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355:, he decided to establish himself in the United States. Landé was a forerunner in a phase of new interpretation of quantum theory, from which concrete physical statements about experimentally verifiable facts can be made. This happened, after the first phase of the interpretation of the theory with well-known discussions between
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and served for two years on the eastern front before being invited by Max Born to join him at the
Artillery Testing Commission, one of the few scientific sections of the army. Apart from their work on artillery location by sound ranging, they began to examine the cohesive forces and compressibility
288:, but there did not exist a theoretical interpretation. The spectrum showed non-combining single and double (actually triplet, as it turned out later) terms so that it seemed as if helium was made of two different substances (which is explained today as the result of
383:. Quantum mechanics was providing many new predictions to be investigated and proved or disproved at the time. The renewed interest expressed itself in new experiments with new technical methods, on individual quantum systems, individual atoms,
681:(July 1687). "Extrait d'une Lettre de M. L. sur un Principe Général, utile à l'explication des loix de la nature, par la consideration de la Sagesse Divine; pour servir de réplique à la réponse du R. P. M.".
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Landé's work contained several new important ideas, including the rule of vector addition of two quantum-mechanical angular momenta J1 and J2. His findings and postulates were later confirmed by
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Landé studied atomic structure intensively for the next seven years. In 1916 Sommerfeld had begun to apply the new atomic theory to form a general quantization rule. Landé's work over cubic and
258:. This work led to the unexpected result that the electron trajectories in atoms were not at all like planetary orbits, which at the time was the usual understanding of the electron in an atom.
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Landé's
Frankfurt investigations (December 1920 until April 1921) ended with the discovery of the well-known Landé g-formula and an explanation for the anomalous
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even though the continuation of the study of the spatial orientation of the atoms was the most pressing problem of the time. He turned to the problem of
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atom model. The leaders of Göttingen science included many greats that Landé was to come in contact with including
Hilbert,
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Essays in Honor of Alfred Landé (edited by
Yourgrau and van der Merwe), 1971, MIT Press, Dover Publications 1979:
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to explain the intrinsically probabilistic nature of quantum processes. The Landé interpretation is considered a
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Landé obtained his doctorate under
Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, two weeks prior to the start of the
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155:(13 December 1888 – 30 October 1976) was a German-American physicist known for his contributions to
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However, after 1950 (and for the rest of his life), Landé turned energetically against the
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Landé, A. Termstruktur und
Zeemaneffekt der Multipletts. Z. Physik 15, 189–205 (1923).
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description of physical processes. This change was driven by Landé's perception that
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in
Columbus, to present a series of lectures. After a second stay (1930-1931) in
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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electron trajectories ("cube atoms") became of great interest to
Sommerfeld,
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with several electrons, in particular to the simplest case, the spectrum of
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of quantum processes that he instead explained by developing a new unitary
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for quantisation of momentum exchange with space-periodic structures, and
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704:, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, 1970, 153-261.
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Alfred Landé papers, 1915-1970, Niels Bohr
Library & Archives
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Foundations of Quantum Theory: A Study in Continuity and Symmetry
284:. The spectroscopy of helium had been examined experimentally by
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723:, (edited by Barut and van der Merwe), Reidel, 1988, 557 pages.
336:, who presented the idea of electron spin some months before
621:"The Transfer in Quanta of Radiation Momentum to Matter"
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Alfred Landé and the anomalous Zeeman Effect, 1919-1921
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Zur Methode der Eigenschwingungen in der Quantentheorie
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175:Alfred Landé was born on 13 December 1888 in
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435:minority interpretation of quantum mechanics
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234:(the noted aerodynamics theoreticist). Also
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721:Selected Scientific Papers of Alfred Landé
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479:From Dualism to Unity in Quantum Physics
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684:Nouvelles de la République des Lettres
329:'s spin and orbital angular momentum.
764:German emigrants to the United States
272:In 1919 Landé unexpectedly turned to
183:, Germany, today part of the city of
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606:New Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
486:New Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
431:Principle of Cause-Effect Continuity
467:(Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1951)
593:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01330473
488:(Cambridge University Press, 1965)
460:(Cambridge University Press, 1951)
347:In late 1929 Landé was invited to
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769:20th-century American physicists
619:Duane, William (March 2, 1923).
371:, opposed in varying degrees by
451:Principles of Quantum Mechanics
779:20th-century German physicists
708:Perspectives in Quantum Theory
493:Quantum Mechanics in a New Key
242:visited Göttingen frequently.
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608:. Cambridge University Press.
576:Mathematics Genealogy Project
408:unnecessary misrepresentation
159:. He is responsible for the
582:. Advisor: Arnold Sommerfeld
578:. 1914 Dissertation title:
194:, his thesis advisor at the
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321:In 1923, Landé stated the
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369:Copenhagen Interpretation
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310:is now defined through m
218:, it was the era of the
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316:magnetic quantum number
204:University of Göttingen
604:Landé, Alfred (1965).
404:wave-particle duality
349:Ohio State University
171:Life and achievements
733:Archival collections
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196:University of Munich
106:University of Munich
35:Alfred Landé in 1940
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533:1976PhT....29e..82Y
379:and, most notably,
323:Landé interval rule
124:Born–Landé equation
120:Landé interval rule
789:Quantum physicists
513:Yourgrau, Wolfgang
542:10.1063/1.3023483
465:Quantum Mechanics
458:Quantum Mechanics
373:Erwin Schrödinger
367:who favoured the
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286:Friedrich Paschen
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267:Peter Debye
263:tetrahedral
88:Nationality
748:Categories
695:References
357:Niels Bohr
269:and Bohr.
236:Niels Bohr
228:Carl Runge
47:1888-12-13
385:electrons
251:Red Cross
185:Wuppertal
181:Rhineland
177:Elberfeld
55:Elberfeld
665:16576688
412:particle
327:electron
256:crystals
212:Max Born
96:American
77:Columbus
656:1085314
633:Bibcode
574:at the
560:Hilbert
529:Bibcode
427:Leibniz
423:'s rule
406:was an
389:photons
216:physics
202:at the
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314:, the
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282:helium
137:Fields
92:German
500:Notes
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421:Duane
416:waves
278:atoms
214:. In
712:ISBN
661:PMID
387:and
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