717:). Bonnefond's assessment lowered Dreyfus' overall grade; he did the same to another Jewish candidate, Lieutenant Picard. Learning of this injustice, the two officers lodged a protest with the director of the school, General Lebelin de Dionne, who expressed his regret for what had occurred, but said he was powerless to take any steps in the matter. The protest would later count against Dreyfus. The French army of the period was relatively open to entry and advancement by talent, with an estimated 300 Jewish officers, of whom ten were generals. However, within the Fourth Bureau of the General Staff, General Bonnefond's prejudices appear to have been shared by some of the new trainee's superiors. The personal assessments received by Dreyfus during 1893/94 acknowledged his high intelligence, but were critical of aspects of his personality.
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1005:) by having the rank insignia, buttons and braid cut from his uniform and his sword broken, all in the courtyard of the École Militaire before silent ranks of soldiers, while a large crowd of onlookers shouted abuse from behind railings. Dreyfus cried out: "I swear that I am innocent. I remain worthy of serving in the Army. Long live France! Long live the Army!"
1303:(Museum of Jewish Art and History), including personal letters, photographs of the trial, legal documents, writings by Dreyfus during his time in prison, personal family photographs, and his officer stripes that had been ripped off as a symbol of treason. The museum created an online platform in 2006 dedicated to the Dreyfus Affair.
1287:, who had played a major role in the fight to exonerate her husband, was hidden in a convent in Valence. Their son, Pierre Léon Dreyfus (1891–1946), escaped to the United States in 1943. Their daughter, Jeanne Dreyfus Lévy (1893–1981), also survived, but granddaughter Madeleine Levy, arrested by French police in
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officer. On graduation, he was assigned to the 31st
Artillery Regiment, which was in the garrison at Le Mans. Dreyfus was subsequently transferred to a mounted artillery battery attached to the First Cavalry Division (Paris), and promoted to lieutenant in 1885. In 1889, he was made adjutant to the
628:
in 1859, to Raphaël and
Jeannette Dreyfus (née Libmann), the youngest of nine children (seven of whom survived to adulthood). His grandfather was a merchant from a long established Alsatian Jewish family in Rixheim, not far from Mulhouse. His father became a prosperous industrialist who started a
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in 1899 and released from prison; this was a compromise that saved face for the military's mistake. Had
Dreyfus refused the pardon, he would have been returned to Devil's Island, a fate he could no longer emotionally cope with; so officially Dreyfus remained a traitor to France, and pointedly
539:, in 1898 brought new momentum to Dreyfus's cause. Zola accused the army and French political leaders of covering up the affair. Dreyfus was eventually exonerated, rehabilitated, and reinstated in the French army, although at a lower rank than his seniority would have warranted.
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cotton mill, then expanded the business with a weaving factory. This enabled the
Dreyfus family to live a comfortable and affluent life within Mulhouse society. He spent his first years in a house on Rue du Sauvage, then later in a mansion on Rue de la Sinne, both in Mulhouse.
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or War
College. Two years later, he graduated ninth in his class with honourable mention and was immediately designated as a trainee in the French Army's General Staff headquarters, where he would be the only Jewish officer. His father Raphaël died on 13 December 1893.
1911:
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Dreyfus' prison sentence on Devil's Island had taken its toll on his health. He was granted retirement from the army in
October 1907 at the age of 48. As a reserve officer, he re-entered the army as a major of artillery at the outbreak of
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s Paris correspondent had made a connection with him; she interviewed him twice, and he confessed to being the culprit: "I wrote the bordereau". She published the interviews in
September 1898, reporting his confession and writing a
62:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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At the War
College examination in 1892, his friends had expected him to do well. However, one of the members of the panel, General Bonnefond, felt that "Jews were not desired" on the staff, and gave Dreyfus poor marks for
680:, where he received military training and an education in the sciences. In 1880, he graduated and was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in the French army. From 1880 to 1882, he attended the artillery school at
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in the northwestern suburbs of Paris. He said that nothing could repair the humiliations and injustices
Dreyfus had suffered, and "let us not aggravate it by forgetting, deepening, or repeating them".
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On 12 July 1906, Dreyfus was officially exonerated by a military commission. The day after his exoneration, he was readmitted into the army with a promotion to the rank of major (
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for potential interest to French intelligence. The bordereau described a minor French military secret, and had obviously been written by a spy in the French military.
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The anti-Dreyfusard and antisemitic factions, however, viewed this rehabilitation unfavorably, and while attending the transfer of Émile Zola's remains to the
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696:(1870–1945). They had two children, Pierre (1891–1946) and Jeanne (1893–1981). Three days after the wedding, Dreyfus learned that he had been admitted to the
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Because of his mother's bedridden illness following his birth, his sister
Henriette became like a second mother to him. Alfred was 10 years old when the
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959:, was found by a French housekeeper, a woman named Marie Bastian, in a wastebasket at the German Embassy. Bastian, whose job was to burn the waste of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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1177:, a far-right political opponent of Macron, said repeatedly in 2021 that the truth about Dreyfus was not clear; his innocence was "not obvious".
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in 1899 and began attending her Thursday (political) salons after his release. They continued their correspondence until her death in 1923.
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In 1937, Dreyfus' son Pierre published his father's memoirs based on his correspondence between 1899 and 1906. The memoirs were titled
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1066:, following which he was given a second trial in 1899, but again declared guilty of treason despite the evidence of his innocence.
546:, Dreyfus was targeted in an attack by an antisemitic militarist activist, who was later acquitted in trial, but Dreyfus survived.
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The reference to not repeating them follows attempts by the French far right to question Dreyfus' innocence. An army colonel was
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1611:, an authority on the Dreyfus affair who has authored a large body of literary and stage works on Dreyfus and the Dreyfus affair
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prompted Dreyfus to decide on a career in the military. Following his 18th birthday in October 1877, he enrolled in the elite
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to be imprisoned until his death. However, evidence emerged showing that Dreyfus was innocent and that the true culprit was a
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Esterhazy was found not guilty by a secret court martial, before fleeing secretly to England and shaving off his moustache.
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and the political circles of the time with antisemitism. After numerous judicial and political twists, the publication of
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1222:, in part as commander of an artillery supply column. However, he also performed front-line duties in 1917, notably at
506:. Gradual revelations indicated that the internal investigation conducted by the army was biased; Dreyfus was an ideal
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ethnicity and faith. In 1894, he fell victim to a judicial conspiracy that sparked a major political crisis during the
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In France there was a passionate campaign by Dreyfus' supporters, including leading artists and intellectuals such as
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1912:"Minutes of the induction of Dreyfus into the Legion of Honour, French Ministry of Culture and Communication"
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A statue of Dreyfus holding his broken sword is located at Boulevard Raspail, nº116–118, at the exit of the
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1534:, a Philadelphia poet, wrote four poems about the Dreyfus affair: two entitled "Dreyfus", one published in
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The government of the Republic has given me back my freedom. It is nothing for me without my honour.
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and France's identity as a Catholic nation or a republic founded on equal rights for all citizens.
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Dreyfus' son Pierre also served throughout the entire war as an artillery officer, receiving the
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1882:"Summary of Emile Zola's J'Accuse, and its Repercussions. Dreyfus Letter to Zola's Widow, 1910"
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Dreyfus died in Paris aged 75, on 12 July 1935. Two days later, his funeral cortège passed the
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For two years, until July 1906, he lived in a state of house arrest with one of his sisters at
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In 1894, this made the French Army's counter-intelligence section, led by Lieutenant Colonel
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in 1994 for publishing an article suggesting that Dreyfus was guilty; far-right politician
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on 4 June 1908, Dreyfus was wounded in the arm by a gunshot from a right-wing journalist,
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director of the Établissement de Bourges, a government arsenal, and promoted to captain.
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However, due to public opinion, Dreyfus was offered and accepted a pardon by President
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was aware of his innocence but preferred to cover up the affair and leave him in the
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accusing the French military of antisemitism and calling for a retrial for Dreyfus.
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In August 1896, the new chief of French military intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel
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1001:. Following French military custom of the time, Dreyfus was formally degraded (
2218:(Letters from capitaine Dreyfus to his wife) (1899), written at Devil's Island
2081:"Affaire Dreyfus, Paris, France, | Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme"
2044:"Rise of far right puts Dreyfus affair into spotlight in French election race"
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On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial,
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left a significant mark on French political consciousness; the true culprit,
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1101:. On 15 October 1906, he was placed in command of another artillery unit at
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1939:. International Library of Sociology. Taylor & Francis. p. 48.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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By then in his mid-50s, Dreyfus served mostly behind the lines of the
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A torn-up handwritten note, referred to throughout the affair as the
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Alfred Dreyfus's life and the persecutions he endured because he was
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Dreyfus' grandchildren donated over three thousand documents to the
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1211:. Serving throughout the war, Dreyfus was promoted to the rank of
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482:(1894–1906), when he was wrongfully accused and convicted, due to
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broke out in the summer of 1870, and following the annexation of
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Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the French military
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References to Alfred Dreyfus in European newspapers of the time
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On 18 April 1891, the 31-year-old Dreyfus married 20-year-old
20:
1097:, and subsequently assigned to command an artillery unit at
2178:"Legion of honour certificate (Officer) of Dreyfus, Alfred"
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as Dreyfus, who won best actor in a supporting role at the
2148:"Legion of honour certificate (Knight) of Dreyfus, Alfred"
1962:
Souvenirs Et Correspondance. Dreyfus: His Life and Letters
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While attending a ceremony relocating Zola's ashes to the
1016:. Picquart was silenced by being transferred to command a
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The childhood experience of seeing his family uprooted by
561:, then retired and led a quiet life. He died in 1935 in
2224:(5 years of my life) (1901), New edition 2019, Comino.
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after seeing the antisemitism present in Dreyfus' trial
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During the German occupation of France during WWII,
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Alfred Dreyfus: The Man at the Center of the Affair
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2061:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus and General Chronology
525:life; it highlighted the connections between the
1142:Dreyfus started corresponding with the marquise
2471:French prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
2358:Alfred Dreyfus Personal Manuscripts and Letters
2037:
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1888:. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from
1864:"Rachel Beer, editor of the Observer 1891–1901"
1848:Beer, Rachel, Interviews with Major Esterhazy,
1076:
2451:French Army personnel who were court-martialed
2070:, French Ministry of Culture and Communication
1261:through the ranks of troops assembled for the
459:; 9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French
80:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
38:expand this article with text translated from
2365:on Musée d'art et d'histoire du judaïsme site
936:
8:
1936:Crime and Punishment in Contemporary Culture
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303:
2216:Les lettres du capitaine Dreyfus à sa femme
1626:, an 1899 series of short silent docudramas
1566:, American businessman and distant relative
1093:). A week later, he was made Knight of the
684:to receive more specialized training as an
2496:People convicted of treason against France
2382:Actors and scenes in the drama of disgrace
1974:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1745:
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1580:, influential 1898 open letter written by
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644:after the war, he and his family moved to
126:
115:
2506:Recipients of French presidential pardons
2491:People associated with the Dreyfus affair
1265:national holiday. He was interred in the
2466:French military personnel of World War I
2369:Newspaper clippings about Alfred Dreyfus
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1572:, American actress and distant relative
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1967:
1964:. Translated by Morgan, Betty. London.
1714:"Birth certificate of Dreyfus, Alfred"
1472:National Order of the Legion of Honour
1453:National Order of the Legion of Honour
2212:(Letters from an innocent man) (1898)
2184:. Government of the French Republic.
2154:. Government of the French Republic.
2124:. Government of the French Republic.
2087:from the original on 3 September 2023
1820:"Dreyfus Affair Court-Martial (1894)"
1720:. Government of the French Republic.
1650:, a novel written in first person by
1301:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
454:
445:
260:
7:
2118:"Service records of Dreyfus, Alfred"
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2015:from the original on 30 October 2017
1589:, Austrian journalist who began the
1230:. He was promoted to Officer of the
16:French artillery officer (1859–1935)
2245:Dreyfus: A Family Affair, 1789–1945
1999:Wood, Michael (17 September 2017).
1708:
1706:
1274:Notre-Dame-des-Champs metro station
989:of his army rank, and sentenced to
2426:20th-century French letter writers
2421:19th-century French letter writers
1830:from the original on 7 August 2023
1154:In October 2021, French president
14:
2188:from the original on 24 July 2019
2158:from the original on 24 July 2019
2128:from the original on 24 July 2019
1724:from the original on 24 July 2019
1518:1914–1918 Commemorative war medal
1189:The Dreyfus family, taken in 1905
817:Georges Picquart's investigations
616:Early life, family, and education
2521:People deported to French Guiana
2516:Jewish French military personnel
2511:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
2486:Overturned convictions in France
2481:Officers of the Legion of Honour
2436:Military personnel from Mulhouse
2300:
2284:Works by or about Alfred Dreyfus
1605:, who wrote a defense of Dreyfus
1599:, a defense supporter of Dreyfus
1510:
1496:
1460:
1441:
1390:
1383:
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1278:Museum of Jewish Art and History
795:
380:
339:
321:
92:{{Translated|fr|Alfred Dreyfus}}
25:
2042:Henley, Jon (30 October 2021).
1862:Narewska, Elli (2 March 2018).
1617:, French actress and descendant
1135:and translated into English by
510:because he was Jewish, and the
256:
2431:20th-century French memoirists
2386:the National Library of Israel
2350:New International Encyclopedia
2264:(2024), Yale University Press.
1144:Marie-Louise Arconati-Visconti
753:...; collection Fritz Lachmund
735:Alfred Dreyfus in his room on
90:You may also add the template
1:
1798:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
976:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
961:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
915:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
521:The scandal erupted, shaking
133:
2373:20th Century Press Archives
2299:(public domain audiobooks)
2235:Souvenirs et correspondence
1852:, 18 and 25 September 1898.
1642:called in to solve the case
1133:Souvenirs et Correspondance
1074:remarked upon his release:
890:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux
456:[ˈalfʁeːtˈdʁaɪfuːs]
103:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2537:
2456:École Polytechnique alumni
1014:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
880:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
724:
698:École Supérieure de Guerre
600:, and the founders of the
578:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
423:Second Battle of the Aisne
312:École Supérieure de Guerre
290:Jeannette Libmann (mother)
54:Machine translation, like
1759:Yeshiva University Museum
1631:The Prisoner of the Devil
1313:
1267:Cimetière du Montparnasse
670:
432:
304:
125:
40:the corresponding article
2416:20th-century French Jews
2411:19th-century French Jews
2001:"The French Are Not Men"
1960:Dreyfus, Pierre (1937).
1197:Alfred Dreyfus, ca. 1930
1086:, and later at Cologny.
807:Investigation and arrest
711:French slang: attraction
287:Raphaël Dreyfus (father)
2344:"Dreyfus, Alfred"
2334:Encyclopædia Britannica
2328:"Dreyfus, Alfred"
2313:19 January 2013 at the
2293:Works by Alfred Dreyfus
2275:Works by Alfred Dreyfus
2247:(1991), HarperCollins.
1986:30 October 2021 at the
1677:, a 1958 film starring
1662:, a 1937 film starring
1421:Honours and decorations
1253:Grave of Alfred Dreyfus
518:rather than lose face.
397:31st Artillery Regiment
101:For more guidance, see
2461:Devil's Island inmates
2337:(11th ed.). 1911.
2322:– The European Library
2237:, posthumously in 1936
2027:London Review of Books
2005:London Review of Books
1659:The Life of Emile Zola
1481:Decorations and medals
1254:
1198:
1190:
1080:
865:Armand du Paty de Clam
773:
755:
694:Lucie Eugénie Hadamard
565:and was buried in the
447:[alfʁɛddʁɛfys]
245:Lucie Eugénie Hadamard
2476:Jewish French history
2308:Dreyfus Rehabilitated
2222:Cinq années de ma vie
2210:Lettres d'un innocent
2066:13 April 2015 at the
1824:www.famous-trials.com
1532:Florence Earle Coates
1252:
1196:
1188:
982:on 15 October 1894.
963:, instead sent it to
761:
734:
567:Montparnasse Cemetery
369:Years of service
346:French Third Republic
193:Montparnasse Cemetery
74:copyright attribution
2446:French Army officers
1686:An Officer and a Spy
1647:An Officer and a Spy
1564:Gérard Louis-Dreyfus
1259:Place de la Concorde
822:Other investigations
812:Trial and conviction
666:the war with Germany
606:Francis de Pressensé
400:1st Cavalry Division
215:48.83806°N 2.32694°E
1933:Valier, C. (2005).
1892:on 23 February 2014
1886:SMF Primary Sources
1570:Julia Louis-Dreyfus
1504:War Cross 1914–1918
965:Hubert-Joseph Henry
895:Hubert-Joseph Henry
762:Dreyfus painted by
676:military school in
672:École Polytechnique
634:Franco-Prussian War
602:Human Rights League
592:, politicians like
512:army's high command
306:École Polytechnique
276:Jeanne Dreyfus Levy
211: /
1796:The Dreyfus Affair
1664:Joseph Schildkraut
1622:The Dreyfus Affair
1474:– 21 January 1919
1414:26 September 1918
1408:12 September 1889
1349:Lieutenant-colonel
1255:
1234:in November 1918.
1213:lieutenant colonel
1199:
1191:
1020:regiment based in
860:Alphonse Bertillon
774:
764:Jean Baptiste Guth
756:
721:The Dreyfus affair
713:; translatable as
594:Georges Clemenceau
536:J'accuse... !
386:Lieutenant-colonel
82:interlanguage link
2279:Project Gutenberg
2253:978-0-06-016366-2
2230:978-3-945831-19-9
1946:978-1-134-46105-9
1916:dreyfus.cultur.fr
1805:978-1-4088-3057-4
1556:, founder of the
1538:and the other in
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1171:Jean-Marie Le Pen
991:life imprisonment
987:publicly stripped
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1761:. Archived from
1751:"Alfred Dreyfus"
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1636:Michael Hardwick
1591:Zionist movement
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1405:1 November 1882
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1317:attained in the
1311:
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1150:Modern aftermath
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1095:Legion of Honour
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885:Georges Picquart
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1718:culture.gouv.fr
1712:
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1700:
1640:Sherlock Holmes
1638:which features
1546:" (1902), and "
1528:
1483:
1455:– 21 July 1906
1428:
1423:
1402:4 October 1880
1399:1 October 1878
1329:Sous-lieutenant
1309:
1297:
1247:
1239:Croix de guerre
1204:
1183:
1156:Emmanuel Macron
1152:
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1091:Chef d'Escadron
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478:, known as the
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725:Main article:
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533:'s manifesto,
502:officer named
496:Devil's Island
480:Dreyfus Affair
476:Third Republic
439:Alfred Dreyfus
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1652:Robert Harris
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:, a novel by
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:(film series)
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:Julie Dreyfus
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:Charles Péguy
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:Theodor Herzl
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:Dreyfus Funds
1555:
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1413:
1411:13 July 1906
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
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1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1350:
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1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:Lucie Dreyfus
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Western Front
1216:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1187:
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1163:
1161:
1157:
1149:
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1119:Louis Grégori
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1100:
1096:
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1057:leader column
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1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
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1006:
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999:French Guiana
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992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:Jean Sandherr
968:
966:
962:
958:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
927:
926:
924:
923:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
905:Lucie Dreyfus
903:
901:
900:Jean Sandherr
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
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858:
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832:
830:
829:
825:
823:
820:
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815:
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810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
798:
794:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
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771:
770:
765:
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752:
748:
744:
738:
733:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
702:
699:
695:
690:
687:
683:
682:Fontainebleau
679:
673:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
623:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Charles Péguy
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:, notably at
552:
549:He fought in
547:
545:
540:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:German Empire
489:
486:, of being a
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
457:
448:
440:
431:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
410:
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387:
383:
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375:
371:
367:
362:
359:
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354:
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342:
337:
333:
328:
324:
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316:
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296:
289:
286:
285:
283:
279:
273:
269:
246:
241:
237:
233:
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194:
191:
189:Resting place
187:
184:
174:
170:
167:
166:French Empire
163:
151:
147:
142:
129:
124:
117:
104:
100:
97:
89:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
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61:
57:
53:
51:
50:
43:
41:
36:You can help
32:
23:
22:
19:
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2261:
2244:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2204:Bibliography
2190:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2121:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2056:
2048:The Observer
2047:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
2004:
1994:
1961:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1920:the original
1915:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1885:
1876:
1868:The Guardian
1867:
1857:
1850:The Observer
1849:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1795:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1755:YuMuseum.org
1754:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1684:
1672:
1657:
1645:
1629:
1621:
1609:George Whyte
1575:
1560:and relative
1554:Jack Dreyfus
1298:
1282:
1271:
1263:Bastille Day
1256:
1236:
1217:
1205:
1175:Éric Zemmour
1164:
1153:
1141:
1137:Betty Morgan
1132:
1130:
1112:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1071:Émile Loubet
1068:
1061:
1049:The Observer
1048:
1044:Sunday Times
1042:
1038:The Observer
1036:
1035:, editor of
1030:
1026:antisemitism
1007:
984:
969:
956:
954:
854:
839:Bibliography
828:J'Accuse...!
826:
767:
746:
714:
710:
707:cote d'amour
706:
703:
691:
663:
660:Early career
631:
619:
571:
548:
541:
534:
520:
516:penal colony
484:antisemitism
438:
437:
407:Battles/wars
177:(1935-07-12)
175:12 July 1935
78:edit summary
69:
37:
18:
2406:1935 deaths
2401:1859 births
2091:3 September
1769:13 February
1679:José Ferrer
1597:Gaston Moch
1319:French Army
1226:and on the
1209:World War I
1202:World War I
1122: [
1103:Saint-Denis
1033:Rachel Beer
769:Vanity Fair
743:stereoscopy
650:Switzerland
598:Jean Jaurès
551:World War I
527:French army
470:origin and
413:World War I
356:French Army
231:Nationality
218: /
137: 1894
2395:Categories
2019:29 October
1896:29 January
1698:References
1689:, film by
1681:as Dreyfus
1582:Émile Zola
1577:J'Accuse…!
1488:Ribbon bar
1433:Ribbon bar
1334:Lieutenant
1280:in Paris.
1181:Later life
1084:Carpentras
1064:Émile Zola
1018:tirailleur
875:Émile Zola
834:Resolution
715:likability
582:Émile Zola
531:Émile Zola
335:Allegiance
299:Alma mater
203:48°50′17″N
155:1859-10-09
1970:cite book
1674:I Accuse!
1339:Capitaine
1269:, Paris.
1167:cashiered
1109:Aftermath
1099:Vincennes
1003:cashiered
957:bordereau
749:, Altona-
739:in 1898,
686:artillery
508:scapegoat
504:Esterhazy
461:artillery
372:1880–1918
361:Artillery
318:Signature
206:2°19′37″E
96:talk page
42:in French
2311:Archived
2297:LibriVox
2186:Archived
2156:Archived
2126:Archived
2085:Archived
2064:Archived
2013:Archived
1984:Archived
1834:7 August
1828:Archived
1794:(2012).
1722:Archived
1550:" (1906)
1544:Picquart
1526:See also
1325:Student
1289:Toulouse
1115:Panthéon
1041:and the
781:a series
779:Part of
747:F. Hamel
745:sold by
622:Mulhouse
620:Born in
557:and the
544:Panthéon
500:Catholic
490:for the
468:Alsatian
271:Children
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2286:at the
2192:24 July
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1491:Honour
1470:of the
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1224:Verdun
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849:People
783:on the
772:, 1899
626:Alsace
604:(LDH)
588:, and
574:Jewish
555:Verdun
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234:French
1315:Ranks
1245:Death
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