365:, a young black carpenter, as his lab assistant. Although Blalock hired Thomas as a lab assistant, he was officially titled a janitor. From Blalock's perspective, Thomas quickly learned how to perform surgical procedures, carry out experiments, and record data for Blalock's research. As they got to know each other, Blalock granted Thomas increased independence in the laboratory, something that was very uncommon, especially for someone black at that time. Blalock and Thomas carried out various experiments relating to shock and cardiac output, as well as developing a technique for adrenal transplantation. Together, they developed innovative, unheard of techniques such as the transplantation of the kidney to the neck in order to remove the kidney's nerve supply and study the effect on “Goldblatt hypertension”. Blalock and Thomas built a strong, though unequal, relationship over the years, somewhat marred toward the end by Blalock's unwillingness to give Thomas full credit for his contribution to their collaboration.
406:, a 15-month-old baby. The operation was successful, although the baby died a few months later. After the innovative first completion of the surgery, Blalock became comfortable with the procedure and performed it on thousands of children, often with Thomas by his side. The new operation not only directly saved thousands of lives, it marked the start of the modern era of cardiac surgery, as it was the first successful surgery on the human heart of the modern medical era.
292:, a student who would go on to specialize in cardiovascular medicine. At Johns Hopkins, his record was not considered "outstanding,” given that he graduated near the middle of his class.” Nevertheless, Blalock excelled in surgical courses while he was a student at Hopkins, and this made him come to the realization that he wanted to be a surgeon. In medical school, Blalock was known by his friends and classmates as a "ladies man" due to his frequent trips to
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shock. At
Vanderbilt, in 1938, Blalock conducted an experiment where the left subclavian artery was connected to the left pulmonary artery. The experiment was meant to induce pulmonary hypertension, but it ended up failing. By conducting his research and mainly experimenting on dogs, Blalock discovered that surgical shock resulted from the loss of blood, which led him to encourage the use of
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others. Many of
Blalock's students went on to become cardiovascular surgeons themselves and rose to high levels of importance in the surgical world. His colleague and lifelong friend Tinsley Harrison spoke about Blalock's ability to teach saying, "A teacher is an individual who has the capacity to influence the horizons of his pupils. Al has had that capacity all of his life."
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In teaching and in research, Blalock paved the way for a new generation of surgeons. Students of
Blalock appreciated his unique ability to bring out the best of them. As chief of surgery at Hopkins, Blalock trained 38 chief residents, as well as 9 chairmen of departments, 10 division chiefs, and many
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first
Professor and Chief of Surgery. During his Vanderbilt years, Blalock spent much of his time in the surgical research laboratory, which he found both challenging and exciting. While at Vanderbilt, Blalock became interested and began studying the nature and treatment of hemorrhagic and traumatic
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While working in
Vanderbilt in 1930, Blalock became increasingly busy and had several obligations that kept him from spending much time in the laboratory. Because of this, Blalock began searching for a new lab assistant that he would be able to count on to carry out all of his experiments. He ended
440:
Blalock married Mary
Chambers O'Bryan in October 1930. The two had met while Blalock was at Vanderbilt and she worked for the Vanderbilt admissions office. Together they had three children: William Rice Blalock, Mary Elizabeth Blalock and Alfred Dandy Blalock. Together, they lived a happy marriage
267:
Shortly after, Blalock attended the
University of Georgia as a sophomore undergraduate, skipping his freshman year. While in college, Blalock was heavily involved in the university social life and athletics. He played tennis and golf, was a member of the Delta Chapter of the
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In 1955, Blalock was elected chairman of the medical board of Johns
Hopkins Hospital. When he retired in 1964, he was named a Professor Emeritus of Surgery, as well as a Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus for Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
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In 1941 Blalock was asked to return to Johns
Hopkins Hospital to work as chief of surgery, professor, and director of the department of surgery of the medical school. When Blalock was offered this position, he immediately requested that his assistant
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In 1955, Blalock became chairman of the medical board of Johns
Hopkins Hospital and held that position until his retirement in 1964. Upon retirement, Blalock held the title of professor and surgeon-in-chief emeritus.
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Petrella F, Solli P, Borri A, Spaggiari L.Modified Blalock clamp: a single-hand autostatic device for pulmonary vessel occlusion during lung cancer resection.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012 Mar;14(3):237-8.
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311:, in which he performed exceptionally well. He also completed one year of an assistant residency on the general surgical service (his contract was not renewed), and an externship in
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During his later years at Hopkins, Blalock continued his research on the heart and vascular surgery. With Edwards Park, he developed a bypass operation in 1944, and in 1948, with
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Amazon.com: American Experience - Partners Of The Heart: Morgan Freeman, Dr. Levi Watkins, Dr. J. Alex Haller Jr., John Dryden (IV), Dr. Helen Taussig, Dr. Denton A. Cooley, C...
307:
for the next three years. However, he was denied a surgical residency with Halsted because of his average academic record. Instead, Blalock decided to complete an internship in
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about the Blalock-Thomas collaboration, based on Katie McCabe's National Magazine Award winning Washingtonian magazine article of the same name, Blalock was portrayed by
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In 2012 a modified Blalock clamp was described by prof. Francesco Petrella (Milan, Italy) for clamping the pulmonary artery during lung cancer resection.
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Blalock earned his medical degree at Johns Hopkins in 1922, hoping to gain appointment to a surgical residency at Johns Hopkins due to his admiration of
228:, a surgical procedure to relieve the cyanosis from tetralogy of Fallot. This operation ushered in the modern era of cardiac surgery. He worked at both
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for Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie, Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special and
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for 28 years until her death in 1958. A year later, he married Alice Waters, who was a close neighbor that Blalock had known for many years.
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Blalock was known for having an appreciation of sports and the outdoors. He enjoyed playing tennis, golfing, fishing, and boating.
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or whole blood products to prevent. Blalock's innovative research resulted in the saving of many lives on the battlefield during
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Blalock retired from Hopkins in 1964 due to health problems. His retirement was just two and a half months before his death.
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documentary "Partners of the Heart", which was about the collaboration between Blalock and Vivien Thomas at Vanderbilt and
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Toledo-Pereyra, Luis H. (January 2005). "Alfred Blalock. Surgeon, Educator, and Pioneer in Shock and Cardiac Research".
256:, the son of Martha "Mattie" (Davis) and George Zadock Blalock, a merchant. At the age of 14, he entered as a senior at
202:(April 5, 1899 – September 15, 1964) was an American surgeon most noted for his work on the medical condition of
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413:, a cardiac surgeon, he created a technique for overcoming the transposition of the great blood vessels of the heart.
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Blalock also belonged to 43 medical societies in the United States and other countries. These included the
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He also delivered more than 40 honorary lectures, and was awarded honorary degrees from nine universities.
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come with him. While working together at Hopkins, Blalock and Thomas developed a shunt technique to bypass
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1184:"Historical perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Alfred Blalock (1899-1964)"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20090603010229/http://www.oah.org/activities/awards/barnouw/winners.html
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080724185558/http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2003-01/partners.html
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892:"Hopkins pioneered 'blue baby' surgery 50 years ago; 'I Remember ... Thinking It Was Impossible'"
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In Blalock's later years he developed several health problems and eventually died in 1964 from
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Hansson N, Schlich T. "Why Did Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig Not Receive the Nobel Prize?"
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and written by Kalin and Lou Potter, with re-creations directed by Bill Duke and narration by
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By the 1950s, Blalock had performed over 1,000 surgeries to correct congenital heart defects.
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The Alfred Blalock Clinical Sciences Building at Hopkins Hospital was named after him.
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In 1944 Blalock, with Thomas by his side, performed the first "blue baby" operation on
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Blalock was also honored with the Baltimore "Man of the Year" award in 1948.
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through re-enactments with a family sitcom set-up and archival footage.
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Timmermans, Stefan (April 2003). "A Black Technician and Blue Babies".
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Beaty, Claude A.; George, Timothy J.; Conte, John V. (February 2012).
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Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
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In 1954 Blalock received (with Robert Gross and Helen Taussig) the
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Blalock published more than 200 articles along with a book titled
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fraternity, and was secretary and treasurer of his senior class.
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Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
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Alfred Blalock Papers at Duke University Medical Center Archives
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http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/biolib/hc/biopages/ablalock.html
565:. Robert Cort produced the film, which went on to win three
288:, where he roomed with and began a lifelong friendship with
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Presidents of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery
386:, a cardiologist, presented to Blalock the problem of the
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
734:"Centennial Presidential Perspective: Dr. Alfred Blalock"
352:, which developed during his later years at Vanderbilt.
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http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/papers/blalock.html
905:"American Experience | Partners of the Heart | Legacy"
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which results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
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In September 1925, Blalock joined Tinsley Harrison at
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240:. Blalock was also nominated several times for the
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738:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
468:Principles of Surgery, Shock and Other Problems.
1165:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
348:. Unfortunately, Blalock had frequent bouts of
103:Mary Chambers O'Bryan (1930-1958) (her death)
303:Because of this, Blalock decided to remain in
174:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
1116:http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/blbio.htm
1014:"American Experience | Partners of the Heart"
482:Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award
238:Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award
8:
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544:Award for Best History Documentary in 2004.
369:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
337:Vanderbilt University School of Medicine’s
284:in 1918 at the age of 19, Blalock entered
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319:Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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1138:https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/
1099:Dentist Had Hankering for Show Business
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182:Gairdner Foundation International Award
1182:Beaty CA, George TJ, Conte JV (2012).
571:Outstanding Made for Television Movie
390:- a congenital heart defect known as
106:Alice Waters (1959-1964) (his death)
7:
1285:Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
1102:, Washington Post, November 11, 2007
585:Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History
296:, a women's school located nearby.
1275:People from Monroe County, Georgia
871:Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
532:. The documentary was directed by
452:urothelial carcinoma of the ureter
25:
1265:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
1260:Johns Hopkins University faculty
796:Journal of Investigative Surgery
490:Chevalier de la LĂ©gion d'honneur
331:to complete his residency under
286:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
91:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
1315:Georgia Military College alumni
1290:Burials at Druid Ridge Cemetery
698:"Blalock, Alfred (1899 - 1964)"
260:, a preparatory school for the
615:"Like Something the Lord Made"
579:portrayed Blalock in the 2019
514:Films about Blalock and Thomas
475:American Philosophical Society
147:Vanderbilt University Hospital
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1270:Vanderbilt University faculty
613:McCabe, Katie (August 1989).
1250:University of Georgia alumni
970:Hatcher CR: Alfred Blalock.
842:www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu
226:Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt
27:American surgeon (1899–1964)
1200:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.071
1188:J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg
894:, The Gazette, May 30, 1995
750:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.071
595:References and bibliography
497:, the Matas Award, and the
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1080:Erik Barnouw Award Winners
685:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
487:Blalock also received the
356:Working with Vivien Thomas
1280:Physicians from Baltimore
865:"Surgeon, Alfred Blalock"
838:"Surgeon, Alfred Blalock"
808:10.1080/08941930500232379
655:10.1177/03063127030332014
643:Social Studies of Science
280:After graduating with an
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589:African-American history
530:Johns Hopkins University
518:In 2003, the PBS series
380:coarctation of the aorta
258:Georgia Military College
248:Early life and education
234:Johns Hopkins University
1056:"Partners of the Heart"
554:Something the Lord Made
436:Personal life and death
398:The blue baby operation
242:Nobel Prize in Medicine
938:Strayhorn, D. (1965).
458:Awards and recognition
143:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1310:20th-century surgeons
325:Vanderbilt University
262:University of Georgia
230:Vanderbilt University
87:University of Georgia
1001:10.1093/icvts/ivr122
869:Medical Archives of
252:Blalock was born in
1003:. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
972:Clinical Cardiology
687:2015;30(6):506-509.
617:. The Washingtonian
521:American Experience
499:Henry Jacob Bigelow
420:Blalock as a mentor
392:Tetralogy of Fallot
382:. Simultaneously,
313:otorhinolaryngology
301:William S. Halsted.
208:tetralogy of Fallot
157:Tetralogy of Fallot
1305:History of surgery
1175:2013-03-09 at the
1143:2017-03-23 at the
1131:2008-04-05 at the
1085:2012-02-06 at the
388:blue baby syndrome
74:September 15, 1964
1245:American surgeons
984:Lasker Award 1954
974:1986; 9: 172-175.
276:Medical education
254:Culloden, Georgia
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18:Alfred B. Blalock
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