373:
a hard vacuum, drawing all the air and any remaining moisture out of the wood. Then, the cylinder is filled nearly full of the ACQ solution and a pressure of 150PSI is applied for several hours to force the solution completely into the wood. After the solution has been pumped out, a vacuum is applied again, to remove excess solution from the wood. {
372:
ACQ is applied at a timber treatment plants by industrial vacuum-pressure impregnation. Bunks of dried lumber are loaded into a long (up to 150') cylindrical container, seven feet in diameter. The bunks ride on a rail system at the bottom of the cylinder. Once filled, the container is subjected to
433:
One disadvantage of ACQ is that significant amounts of air pollution, in the form of ammonia, are released from treatment plants and freshly treated wood in storage yards. While the CCA components are far more toxic in a weight basis, being non-volatile solids they can be effectively contained.
462:
ACQ technology was developed and patented in Canada and improved in the U.S. It has been in commercial production in Europe, Japan and the U.S. since the late 1980s. Wood products treated with ACQ preservative were commercially produced in Canada for the first time in 2004.
321:
The ammonia carrier ACQ-B improves its ability to penetrate into wood that is difficult to treat, like some US Western lumber. The formulations with ethanolamine, especially ACQ-D, are generally used for easier woods (such as
384:
The ACQ-C product is normally shipped from manufacturer as a concentrated solution that is diluted at the wood treatment plant. ACQ-D and ACQ-A are shipped as two separate solutions that are mixed and diluted at the latter.
380:
Bunk sizes: 2×4 have 294 pcs, 2×6 have 189 pcs, 2×8 YP have 96 pcs, 2×10 YP have 80 pcs, and 2×12 YP have 64 pcs. (YP= Yellow Pine) The lumber is usually eight, twelve, or sixteen feet long, but can be longer.
107:
As a copper carrier, ammonia has the advantage that it will penetrate difficult-to-treat
Western species better than other waterborne preservatives. Otherwise ethanolamine is preferred as copper carrier.
678:
Gareth Kear, Hăi-ZhènWú, Mark S. Jones (2009): "Weight loss studies of fastener materials corrosion in contact with timbers treated with copper azole and alkaline copper quaternary compounds".
285:
Formulations of ACQ differ in the "carrier" (complexing agent for copper), either ammonia or ethanolamine; and on the quaternary ammonium cation present. Types registered in the US and
156:
DDA is commercially produced as the carbonate, under the trade name "Carboquat". The carbonate is used instead of the chloride to reduce corrosion of the treatment equipment.
743:
442:
The copper in ACQ treated wood accelerates corrosion of galvanized steel fasteners (such as nails and screws) 10 times or more in comparison with CCA-treated wood.
334:
During the wood treatment process, the water-soluble copper and the quaternary ammonium cations are immobilized by the formation of stable insoluble compounds with
699:
486:
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388:
In the US and other countries, ACQ is registered for use on lumber, timbers, landscape ties, fence posts, building and utility poles, land, freshwater and
482:), leaching, sawing and sanding, or burning. These concerns led to the virtual banning of CCA for residential purposes by the US EPA, in 2003-2004.
718:". Missoula, MT : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 2006: iv, 44 pages. Accessed on 2021-07-02.
315:
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160:
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Wood treated with ACQ has greenish-brown color which may fade to brown, and may have a slight ammonia odor until the wood dries.
740:
430:
ADBA chloride has been used in commercial products in the US since 1947. A registration standard was issued by EPA in 1985.
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fasteners should be avoided. One should use fasteners made of hot-dipped galvanized steel, copper, or stainless steel.
374:
466:
ACQ became a widely used wood preservative after concerns were raised about possible environmental contamination by
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The quaternary ammonium cation is added to prevent growth of copper-tolerant bacteria, fungus, and mold, as an
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products that have been used for decades in hospitals and other commercial and industrial establishments.
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ACQ-B: copper-ammonia (66.7% CuO) and DDA chloride (33.3%). Not currently registered for use in Canada.
527:
408:
In the treated wood, the copper is relatively harmless and not an environmental or health concern.
38:
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97:. In any case, the copper content is usually expressed as a weight percentage of the amount of
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27:
683:
569:
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665:
647:". Report EPA739-R-06-009, US EPA, Dept of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances.
700:
ACQ (Alkaline Copper
Quaternary) Wood Preservative and Fasteners - Are They Compatible?
645:
Reregistration
Eligibility Decision for Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (ADBAC)
561:
762:
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343:
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https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/basics-of-pressure-treatment-of-wood.html}
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ACQ-C: copper-ammonia and/or copper-ethanolamne (66.7% CuO) and ADBA chloride (30%).
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323:
263:
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ACQ-D: copper-ethanolamine (66.7% CuO) and DDA chloride or carbonate (33.3%).
597:" USDA, United States Forest Service, online report. Accessed on 2019-04-20.
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416:
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530:". Report APA/600/SR-94/036, US EPA, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
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DDA carbonate is non-volatile and highly soluble in water, with near zero
48:-substituted compounds ("quats"). Thus the product was originally called
629:
Chapter G – Alkaline Copper
Quaternary (ACQ) Wood Preservation Facilities
467:
420:
241:
716:
Preservative-treated wood and alternative products in the Forest
Service
631:" Environment and Climate Change Canada website. Accessed on 2019-04-20.
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Preservative-Treated Wood and
Alternative Products in the Forest Service
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ACQ-A: copper-ethanolamine (50% CuO equivalent), and DDA chloride (50%).
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66:
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The copper in the preparation is in the form of a soluble complex with
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34:
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ACQ FAQ from the Forest
Products Laboratory of the US Forest Service
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76:
41:
392:, sea walls, decking, wood shingles, and other wood structures.
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Another quaternary ammonium cation used in some formulations is
45:
736:
Information from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
528:
Evaluating ACQ as an
Alternative wood Preservative System
326:) because it provides a more uniform surface appearance.
126:
The quaternary ammonium cation in some formulations is
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C A Cushing, R Golden, Y W Lowney, S E Holm (2007): "
485:
702:" Fasteners Eurasia website. Accessed on 2019-04-20.
233:that balance their positive charges) are typically
221:Both the copper complex and the quats are positive
562:Human Health Risk Evaluation of ACQ-Treated Wood
658:"EPA: Pesticides - ACQ - An Alternative to CCA"
741:Alkaline Copper Quaternary - Safety Data Sheet
710:
708:
306:The ACQ Type D formulation also contains two
8:
714:James (Scott) Groenier, Stan Lebow (2006): "
566:Journal Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
493:in 2002 for commercial introduction of ACQ.
491:Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award
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104:that would account for the copper present.
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568:, volume 13, issue 5, pages 1014-1041.
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478:(CCA), through contact (especially in
316:5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
682:, volume 51, issue 2, pages 252-262.
50:ammoniacal copper/quaternary ammonium
16:Type of water-based wood preservative
7:
487:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
161:octanol-water partition coefficient
643:Jonathan Chen and others (2006): "
505:(CBA), another alternative to CCA.
14:
312:2-methyl-4- isothiazolin-3-one
1:
688:10.1016/j.corsci.2008.11.012
526:Abraham S. C. Chen (1994): "
446:(AISI 316) is not affected.
411:DDA chloride is approved as
346:and other wood components.
173:alkyldimethylbenzylammonium
117:Quaternary ammonium cations
112:Quaternary ammonium cations
26:, is a type of water-based
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349:The copper is the primary
20:Alkaline copper quaternary
574:10.1080/10807030701506173
476:chromated copper arsenate
213:varies between 8 and 18.
474:from wood treated with
175:(ADBA). The formula is
128:didecyldimethylammonium
30:product containing a
22:, usually abbreviated
281:Standard formulations
330:Mechanism of action
39:quaternary ammonium
746:2019-06-04 at the
438:Fastener corrosion
396:Treated wood color
35:copper(II) complex
680:Corrosion Science
28:wood preservative
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666:the original
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503:copper azole
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99:copper oxide
81:ethanolamine
64:
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23:
19:
18:
662:www.epa.gov
480:playgrounds
362:insecticide
351:bactericide
264:bicarbonate
227:counterions
217:Counterions
56:Composition
510:References
377:2022-4-13
308:moldicides
448:Aluminium
417:fungicide
413:germicide
355:fungicide
340:cellulose
249:carbonate
235:hydroxide
757:Category
744:Archived
497:See also
468:chromium
452:Galvalum
421:algicide
242:chloride
209:, where
79:such as
472:arsenic
458:History
357:agent.
225:. The
223:cations
67:ammonia
32:soluble
419:, and
404:Safety
342:, and
336:lignin
287:Canada
231:anions
130:(DDA)
75:or an
229:(the
77:amine
44:- or
42:alkyl
763:Wood
470:and
450:and
423:for
353:and
314:and
177:N(CH
167:ADBA
132:N(CH
46:aryl
37:and
684:doi
570:doi
564:".
489:’s
368:Use
267:HCO
262:or
193:)(C
122:DDA
102:CuO
84:N(C
24:ACQ
759::
707:^
660:.
636:^
602:^
580:^
535:^
517:^
415:,
364:.
338:,
318:.
310::
289::
277:.
255:2−
252:CO
247:,
245:Cl
240:,
238:HO
205:+1
185:(C
163:.
153:.
146:21
142:10
140:(C
92:)H
70:NH
52:.
698:"
686::
627:"
593:"
572::
273:3
270:−
258:3
211:n
207:)
203:n
201:2
199:H
196:n
191:5
189:H
187:6
183:2
181:)
179:2
150:2
148:)
144:H
138:2
136:)
134:3
94:2
90:5
88:H
86:2
72:3
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