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745:"Demand was made for the negroes to reply to our ultimatum to them , and their reply was delayed or sent astray (whether purposely or not, I do not know), and that caused all the trouble. The people came to me. Although two other men were in command, they demanded that I should lead them. I took my Winchester rifle, assumed my position at the head of the procession, and marched to the "Record" office. We designed merely to destroy the press. I took a couple of men to the door, when our demand to open was not answered, and burst it in. Not I personally, for I have not the strength, but those with me did it.
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624:, Waddell declared that white supremacy was the only issue of importance for white men, and advocated punishment for race-traitors. However, Waddell set himself apart from the other speakers through his rousing ability to incite through propaganda, which he cemented with a blistering closing to his speech when he proclaimed, "We will never surrender to a ragged raffle of Negroes, even if we have to choke the Cape Fear River with carcasses."
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act committed in the change of government. Simply, the old board went out, and the new board came in — strictly according to law. In regard to those men who had been brought to the jail a crowd said that they intended to destroy them; that they were the leaders, and that they were going to take the men out of the jail...I stayed up the whole night myself, and the forces stayed up all night, and we saved those wretched creatures' lives.
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rescinding the votes of certain types of criminals, mandating segregated public schools, outlawing interracial relationships and granting the
General Assembly the power to modify or nullify any local government. By adopting these things, the Conservative Democrats became celebrated as bastions for white Americans. However, their control was largely limited to the western part of the state, within counties where there were few blacks.
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605:, the owner of Wilmington's sole black newspaper, "The Daily Record," wrote an editorial responding to a speech supporting lynchings, by printing that many white women were not raped by black men, but willingly slept with them. This provided an opening for Democrats, now referring to themselves as "The "white man's party," as "evidence" supporting their claims of predatory blacks.
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Manley's publishing press, vandalized the premises, doused the wood floors with kerosene, set the building on fire, and gutted the remains. At the same time, black newspapers all over the state were also being destroyed. In addition, blacks, along with white
Republicans, were denied entrance to city centers throughout the state.
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lead under "intolerable conditions." He painted the white mob not as murderous lawbreakers, but as peaceful, law-abiding citizens who simply wanted to restore law and order. He also portrayed any violence committed by whites as either being accidental or executed in self-defense, effectively laying blame on both sides:
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Then they got seven of the negro leaders, brought them downtown, and put them in jail. I had been elected mayor by that time. It was certainly the strangest performance in
American history, though we literally followed the law, as the Fusionists made it themselves. There has not been a single illegal
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I then marched the column back through the streets down to the armory, lined them up, and stood on the stoop and made a speech to them. I said: "Now you have performed the duty which you called on me to lead you to perform. now let us go quietly to our homes, and about our business, and obey the law,
740:
Despite vowing to "choke the Cape Fear River with carcasses," and the fact that some members of the white mob posed for a photograph in front of the charred remnants of "The Daily Record," Waddell painted himself in the article as a reluctant non-violent leader – or accidental hero – "called upon" to
759:
I waited until next morning at nine o'clock and then I made the troops form a hollow square in front of the jail. We placed the scoundrels in the midst of the square and marched them to the railroad station. I bought and gave them tickets to
Richmond, and told them to go and to never show up again.
693:
At 8:15am, Waddell accompanied about 2,000 white men to the
Wilmington armory. After heavily arming themselves with rifles, and a $ 1,200 Gatling gun, they then went to the two-story publishing office of "The Daily Record." For publishing a "defamatory" article about white women, the mob broke into
767:
As to the government we have established, it is a perfectly legal one. The law, passed by the
Republican Legislature itself, has been complied with. There was no intimidation used in the establishment of the present city government. The old government had become satisfied of their inefficiency and
763:
The negroes here have always professed to have faith in me. When I made the speech in the Opera House they were astounded. One of the leaders said: 'My God! when so conservative a man as
Colonel Waddell talks about filling the river with dead niggers, I want to get out of town!' Since this trouble
417:. He left publishing for good, and returned to practicing law, in 1883. However, he would go on to author, and publish, several books including a biography of his great-great-grandfather, a historical work on the Cape Fear Region, and an autobiography published in 1908, "Some Memories of My Life."
535:
status quo. They began circumventing legislation by taking over the state's judiciary, and adopted 30 amendments to the state constitution including lowering the number of judges on the state supreme court, putting the lower courts and local governments under the control of the state legislature,
667:
with its goal of "asserting the supremacy of the white man." He proclaimed, to the raucous crowd of 600, that the U.S. Constitution "did not anticipate the enfranchisement of an ignorant population of
African origin," that "never again will white men of New Hanover County permit black political
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in 1855. While he was a good lawyer, he was said to have not liked being one. In 1857, he married Julia Savage. They had two children – Elizabeth and Alfred Jr. Following Julia's death, he married her sister, Ellen Savage. Waddell also wedded a third time, marrying
Gabrielle de Rosset, in 1896.
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Following
Waddell's speech, the "Secret Nine" – nine elite men who were funding the White Supremacist Campaign – tapped Waddell to lead a "Committee of Twenty-Five." The committee was tasked with "directing the execution of the provisions of the resolutions" within "The White Declaration of
551:(also known as The Populists). As the US plunged into an economic depression, the Populists banded with black Republicans who shared their hardships, forming an interracial coalition with a platform of self-governance, free public education and equal voting rights for black men, called the
1847:
659:
Democrats won the election in Wilmington by 6,000 votes, a sizable shift from the Fusion Party's 5,000-vote edge just two years prior. However, the Fusion Party remained intact in Wilmington, the North Carolina city with the greatest concentration of black wealth and economic power.
655:"You are Anglo-Saxons. You are armed and prepared and you will do your duty ... Go to the polls tomorrow, and if you find the negro out voting, tell him to leave the polls and if he refuses, kill him, shoot him down in his tracks. We shall win tomorrow if we have to do it with guns."
558:
In the 1894 and 1896, the Fusion party won every statewide office, including the governorship. This shift of power horrified white Democrats, who sought to capitalize on some cracks between the Fusion alliance, of black Republicans and white Populists, that began to show in 1898.
582:
Simmons created a speakers bureau, stacking it with talented orators who he could deploy to deliver the message across the state. One of those orators was Waddell, a skilled speaker, who had developed a reputation as "the silver tongued orator of the east" and as an "American
543:, a former Confederate soldier and governor. Vance called the Republican party "begotten by a scalawag out of a mulatto and born in an outhouse." Through Vance, the Democrats saw their biggest opening to begin implementing their agenda in the eastern part of the state.
433:, in 1861, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Third Cavalry, which later became known as the Forty-First North Carolina Regiment. His regiment bounced around throughout a stretched field of operations, executing duties as independent cavalry and rangers.
598:, Waddell, and the other orators, began inciting white citizens with sexualized images of black men, insinuating their uncontrollable lust for white women, running newspaper stories and delivering speeches of "black beasts" who threatened to deflower white women.
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As the violence spread, Waddell lead a group to Republican Mayor Silas P. Wright. Waddell forced Wright, the board of aldermen, and the police chief to resign at gunpoint. Around 4:00pm, Waddell was declared Wilmington's mayor, a position he retained until 1906.
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Waddell died in Wilmington in 1912. Newspapers reported that he suffered an "attack of angina pectoris" or a heart attack. His funeral was held in Saint James' episcopal Church in Wilmington. He is buried in Oakdale cemetery, Wilmington.
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unless we are forced, in self-defense, to do other wise." I came home...In about an hour, or less time, the trouble commenced over in the other end of town, by the negroes starting to come over here. I was not there at the time...
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His closing became a rallying cry. Portions of it were printed, sent around the state, and "quoted by speakers on every stump." Waddell's speech had made Wilmington a cause for all white men. Shortly after delivering it,
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However, in that region, poor white cotton farmers, fed up with the capitalism of big banks and railroad companies, had aligned themselves with the labor movement. They had turned on the Democratic Party, founding
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Waddell's account, and his effective label of "race riot," ignored the fact that the overthrow was a carefully planned conspiracy, turned the coup into an event that "spontaneously happened," helped usher in the
697:
Following the fire, white vigilantes went into black Wilmington neighborhoods, destroying black businesses and property, and assaulting black inhabitants with a mentality of killing "every damn nigger in sight."
668:
participation" that "the Negro stop antagonizing our interests in every way, especially by his ballot," and that the city "give to white men a large part of the employment heretofore given to Negroes."
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523:, and in the state legislature and governorship falling under Republican rule. Democrats greatly resented this "radical" change, which they deemed as being brought about by blacks, Unionist
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326:, in which a violent, coordinated mob of about 2,000 white men massacred up to 300 African-Americans, destroyed the property and businesses of African-Americans, and overthrew the elected
309:
1142:
Wooley, Robert H. (1977). "Race and Politics: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Campaign of 1898 in North Carolina, Ph. D. Dissertation". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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411:, and used it as a platform to promote his views opposing secession. He left publishing about a year later; however, he returned in 1881 and 1882, as editor of the
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1199:"NINETEEN NEGROES SHOT TO DEATH; Fatal Race Riots in North and South Carolina. VENGEANCE OF WHITE CITIZENS Negro Publisher's Plant Destroyed by Indignant Men"
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It is estimated that, by the end of the day, Waddell's orders led to the murder of between 60 and 300 black people, and to the banishment of about 20 more.
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Waddell remained active in the Democratic Party after his defeat, becoming a highly sought after political speaker and campaigner. He was a delegate to the
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The following morning, Nov. 10th, Waddell helmed a well-coordinated government overthrow, coinciding with other violence occurring around the state.
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With his new power, Waddell delivered speeches across the state to galvanize white men, such as the one he delivered in Goldsboro to crowd of 8,000.
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780:, and set the precedent for the application of the term "race riot," that is still used today. He defined the historical narrative of the coup.
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published an article in which Waddell wrote about the government overthrow entitled, "The Story of The Wilmington, North Carolina, Race Riots"
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104:
579:, was tasked with developing a strategy for the Democrats 1898 campaign. He decided to build a campaign around the issue of white supremacy.
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during his final term. He was known as being one of the "ablest of the Southern members" of Congress until he was defeated for re-election by
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We wrecked the house. I believe that the fire which occurred was purely accidental; it certainly was unintentional on our part...
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1107:
Watson, Richard L. Jr. (1989). Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson (eds.). "Furnifold Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy".
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Catherine Bishir, "Landmarks of Power: Building a Southern Past in Raleigh and Wilmington, North Carolina, 1885-1915", in
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Waddell aligned with the Democrats and their campaign to "redeem North Carolina from Negro domination." With the aid of
338:
after holding his predecessor at gunpoint and forcing him to resign. This event is considered to be the only successful
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Waddell seized the office of mayor after holding his predecessor at gunpoint to force his resignation, as part of the
494:
for president and was also a member of the platform committee. In 1888, he was an elector-at-large and canvassed for
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In a packed Wilmington auditorium, while sharing the stage with 50 of the city's most prominent white men, such as
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As the Democrats chipped away at Republican rule, things came to a head with the 1876 gubernatorial campaign of
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1181:"NORTH CAROLINA'S RACE FEUD.; Steps Taken by Wilmington Citizens "to Assert the Supremacy of the White Man.""
502:. And when a statewide White Supremacy campaign began, in 1898, Waddell was at its forefront, in Wilmington.
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Leading up to the November election, in August 1898, white men began to abandon the Fusion coalition when
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I believe the negroes are as much rejoiced as the white people that order has been evolved out of chaos."
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In Race, Class and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, Jeffrey Crow et al
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utterly helpless imbecility, and believed if they did not resign they would be run out of town...
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The day before the election, Waddell excited a large crowd at Thalian Hall when he told them:
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
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began riding through the state, on horseback, terrorizing black citizens and voters.
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386:, graduating in 1853. After being admitted to the bar, he began practicing law in
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531:. Democrats developed a plan to restore "home rule," which was a return to the
382:. He attended Bingham's School and Caldwell Institute before enrolling in the
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in the years leading up to the Civil War. In 1860, he was a delegate to the
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many negroes have come to me and said they are glad I have taken charge...
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in 1836, and Susan Moore. He was the great-great-great-grandson of General
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to have taken place on U.S. soil, and helped to initiate an era of severe
430:
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Alfred M. Waddell, "THE STORY OF THE WILMINGTON, N.C., RACE RIOTS", in
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On November 9, Waddell went to the county courthouse where he unveiled
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Independence," a document authored by the Secret Nine which called for
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Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory and Southern Identity. 2000
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North Carolina History Project : Alfred Moore Waddell (1834-1912)
645:, and for the overthrow of the newly elected interracial government.
297:(September 16, 1834 – March 17, 1912) was an American politician and
1155:
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy
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712:
681:
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Leon H. Prather Sr. (1998). David Cecelsi; Timothy Tyson (eds.).
927:"About The Wilmington daily herald. (Wilmington, N.C.) 1861-18??"
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1305:
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United States House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service
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Cracking the Solid South: Populism and the Fusionist Interlude
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Following The Civil War, in 1868, North Carolina ratified the
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The Beginnings of Freemasonry in North Carolina and Tennessee
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Crow, Jeffrey J. (1984). Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson (eds.).
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LaFrance, Adrienne; Newkirk, Vann R. II (August 12, 2017).
1127:
Sprunt, James (1941). "26: The White Supremacy Campaign".
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In July 1860, Waddell purchased the most influential
1317:
Inventory of the Alfred M. Waddell Papers, 1768-1935
1306:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
993:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 8–10.
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845:"How the only coup d'état in U.S. history unfolded"
594:, the editor of the influential Raleigh newspaper,
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1873:People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
467:; he was re-elected three times, serving on the
1157:. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books. pp. 15–41.
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374:, and great-grandson of both Brigadier General
1396:
1225:"The Lost History of an American Coup D'État"
436:Waddell resigned in 1864 due to poor health.
8:
1883:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 conspirators
1356:U.S. House of Representatives
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1063:
1061:
1059:
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498:. In 1896, he was, again, a delegate at the
1878:Politicians from Wilmington, North Carolina
1823:20th-century American far-right politicians
1818:19th-century American far-right politicians
1362:North Carolina's 3rd congressional district
1218:
1216:
1214:
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1072:"A Buried Coup d'État in the United States"
384:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
350:of African-Americans throughout the South.
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366:, a prominent lawyer and president of the
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105:U.S. House of Representatives
496:Grover Cleveland's presidential campaign
473:Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads
1863:North Carolina Constitutional Unionists
1838:American people of Scotch-Irish descent
1102:
1100:
1039:Tyson, Timothy B. (November 17, 2006).
833:
643:the removal of voting rights for blacks
459:In 1870, Waddell ran for Congress as a
429:, Waddell joined the Confederacy as an
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37:Alfred M. Waddell between 1865 and 1880
1070:Collins, Lauren (September 19, 2016).
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990:The Negro in North Carolina, 1876-1894
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506:Leader in the "Party of the White Man"
128:March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1879
1131:. University of North Carolina Press.
1093:. University of North Carolina Press.
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976:. University of North Carolina Press.
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665:The White Declaration of Independence
7:
1281:"Alfred Moore Waddell (id: W000002)"
1129:Josephus Daniels, Editor in Politics
571:"Wilmington Messenger." Nov. 9, 1898
1833:American people of Scottish descent
1111:. Louisiana State University Press.
686:Remains of "The Daily Record", 1898
500:1896 Democratic National Convention
490:, where he supported Union General
317:mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina
48:Mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina
1858:Mayors of places in North Carolina
909:"Alfred Moore Waddell (1834-1912)"
725:Wilmington coup, described in the
519:, resulting in the recognition of
14:
1813:19th-century American politicians
987:Avedis Logan, Frenise A. (1964).
947:Chronicles of the Cape Fear River
261:led only coup d'état on U.S. soil
77:November 10, 1898 – 1906
1843:Confederate States Army officers
1632:
1300: This article incorporates
1295:
1248:. Weaver & Lynch. p. 58
791:
378:and U. S. Supreme Court Justice
1642:(Reform in the) Civil Service*
968:William S. Powell, ed. (2006).
884:at www.northcarolinahistory.org
760:That bunch were all negroes...
717:New York Herald - Nov. 11, 1898
678:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
484:Democratic National Conventions
444:In 1856, Waddell supported the
324:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
277:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1853:Leaders who took power by coup
1710:Post Office and Civil Service
1321:Southern Historical Collection
1242:De Lancey Haywood, M. (1906).
974:Encyclopedia of North Carolina
913:North Carolina History Project
1:
1354:Member of the
1339:U.S. House of Representatives
315:between 1871 and 1879 and as
253:politician, lawyer, publisher
1868:North Carolina Know Nothings
322:Waddell was a leader of the
16:White Supremacist Politician
1779:Reform in the Civil Service
1420:Post Office and Post Roads
575:Democratic Party Chairman,
471:and as the chairman of the
465:42nd United States Congress
1901:
1828:American newspaper editors
950:. Edwards & Broughton.
871:. Observer Printing House.
869:Memoirs of an Octogenarian
675:
332:Wilmington, North Carolina
330:government of the city of
217:Gabrielle de Rosset (1896)
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867:Bellamy, John D. (1942).
360:Hillsboro, North Carolina
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1279:United States Congress.
463:. He was elected to the
1291:Retrieved on 2008-09-27
1048:The News & Observer
409:Wilmington Daily Herald
1302:public domain material
944:Sprunt, James (1916).
773:
733:On November 26, 1898,
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672:Wilmington coup d'état
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492:Winfield Scott Hancock
469:Ku Klux Klan committee
849:National Public Radio
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685:
570:
461:Conservative Democrat
456:National Convention.
368:North Carolina Senate
334:; and Waddell became
245:Alfred M. Waddell Jr.
1777:Name shortened from
1205:. November 10, 1898.
1041:"The Ghosts of 1898"
970:"Convention of 1875"
454:Constitutional Union
358:Waddell was born in
354:Family and education
295:Alfred Moore Waddell
215:Ellen Savage (1878)
213:Julia Savage (1857)
25:Alfred Moore Waddell
1270:. November 26, 1898
1187:. November 9, 1898.
931:Library of Congress
596:News & Observer
336:mayor of Wilmington
319:from 1898 to 1906.
307:U.S. representative
97:William E. Springer
1330:NC History Project
851:. August 17, 2008.
803:. You can help by
731:
719:
688:
671:
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563:Rise to leadership
549:The People's Party
348:disenfranchisement
344:racial segregation
301:. A member of the
169:September 16, 1834
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1373:Daniel L. Russell
1370:Succeeded by
1348:Oliver H. Dockery
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577:Furnifold Simmons
477:Daniel L. Russell
414:Charlotte Journal
403:newspaper in the
305:, he served as a
299:white supremacist
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243:Elizabeth Savage
151:Daniel L. Russell
139:Oliver H. Dockery
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618:Cameron Morrison
592:Josephus Daniels
553:Fusion Coalition
541:Zebulon B. Vance
440:Political career
303:Democratic Party
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1569:J. Henderson
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448:and opposed
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407:region, the
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380:Alfred Moore
376:Francis Nash
372:Hugh Waddell
364:Hugh Waddell
357:
321:
294:
293:
271:
234:Alfred Moore
230:Francis Nash
226:Hugh Waddell
191:(1912-03-17)
172:Hillsborough
146:Succeeded by
123:
93:Succeeded by
72:
56:
55:
18:
1808:1912 deaths
1803:1834 births
1712:(1947–1995)
1644:(1893–1947)
1422:(1808–1947)
1252:January 15,
778:Solid South
709:"Race riot"
585:Robespierre
340:coup d'état
134:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
1797:Categories
1594:Steenerson
1579:Overstreet
1524:Farnsworth
1464:R. Johnson
1449:J. Johnson
1444:F. Johnson
1367:1871–1879
828:References
533:antebellum
511:Background
388:Wilmington
250:Occupation
196:Wilmington
1656:De Forest
1439:Livermore
1319:, in the
479:in 1878.
450:secession
405:Cape Fear
395:Publisher
258:Known for
222:Relations
210:Spouse(s)
124:In office
73:In office
1785:in 1925.
1701:Randolph
1696:Ramspeck
1686:Lehlbach
812:May 2021
431:adjutant
240:Children
117:district
63:unlawful
58:de facto
1691:Jeffers
1666:Gillett
1661:Brosius
1624:O'Brien
1604:Sanders
1564:Bingham
1549:Bingham
1539:Waddell
1509:English
1484:Hopkins
425:During
1754:Hanley
1739:Dulski
1734:Murray
1724:Murray
1681:Godwin
1676:Hamill
1671:Godwin
1651:Andrew
1614:Romjue
1599:Griest
1559:Blount
1529:Packer
1514:Colfax
1494:Potter
1489:Goggin
1479:Briggs
1469:Connor
1459:McKean
1454:Ingham
1434:Ingham
1359:from
636:Leader
527:, and
328:Fusion
1619:Burch
1584:Weeks
1554:Money
1544:Money
1534:Clark
1519:Alley
1474:McKay
1044:(PDF)
784:Death
362:, to
109:from
1773:Note
1764:Clay
1759:Ford
1729:Rees
1719:Rees
1609:Mead
1589:Moon
1574:Loud
1504:Mace
1499:Olds
1429:Rhea
1254:2020
620:and
488:1880
401:Whig
346:and
310:from
204:U.S.
186:Died
180:U.S.
166:Born
1781:to
1749:Nix
807:.
587:."
486:in
115:3rd
113:'s
1799::
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279:.
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