temperature and shading on symptom appearance".
456:
1062:
1075:
870:
1108:
525:
Kumar A.; Reddy V. S.; Yusibov V.; Chipman P. R.; Hata Y.; Fita I.; Fukuyama K.; Rossmann M. G.; Loesch-Fries L. S.; Baker T. S.; Johnson J. E. (1997).
300:
by P1/P2. The capsid dissociates from CPB. CPB undergoes a conformational change into TLS (tRNA-like structure). P1/P2 bind to the minus- strand
625:"Genetic dissection of the multiple functions of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in viral RNA replication, encapsidation, and movement"
845:"Characterization and partial nucleotide sequence analysis of alfalfa mosaic alfamoviruses isolated from potato and azuki bean in Korea"
269:
Bacilliform particles contain separately encapsidated RNAs 1, 2 and 3. Spheroidal particles each have two copies of RNA 4. The
238:
symmetry of the capsid is round to elongated. The range for the length of the virion particle is about 30–57 nm. AMV is a
411:) and at least 14 other species are known to play that role. AMV can also be transmitted by seed, pollen, through mechanical
948:
666:"Purification, characterization, assembly and crystallization of assembled alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein expressed in
495:
Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, van Hertum J, eds. (2008).
51:
1080:
893:
484:. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA.
255:
251:
527:"The structure of alfalfa mosaic virus capsid protein assembled as T=1 icosahedral particle at 4.0-Å resolution"
1014:
962:
461:
419:). The combination of seed-infected plants and spreading by aphids results mostly in high levels of infection.
191:
and yellow mosaics on a large variety of plant species, including commercially important crops. It is the only
254:
strand RNAs (RNA 1, RNA 2 and RNA 3) and a subgenomic RNA (RNA 4) which is obtained by transcription of the
843:
Hyo Won Jung; Hye Jin Jung; Wan Soo Yun; Hye Ja Kim; Young ll Hahm; Kook-Hyung Kim; Jang Kyung Choi (2000).
976:
1103:
336:
AMV infects over 600 plant species in 70 families (experimental and natural hosts). Some hosts: potato (
242:
and is composed of four particles (three bacilliform and one spheroidal) with a diameter of 18 nm.
239:
1036:
46:
804:"Effect of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) on the content of some macro- and micronutrients in alfalfa"
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301:
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729:
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605:
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782:
721:
684:
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595:
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546:
538:
365:
844:
768:"Factors influencing the infection of cowpea mesophyll protoplasts by alfalfa mosaic virus"
328:
124:
100:
712:
Bol J.F. (2003). "Alfalfa mosaic virus: coat protein-dependent initiation of infection".
496:
803:
600:
575:
407:
910:
Freeman A.; Aftab M. (2006). "Temperature pulse viruses: alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)".
551:
526:
30:
1097:
725:
542:
262:
184:
112:
88:
889:
197:
136:
1028:
829:
310:
5th step: Plus- strand RNAs and viral proteins are synthesized. Virions assemble.
304:
which is made up of TLS and hairpin E (directs initiation of some transcriptions).
1008:
412:
235:
999:
957:
787:
689:
438:
270:
1049:
576:"Spatial determinants of the alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding site"
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395:
361:
297:
76:
733:
650:
641:
624:
609:
943:
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560:
993:
376:
188:
664:
Yusibov V.; Kumar A.; North A.; Johnson J.E.; Loesch-Fries L.S. (1996).
591:
322:
202:
231:
227:
210:
970:
1054:
497:"Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist"
321:
63:
1041:
974:
871:"Occurrence of alfalfa mosaic virus in Prince Edward Island"
360:
part of the host plant. The virions are mainly found in the
290:
elF4A, elF4E and elF4G of the host bind to the cap (5’-end).
314:(Most details of the replication cycle are still unknown).
266:
with the subgenomic mRNA is required for the infection.
250:
The genetic material of AMV consists of three linear
201:. In 1931 Weimer J.L. was the first to report AMV in
983:
452:
Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding (CPB) RNA
326:
Symptoms of alfalfa mosaic virus on chili peppers (
209:). Transmission of the virus occurs mainly by some
213:(plant lice), by seeds or by pollen to the seed.
415:of plant sap and by the parasitic plant dodder (
282:The AMV cycle can be split up into five steps:
307:4th step: Minus- strand RNAs are synthesized.
8:
802:Yardımcı N; Eryiğit H; Erdal I (2006–2007).
457:Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5′ UTR stem-loop
971:
29:
18:
786:
688:
640:
599:
550:
749:Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research
472:
393:The vectors are insects of the order
7:
832:. AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses.
234:(coat protein) but no envelope. The
514:. San Diego, Academic Press, 635 p.
1109:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
927:Molecular breeding of forage crops
869:McDonald J. G.; Suzuki M. (1983).
370:Inclusions of Alfalfa mosaic virus
296:3rd step: Targeting of RNA to the
14:
574:Laforest S.M.; Gehrke L. (2004).
956:
942:
726:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00146.x
543:10.1128/JVI.71.10.7911-7916.1997
50:
828:Jaspars E.M.J.; Bos L. (1980).
811:Journal of Culture Collections
1:
878:Canadian Plant Disease Survey
183:, is a worldwide distributed
929:. Victoria, Springer, 356 p.
766:Alblas F.; Bol J.F. (1977).
623:Tenllado F.; Bol J. (2000).
677:Journal of General Virology
1125:
788:10.1099/0022-1317-36-1-175
690:10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-567
480:ICTVdB Management (2006).
364:of the infected plant (as
714:Molecular Plant Pathology
45:
37:
28:
21:
462:Viral diseases of potato
925:Spangenberg G. (2001).
852:Plant Pathology Journal
350:Lycopersicon esculentum
830:"Alfalfa mosaic virus"
642:10.1006/viro.1999.0170
482:"Alfalfa mosaic virus"
405:; green peach aphids (
333:
510:Agrios G. N. (1997).
325:
175:(AMV), also known as
1015:Alfalfa mosaic virus
985:Alfalfa mosaic virus
964:Alfalfa mosaic virus
953:at Wikimedia Commons
950:Alfalfa mosaic virus
177:Lucerne mosaic virus
173:Alfalfa mosaic virus
163:Alfalfa mosaic virus
47:Virus classification
23:Alfalfa mosaic virus
592:10.1261/rna.5154104
531:Journal of Virology
423:Economic importance
181:Potato calico virus
354:Caryopteris incana
334:
288:initiation factors
240:multipartite virus
1091:
1090:
977:Taxon identifiers
947:Media related to
912:Agriculture Notes
537:(10): 7911–7916.
346:Nicotiana tabacum
338:Solanum tuberosum
278:Replication cycle
187:that can lead to
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169:
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961:Data related to
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892:. Archived from
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366:inclusion bodies
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33:
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16:Species of virus
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512:Plant pathology
509:
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499:. Reading, U.K.
494:
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479:
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448:
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425:
391:
329:Capsicum annuum
320:
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207:Medicago sativa
166:
126:Martellivirales
102:Kitrinoviricota
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967:at Wikispecies
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937:External links
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899:on 2020-02-12.
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352:), bluebeard (
319:
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256:negative-sense
252:positive-sense
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185:phytopathogen
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90:Orthornavirae
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1104:Bromoviridae
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949:
926:
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894:the original
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389:Transmission
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344:), tobacco (
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198:Bromoviridae
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138:Bromoviridae
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60:(unranked):
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1009:Wikispecies
781:: 175–185.
413:inoculation
348:), tomato (
236:icosahedral
193:Alfamovirus
150:Alfamovirus
39:Alfamovirus
1098:Categories
755:: 199–206.
720:(1): 1–8.
468:References
439:transgenic
432:Management
271:nucleotide
41:on clover
884:: 47–50.
402:Aphididae
399:, family
396:Hemiptera
362:cytoplasm
318:Pathology
298:tonoplast
222:Structure
157:Species:
85:Kingdom:
78:Riboviria
1068:11459048
1000:Q3560925
994:Wikidata
890:89537389
817:: 90–93.
734:20569357
651:10683324
629:Virology
610:14681584
446:See also
377:In vitro
340:), pea (
302:promoter
217:Virology
189:necrosis
133:Family:
97:Phylum:
699:8627243
601:1370517
561:9311881
417:Cuscuta
356:), ...
261:Beside
203:alfalfa
145:Genus:
121:Order:
109:Class:
1055:AMV000
1042:740934
914:: 1–3.
888:
732:
697:
649:
608:
598:
559:
552:192148
549:
246:Genome
232:capsid
230:has a
228:virion
211:aphids
1081:12321
1063:IRMNG
897:(PDF)
886:S2CID
874:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
807:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
71:Realm
64:Virus
1076:NCBI
1050:EPPO
1029:BRKL
730:PMID
695:PMID
647:PMID
606:PMID
557:PMID
226:The
1037:EoL
1024:CoL
783:doi
722:doi
685:doi
637:doi
633:268
596:PMC
588:doi
580:RNA
547:PMC
539:doi
372:).
368:;
179:or
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