Wood preservation - Knowledge (XXG)

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preventing fungal growth, borates should not be used where they will be exposed to repeated rain, water or ground contact unless the exposed surfaces are treated to repel water. Zinc-borate compounds are less susceptible to leaching than sodium-borate compounds, but are still not recommended for below-ground use unless the timber is first sealed. Recent interest in low toxicity timber for residential use, along with new regulations restricting some wood preservation agents, has resulted in a resurgence of the use of borate treated wood for floor beams and internal structural members. Researchers at CSIRO in Australia have developed organoborates which are much more resistant to leaching, while still providing timber with good protection from termite and fungal attack. The cost of the production of these modified borates will limit their widespread take-up but they are likely to be suitable for certain niche applications, especially where low mammalian toxicity is of paramount importance.

1422: 1320:(UK: railway sleepers) helped to fuel an explosion of new techniques that emerged in the early 19th century. The sharpest rise in inventions took place between 1830 and 1840, when Bethell, Boucherie, Burnett and Kyan were making wood-preserving history. Since then, numerous processes have been introduced or existing processes improved. The goal of modern-day wood preservation is to ensure a deep, uniform penetration with reasonable cost, without endangering the environment. The most widespread application processes today are those using artificial pressure through which many woods are being effectively treated, but several species (such as spruce, Douglas-fir, larch, hemlock and fir) are very resistant to impregnation. With the use of incising, the treatment of these woods has been somewhat successful but with a higher cost and not always satisfactory results. One can divide the wood-preserving methods roughly into either non-pressure processes or pressure processes. 374:

many preservative products are not packaged and labeled for use by the general public, a system different from the original treatment may need to be utilized for field treatment. Users shall carefully read and follow the instructions and precautions listed on the product label when using these materials. Copper naphthenate preservatives containing a minimum of 2.0% copper metal are recommended for material originally treated with copper naphthenate, pentachlorophenol, creosote, creosote solution or waterborne preservatives." The M4 Standard has been adopted by the International Code Council's (ICC) 2015 International Building Code (IBC) section 2303.1.9 Preservative-treated Wood, and 2015 International Residential Code (IRC) R317.1.1 Field Treatment. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO has also adopted the AWPA M4 Standard.

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created within the lumen of the cells, causing the preservative to be drawn into the wood. Some penetration occurs during the hot baths, but most of it takes place during the cold baths. This cycle is repeated with a significant time reduction compared to other steeping processes. Each bath may last 4 to 8 hours or in some cases longer. The temperature of the preservative in the hot bath should be between 60 to 110 °C (140 to 230 °F) and 30 to 40 °C (86 to 104 °F) in the cold bath (depending on preservative and tree species). The average penetration depths achieved with this process ranges from 30 to 50 mm (1.2 to 2.0 in). Both preservative oils and water-soluble salts can be used with this treatment. Due to the longer treatment periods, this method finds little use in the commercial wood preservation industry today.

479:(APVMA) restricted the use of CCA preservative for treatment of timber used in certain applications from March 2006. CCA may no longer be used to treat wood used in 'intimate human contact' applications such as children's play equipment, furniture, residential decking and handrailing. Use for low contact residential, commercial and industrial applications remains unrestricted, as does its use in all other situations. The APVMA decision to restrict the use of CCA in Australia was a precautionary measure, even though the report found no evidence that demonstrated CCA treated timber posed unreasonable risks to humans in normal use. Similarly to the US EPA, the APVMA did not recommend dismantling or removal of existing CCA treated wood structures. 370:. A 50-year study presented to AWPA in 2005 by Mike Freeman and Douglas Crawford says, "This study reassessed the condition of the treated wood posts in southern Mississippi, and statistically calculated the new expected post life span. It was determined that commercial wood preservatives, like pentachlorophenol in oil, creosote, and copper naphthenate in oil, provided excellent protection for posts, with life spans now calculated to exceed 60 years. Surprisingly, creosote and penta treated posts at 75% of the recommended AWPA retention, and copper naphthenate at 50% of the required AWPA retention, gave excellent performance in this AWPA Hazard Zone 5 site. Untreated southern pine posts lasted 2 years in this test site." 148:, with exceptions for certain industrial uses. CCA may still be used for outdoor products like utility trailer beds and non-residential construction like piers, docks, and agricultural buildings. Industrial wood preservation chemicals are generally not available directly to the public and may require special approval to import or purchase, depending on the product and the jurisdiction where being used. In most countries, industrial wood preservation operations are notifiable industrial activities that require licensing from relevant regulatory authorities such as EPA or equivalent. Reporting and licensing conditions vary widely, depending on the particular chemicals used and the country of use. 1430:

deeper and more uniform penetration and a higher absorption of preservative is achieved. Another advantage is that the treating conditions can be controlled so that retention and penetration can be varied. These pressure processes can be adapted to large-scale production. The high initial costs for equipment and the energy costs are the biggest disadvantages. These treatment methods are used to protect ties, poles and structural timbers and find use throughout the world today. The various pressure processes that are used today differ in details, but the general method is in all cases the same. The treatment is carried out in cylinders. The timbers are loaded onto special tram cars, so called

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the caps or holes from an elevated container. Preservative oils tend to not penetrate satisfactorily by this method. The hydrostatic pressure of the liquid forces the preservative lengthwise into and through the sapwood, thus pushing the sap out of the other end of the timber. After a few days, the sapwood is completely impregnated; unfortunately little or no penetration takes place in the heartwood. Only green wood can be treated in this manner. This process has found considerable usage to impregnate poles and also larger trees in Europe and North America, and has experienced a revival of usage to impregnate bamboo in countries such as Costa Rica, Bangladesh, India and the state of Hawaii.

1363:. The depth and retention achieved depends on factors such as species, wood moisture, preservative and soak duration. The majority of the absorption takes place during the first two or three days, but will continue at a slower pace for an indefinite period. As a result, the longer the wood can be left in the solution, the better treatment it will receive. When treating seasoned timber, both the water and the preservative salt soak into the wood, making it necessary to season the wood a second time. Posts and poles can be treated directly on endangered areas, but should be treated at least 30 cm (0.98 ft) above the future ground level. 680: 1367:

timber (because the concentration slowly decreases as the chemicals diffuse into the wood). The solution strength should be controlled continually and, if necessary, be corrected with the salt additive. After the timber is removed from the treatment tank, the chemical will continue to spread within the wood if it has sufficient moisture content. The wood should be weighed down and piled so that the solution can reach all surfaces. (Sawed materials stickers should be placed between every board layer.) This process finds minimal use despite its former popularity in continental

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commercially available wood-based construction materials using pressure-treatment (such as those marketed in the United States and elsewhere under the trade names of 'FirePro', 'Burnblock' 'Wood-safe, 'Dricon', 'D-Blaze,' and 'Pyro-Guard'), as well as factory-applied coatings under the trade names of 'PinkWood' and 'NexGen'. Some site-applied coatings as well as brominated fire retardants have lost favor due to safety concerns as well as concerns surrounding the consistency of application. Specialized treatments also exist for wood used in weather-exposed applications.

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off or evaporates, but unless puddling occurs penetration is limited and may not be suitable for long-term weathering. By using the spray method, coal-tar creosote, oil-borne solutions and water-borne salts (to some extent) can also be applied. A thorough brush or spray treatment with coal-tar creosote can add 1 to 3 years to the lifespan of poles or posts. Two or more coats provide better protection than one, but the successive coats should not be applied until the prior coat has dried or soaked into the wood. The wood should be

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treated wood is darkened in colour, and there are changes in certain mechanical characteristics: Specifically, the modulus of elasticity is increased to 10%, and the modulus of rupture is diminished by 5% to 20%. Thus, the treated wood requires drilling for nailing to avoid splitting the wood. Certain of these processes cause less impact than others in their mechanical effects upon the treated wood. Wood treated with this process is often used for cladding or siding, flooring, furniture and windows.

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paint and stain applications with no bleed-through. The addition of the wax stabilizer allows a lower preservative retention plus substantially reduces the tendency of wood to warp and split as it dries. In combination with normal deck maintenance and sealer applications, the stabilizer helps maintain appearance and performance over time. PTI pressure treated wood products are no more corrosive than untreated wood and are approved for all types of metal contact, including aluminum.

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or LOSP methods, envelope treatments are significantly cheaper, as they use far less preservative. Major preservative manufacturers add a blue (or red) dye to envelope treatments. Blue colored timber is for use south of the Tropic of Capricorn and red for elsewhere. The colored dye also indicates that the timber is treated for resistance to termites/white ants. There is an ongoing promotional campaign in Australia for this type of treatment.

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wood. This process is common in North America (since the 1950s), where Douglas-fir products and pole butts of various species are prepared before treatment. It is most useful for woods that are resistant to side penetration, but allow preservative transport along the grain. In the region in which it is produced, it is common practice to incise all sawed Douglas-fir 3 in (76 mm) or more in thickness before treatment.

758:, as the solvent carrier to deliver preservative compounds into timber. Synthetic pyrethroids are typically used as an insecticide, such as permethrin, bifenthrin or deltamethrin. In Australia and New Zealand, the most common formulations use permethrin as an insecticide, and propiconazole and tebuconazole as fungicides. While still using a chemical preservative, this formulation contains no heavy-metal compounds. 5420: 3737: 168:

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) instead. Although the practice of distributing MSDS instead of CIS is widespread, there is an ongoing debate regarding the practice and how to best communicate potential hazards and hazard mitigation to the end-user. Neither MSDS nor the newly adopted International Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are required for treated lumber under current U.S. Federal law.

472:, and certain commercial applications. This was in an effort to reduce the use of arsenic and improve environmental safety, although the EPA were careful to point out that they had not concluded that CCA treated wood structures in service posed an unacceptable risk to the community. The EPA did not call for the removal or dismantling of existing CCA treated wood structures. 123:. Treated wood was used primarily for industrial, agricultural, and utility applications, where it is still used, until its use grew considerably (at least in the United States) in the 1970s, as homeowners began building decks and backyard projects. Innovation in treated timber products continues to this day, with consumers becoming more interested in less toxic materials. 5430: 3759: 119:, wood preservation became a cornerstone of the wood processing industry. Inventors and scientists such as Bethell, Boucherie, Burnett and Kyan made historic developments in wood preservation, with the preservative solutions and processes. Commercial pressure treatment began in the latter half of the 19th century with the protection of railroad cross-ties using 5440: 3747: 354:, canvas, nets, greenhouses, utility poles, railroad ties, beehives, and wooden structures in ground contact. Copper naphthenate is registered with the EPA as a non-restricted use pesticide, so there is no federal applicators licensing requirements for its use as a wood preservative. Copper Naphthenate can be applied by brush, dip, or pressure treatment. 1506:

considered to be wood error. Incisions by laser are significantly smaller than those of spokes or needles. The costs for each process type are approximately for spoke/conventional all-round incising €0.50/m, by laser incising €3.60/m and by needle incision €1.00/m. (Figures originate from the year 1998 and may vary from present day prices.)

1421: 765:(VOC) laws in the European Union, LOSPs have disadvantages due to the high cost and long process times associated with vapour-recovery systems. LOSPs have been emulsified into water-based solvents. While this does significantly reduce VOC emissions, the timber swells during treatment, removing many of the advantages of LOSP formulations. 567:

standard for a PTI ground contact preservative, so PTI is currently limited to above ground applications such as decks. All three of the PTI components are also used in food crop applications. The very low required amounts of PTI in pressure treated wood further limits effects and substantially decreases the freight costs and associated

320:, which are also used to protect food crops, instead of the quat biocide used in ACQ. The azole co-biocide yields a copper azole product that is effective at lower retentions than required for equivalent ACQ performance. The general appearance of wood treated with copper azole preservative is similar to CCA with a green colouration. 86: 1502:

The present-day incising machines consist essentially of four revolving drums fitted with teeth or needles or with lasers that burn the incisions into the wood. Preservatives can be spread along the grain up to 20 mm (0.79 in) in radial and up to 2 mm (0.079 in) in tangential and radial direction.

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In North America, where smaller timber dimensions are common, incision depths of 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) have become standard. In Europe, where larger dimensions are widespread, incision depths of 10 to 12 mm (0.39 to 0.47 in) are necessary. The incisions are visible and often

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Unfortunately, the impregnation of spruce, the most important structural timber in large areas in Europe, has shown that unsatisfactory treatment depths have been achieved with impregnation. The maximum penetration of 2 mm (0.079 in) is not sufficient to protect wood in weathered positions.

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Contrary to the static full-cell and empty-cell processes, the fluctuation process is a dynamic process. By this process the pressure inside the impregnation cylinder changes between pressure and vacuum within a few seconds. There have been inconsistent claims that through this process it is possible

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There are numerous non-pressure processes of treating wood which vary primarily in their procedure. The most common of these treatments involve the application of the preservative by means of brushing or spraying, dipping, soaking, steeping or by means of hot and cold bath. There is also a variety of

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Heat treatment can also improve the properties of the wood with respect to water, with lower equilibrium moisture, less moisture deformation, and weather resistance. It is weather-resistant enough to be used unprotected, in facades or in kitchen tables, where wetting is expected. However, heating can

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The acetylation of wood was first done in Germany in 1928 by Fuchs. In 1946, Tarkow, Stamm and Erickson first described the use of wood acetylation to stabilize wood from swelling in water. Since the 1940s, many laboratories around the world have looked at acetylation of many different types of woods

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has been incorporated in preservative formulations as a solvent and water repellent to "envelope treat" timber. This involves just treating the outer 5 mm of the cross-section of a timber member with preservative (e.g., permethrin 25:75), leaving the core untreated. While not as effective as CCA

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preservative technology has been introduced in the US and Europe. In these systems, copper is ground into micro sized particles and suspended in water rather than dissolved, as is the case with other copper products such as ACQ and copper azole. There are two particulate copper systems in production.

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The modified Boucherie process consists of placing freshly cut, unpeeled timbers onto declining skids, with the stump slightly elevated, then fastening watertight covering caps or boring a number of holes into the ends, and inserting a solution of copper sulfate or other waterborne preservative into

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Pressure processes are the most permanent method around today in preserving timber life. Pressure processes are those in which the treatment is carried out in closed cylinders with applied pressure or vacuum. These processes have a number of advantages over the non-pressure methods. In most cases, a

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Brushing preservatives is a long-practised method and often used in today's carpentry workshops. Technological developments mean it is also possible to spray preservative over the surface of the timber. Some of the liquid is drawn into the wood as the result of capillary action before the spray runs

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Biological modified timber is treated with biopolymers from agricultural waste. After drying and curing, the soft timber becomes durable and strong. With this process fast growing pinewood acquires properties similar to tropical hardwood. Production facilities for this process are in The Netherlands

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The PTI preservative imparts very little color to the wood. Producers generally add a color agent or a trace amount of copper solution so as to identify the wood as pressure treated and to better match the color of other pressure treated wood products. The PTI wood products are very well adapted for

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The process can apply varying amounts of preservative at varying levels of pressure to protect the wood against increasing levels of attack. Increasing protection can be applied (in increasing order of attack and treatment) for: exposure to the atmosphere, implantation within soil, or insertion into

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Developed in the Philippines, this method (abbreviated HPSD) consists of a cylinder pressure cap made from a 3 mm thick mild steel plate secured with 8 sets of bolts, a 2-HP diesel engine, and a pressure regulator with 1.4–14 kg/m capacity. The cap is placed over the stump of a pole, tree

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Developed by Dr. Boucherie of France in 1838, this approach consisted of attaching a bag or container of preservative solution to a standing or a freshly cut tree with bark, branches, and leaves still attached, thereby injecting the liquid into the sap stream. Through transpiration of moisture from

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The depth obtained during regular steeping periods varies from 5 to 10 mm (0.20 to 0.39 in) up to 30 mm (1.2 in) by sap pine. Due to the low absorption, solution strength should be somewhat stronger than that in pressure processes, around 5% for seasoned timber and 10% for green

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to build farm houses consisting of a wooden structural frame, a bamboo roof frame and bamboo with mud mixed with rice hay for the walls. While wood in contact with soil will generally decompose more quickly than wood not in contact with it, it is possible that the predominantly clay soils prevalent

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groups, the ability of the wood to absorb water is greatly reduced, rendering the wood more dimensionally stable and, because it is no longer digestible, extremely durable. In general, softwoods naturally have an acetyl content from 0.5 to 1.5% and more durable hardwoods from 2 to 4.5%. Acetylation

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groups readily absorb and release water according to changes in the climatic conditions to which they are exposed. This is the main reason why wood's dimensional stability is impacted by swelling and shrinking. It is also believed that the digestion of wood by enzymes initiates at the free hydroxyl

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compounds do not become fixed in the wood and can be partially leached out if exposed repeatedly to water that flows away rather than evaporating (evaporation leaves the borate behind so is not a problem). Even though leaching will not normally reduce boron concentrations below effective levels for

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In the full-cell process, the intent is to keep as much of the liquid absorbed into the wood during the pressure period as possible, thus leaving the maximum concentration of preservatives in the treated area. Usually, water solutions of preservative salts are employed with this process, but it is

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Patented by Charles A. Seely, this process achieves treatment by immersing seasoned wood in successive baths of hot and cold preservatives. During the hot baths, the air expands in the timbers. When the timbers are changed to the cold bath (the preservative can also be changed) a partial vacuum is

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or water vapour to control drying in a staged treatment process ranging from 24 to 48 hours at temperatures of 180 °C to 230 °C depending on timber species. These processes increase the durability, dimensional stability and hardness of the treated wood by at least one class; however, the

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In spite of the vast amount of research on chemical modification of wood, and, more specifically, on the acetylation of wood, commercialization did not come easily. The first patent on the acetylation of wood was filed by Suida in Austria in 1930. Later, in 1947, Stamm and Tarkow filed a patent on

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The technique is applied to timber mainly for the building industry as a cladding material. The technique is being further developed in order to reach similar physical and biological properties of other polyfurfuryl impregnated wood species. Besides the impregnation with the biopolymers the timber

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is manufactured. Theoretically this alcohol can be from any fermented bio-mass waste and therefore can be called a green chemical. After condensation reactions pre-polymers are formed from furfuryl alcohol. Fast growing softwood is impregnated with the water-soluble bio-polymer. After impregnation

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preservative has been developed to improve the insect resistance of timber. As this preservative is applied by spray, it only penetrates the outer 2 mm of the timber cross-section. Concerns have been raised as to whether this thin-envelope system will provide protection against insects in the

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better known as PTI. The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) standards for PTI require a retention of 0.018 lb/cu ft (0.29 kg/m) for above ground use and 0.013 lb/cu ft (0.21 kg/m) when applied in combination with a wax stabilizer. The AWPA has not developed a

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The AWPA M4 Standard for the care of preservative-treated wood products, reads, "The appropriateness of the preservation system for field treatment shall be determined by the type of preservative originally used to protect the product and the availability of a field treatment preservative. Because

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The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) recommends that all treated wood be accompanied by a Consumer Information Sheet (CIS), to communicate safe handling and disposal instructions, as well as potential health and environmental hazards of treated wood. Many producers have opted to provide

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As explained in Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, this process involves two or more chemical baths that undergo a reaction with the cells of the wood, and result in the precipitation of preservative into the wood cells. Two chemicals commonly employed in this process are copper ethanolamine, and sodium

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restricts the marketing and use of arsenic, including CCA wood treatment. CCA treated wood is not permitted to be used in residential or domestic constructions. It is permitted for use in various industrial and public works, such as bridges, highway safety fencing, electric power transmission and

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are used to treat lumber, preserving lumber protects natural resources (in the short term) by enabling wood products to last longer. Previous poor practices in industry have left legacies of contaminated ground and water around wood treatment sites in some cases. However, under currently approved

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First tested and patented in 1911 and 1912, this process consists of making shallow, slit-like holes in the surfaces of material to be treated, so that deeper and more uniform penetration of preservative may be obtained. Incisions made in sawed material usually are parallel with the grain of the

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Dipping consists of simply immersing the wood in a bath of creosote or other preservative for a few seconds or minutes. Similar penetrations to that of brushing and spraying processes are achieved. It has the advantage of minimizing hand labor. It requires more equipment and larger quantities of

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There are four similar heat treatments — Westwood, developed in the United States; Retiwood, developed in France; Thermowood, developed in Finland by VTT; and Platowood, developed in The Netherlands. These processes autoclave the treated wood, subjecting it to pressure and heat, along with

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In both cases, treatment provides a physical barrier to flame spread. The treated wood chars but does not oxidize. Effectively this creates a convective layer that transfers flame heat to the wood in a uniform way which significantly slows the progress of fire to the material. There are several

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A waterborne copper naphthenate is sold to consumers under the tradename QNAP 5W. Oilborne copper naphthenates with 1% copper as metal solutions are sold to consumers under the tradenames Copper Green, and Wolmanized Copper Coat, a 2% copper as metal solution is sold under the tradename Tenino.

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The AWPA standard retention for CA-B is 0.10 lb/cu ft (1.6 kg/m) for above ground applications and 0.21 lb/cu ft (3.4 kg/m) for ground contact applications. Type C copper azole, denoted as CA-C, has been introduced under the Wolmanized and Preserve brands. The AWPA

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preservative (denoted as CA-B and CA-C under American Wood Protection Association/AWPA standards) is a major copper based wood preservative that has come into wide use in Canada, the US, Europe, Japan and Australia following restrictions on CCA. Its use is governed by national and international

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The copper particle size used in the "micronized" copper beads ranges from 1 to 700 nm with an average under 300 nm. Larger particles (such as actual micron-scale particles) of copper do not adequately penetrate the wood cell walls. These micronized preservatives use nano particles of

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Preservatives containing copper in the form of microscopic particles have recently been introduced to the market, usually with "micronized" or "micro" trade names and designations such as MCQ or MCA. The manufacturers represent that these products are safe and EPA has registered these products.

2250:, Bert Kattenbroek, Peter Ratering, Ferry Bongers, Francesco Leicher, and Hal Stebbins, "Production of Dimensionally Stable and Decay Resistant Wood Components Based on Acetylation", presented at International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Istanbul, Turkey, 2008 159:

Wood treated with modern preservatives is generally safe to handle, given appropriate handling precautions and personal protection measures. However, treated wood may present certain hazards in some circumstances, such as during combustion or where loose wood dust particles or other fine toxic

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is the practice of covering wood, most commonly wooden hulls of ships, with copper metal. As metallic copper is both repellent and toxic to fungus, insects such as termites, and marine bi-valves this would preserve the wood and also act as an anti-fouling measure to prevent aquatic life from

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The University of Hawaii has found that copper naphthenate in wood at loadings of 1.5 lb/cu ft (24 kg/m) is resistant to Formosan termite attack. On February 19, 1981, the Federal Register outlined the EPA's position regarding the health risks associated with various wood

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In 1977, in Russia, Otlesnov and Nikitina came close to commercialization, but the process was discontinued, presumably because cost-effectiveness could not be achieved. In 2007, Titan Wood, a London-based company, with production facilities in The Netherlands, achieved cost-effective

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attaching to the ship's hull and reducing a ship's speed and maneuverability. Modern marine bottom paints often incorporate a significant amount of copper in their formulations for the same reason, although they are not recommended for aluminum hulls because of the possibilities for

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Binbuga, Nursen; Ruhs, Christopher; Hasty, Julia K.; Henry, William P.; Schultz, Tor P. (1 May 2008). "Developing environmentally benign and effective organic wood preservatives by understanding the biocidal and non-biocidal properties of extractives in naturally durable heartwood".

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dimethyldithiocarbamate, which reacts to precipitate copper dimetyldithiocarbamate. The precipitated preservative is very resistant to leeching. Since its use in the mid-1990s, it has been discontinued in the United States of America, but it never saw commercialization in Canada.

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to reverse the pit closure by spruce. However, the best results that have been achieved with this process by spruce do not exceed a penetration deeper than 10 mm (0.39 in). Specialized equipment is necessary and therefore higher investment costs are incurred.

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the wood is dried and heated which initiates a polymerisation reaction between the bio-polymer and the wood cells. This process results in wood cells which are resistant to microorganisms. At the moment the only timber species which is being used for this process is

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of timber using microwave technology. There is some concern that this method may adversely affect the structural performance of the material. Research in this area has been conducted by the Cooperative Research Centre at the University of Melbourne, Australia.

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preservative and is not adequate for treating small lots of timber. Usually the dipping process is useful in the treatment of window sashes and doors. Except for copper naphthenate, treatment with copper salt preservative is no longer allowed with this method.

1438:, and into the cylinder. These cylinders are then set under pressure often with the addition of higher temperature. As final treatment, a vacuum is frequently used to extract excess preservatives. These cycles can be repeated to achieve better penetration. 605:, markets TimberSIL, a sodium silicate wood preservative. The TimberSIL proprietary process surrounds the wood fibers with a protective, non-toxic, amorphous glass matrix. The result is a product the company calls "Glass Wood," which they claim is Class A 131:

Wood that has been industrially pressure-treated with approved preservative products poses a limited risk to the public and should be disposed of properly. On December 31, 2003, the U.S. wood treatment industry stopped treating residential lumber with

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PTI pressure treated wood products are relatively new to the market place and are not yet widely available in building supply stores. However, there are some suppliers selling PTI products for delivery anywhere in the US on a job lot order basis.

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was used for ship hulls in the 19th century, but over-harvesting and Huon pine's extremely slow growth rate makes this now a specialty timber. Huon pine is so rot resistant that fallen trees from many years ago are still commercially valuable.

503:, acid copper chromate, and ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA). The CuHDO treatment is an alternative to CCA, ACQ and CA used in Europe and in approval stages for United States and Canada. ACZA is generally used for marine applications. 1294:

Also, since wood is subject to bacterial decay only under specific temperature and moisture content ranges, submerging it in water-saturated mud can retard decay, by saturating the wood's internal cells beyond their moisture decay range.

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The only impregnation-applied fire retardant commercially available in Australia is 'NexGen'. 'Guardian', which used calcium formate as a 'powerful wood modifying agent', was removed from sale in early 2010 for unspecified reasons.

423:, an aqueous solution of CCA is applied using a vacuum and pressure cycle, and the treated wood is then stacked to dry. During the process, the mixture of oxides reacts to form insoluble compounds, helping with leaching problems. 1458:. A full-cell process with oil was patented in 1838 by John Bethell. His patent described the injection of tar and oils into wood by applying pressure in closed cylinders. This process is still used today with some improvements. 1116:

is a superb timber for building the hulls and decks of boats. It too is now a specialty timber and ancient logs (in excess of 3 000 years) that have been mined from swamps are used by wood turners and furniture makers.

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The natural durability or rot and insect resistance of wood species is always based on the heartwood (or "truewood"). The sapwood of all timber species should be considered to be non-durable without preservative treatment.

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Creosote was the first wood preservative to gain industrial importance more than 150 years ago and it is still widely used today for protection of industrial timber components where long service life is essential.

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The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) standards for ACQ require a retention of 0.15 lb/cu ft (2.4 kg/m) for above ground use and 0.40 lb/cu ft (6.4 kg/m) for ground contact.

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layer up to 5 mm into the wood. As a preservative it is effective for exterior work above and below ground, but the thin layer makes it less useful in practice. It is not available as a pressure treatment.

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copper oxide or copper carbonate, for which there are alleged safety concerns. An environmental group petitioned EPA in 2011 to revoke the registration of the micronized copper products, citing safety issues.

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Brocco, Victor Fassina; Paes, Juarez Benigno; Costa, Lais Gonçalves da; Brazolin, Sérgio; Arantes, Marina Donária Chaves (January 2017). "Potential of teak heartwood extracts as a natural wood preservative".

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Chemical modification of wood at the molecular level has been used to improve its performance properties. Many chemical reaction systems for the modification of wood, especially those using various types of

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chemical that remains stable in high temperature environments. The fire retardant is applied under pressure at a wood treating plant like the preservatives described above, or applied as a surface coating.

621:(potassium waterglass) based preservatives. They frequently include boron compounds, cellulose, lignin and other plant extracts. They are a surface application with a minimal impregnation for internal use. 2024:

Carr, Jenny M.; Duggan, Peter J.; Humphrey, David G.; Platts, James A.; Tyndall, Edward M. (2005). "Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters as Organo-Soluble, Environmentally Benign Wood Protectants".

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takes wood well beyond these levels with corresponding benefits. These include an extended coatings life due to acetylated wood acting as a more stable substrate for paints and translucent coatings.

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In this process the wood is submerged in a tank of water-preservative mix, and allowed to soak for a longer period of time (several days to weeks). This process was developed in the 19th century by

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or moved slowly across a fire. The charred surface is then cleaned using a steel brush to remove loose bits and to expose the grain. Oil or varnish may be applied if required. Charring wood with a

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industry practices and regulatory controls, such as implemented in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and elsewhere, environmental impact of these operations should be minimal.

1806: 1676: 2260: 487:

telecommunications poles. In the United Kingdom waste timber treated with CCA was classified in July 2012 as hazardous waste by the department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

476: 215:

Two particulate copper systems, one marketed as MicroPro and the other as Wolmanized using μCA-C formulation, have achieved Environmentally Preferable Product (EPP) certification. The

671:. They emit a strong petrochemical odor and are generally not used in consumer products. Both of these pressure treatments routinely protect wood for 40 years in most applications. 339:

standard retention for CA-C is 0.06 lb/cu ft (0.96 kg/m) for above ground applications and 0.15 lb/cu ft (2.4 kg/m) for ground contact applications.

5313: 464:(EPA) in a voluntary agreement with industry began restricting the use of CCA in treated timber in residential and commercial construction, with the exception of shakes and 1701: 1308:

Probably the first attempts made to protect wood from decay and insect attack consisted of brushing or rubbing preservatives onto the surfaces of the treated wood. Through

2131: 541:, commonly abbreviated DOT. Borate treated wood is of low toxicity to humans, and does not contain copper or other heavy metals. However, unlike most other preservatives, 460:

issued a report in 2002 stating that exposure to arsenic from direct human contact with CCA treated wood may be higher than was previously thought. On 1 January 2004, the

2326:

Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Pailhories, Hélène; Eveillard, Matthieu; Irle, Mark; Aviat, Florence; Dubreil, Laurence; Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe (May 2020).

2701:

Hu, Junyi; Shen, Yu; Pang, Song; Gao, Yun; Xiao, Guoyong; Li, Shujun; Xu, Yingqian (December 2013). "Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative".

2207:

Zelinka, Samuel L.; Altgen, Michael; Emmerich, Lukas; Guigo, Nathanael; Keplinger, Tobias; Kymäläinen, Maija; Thybring, Emil E.; Thygesen, Lisbeth G. (26 June 2022).

99:

As proposed by Richardson, treatment of wood has been practiced for almost as long as the use of wood itself. There are records of wood preservation reaching back to

1234:

wood, heat treatment may make timber more durable. By heating timber to a certain temperature, it may be possible to make the wood fibre less appetizing to insects.

2119: 554:

Recent concerns about the health and environmental effects of metallic wood preservatives have created a market interest in non-metallic wood preservatives such as

2526: 1944: 594:

with sand or heating both ingredients under pressure. It has been in use since the 19th century. It can be a deterrent against insect attack and possesses minor

461: 281: 141: 823:

can also be impregnated with fire retardant resins. This combination creates a timber with durability class I and a fire safety certification of Euro class B.

285: 34:

In moist and oxygenated soil, there are few treatments that enable vulnerable wood (softwood here) to resist for long against bacterial or fungal degradation

1454:

patented this development in 1838 of full-cell impregnation with water solutions. The patent covered the use of zinc chloride on water basis, also known as

5303: 1646: 219:

certification was issued by Scientific Certifications Systems (SCS) and is based on a comparative life-cycle impact assessments with an industry standard.

2540:

Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Pailhories, Hélène; Eveillard, Matthieu; Irle, Mark; Aviat, Florence; Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe (24 August 2020).

2380:

Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Pailhories, Hélène; Eveillard, Matthieu; Irle, Mark; Aviat, Florence; Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe (September 2020).

2054:"Wood Protection Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Arylspiroborate Esters Derived from Naphthalene 2,3-Diol, 2,2'-Biphenol and 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid" 1837: 254:. Its use is governed by national and international standards, which determine the volume of preservative uptake required for a specific timber end use. 609:, chemically inert, rot and decay resistant, and superior in strength to untreated wood. Timbersil is currently involved in litigation over its claims. 1813: 288:

in 2002 for commercial introduction of ACQ. Its widespread use has eliminated major quantities of arsenic and chromium previously contained in CCA.

3011: 1530:

of timber results in surfaces which are fire-resistant, insect-resistant and proof against weathering. Wood surfaces are ignited using a hand-held

3037: 1133:, are another promising wood preservatives. Several compounds have been described to be responsible for natural durability, including different 358:

preservatives. As a result, the National Park Service recommended the use of copper naphthenate in its facilities as an approved substitute for

444:

during a 12-month period. Once these chemicals have leached from the wood, they are likely to bind to soil particles, especially in soils with

518:) are effective wood preservatives and are supplied under numerous brand names throughout the world. One of the most common compounds used is 3795: 2844: 212:

biocide system (known as MCQ) and is a derivative of ACQ. The other uses an azole biocide (known as MCA or μCA-C) derived from copper azole.

1312:

the most effective preservatives and application processes were slowly determined. In the Industrial Revolution, demands for such things as

1621: 1441:

LOSP treatments often use a vacuum impregnation process. This is possible because of the lower viscosity of the white-spirit carrier used.

819:. This is the fastest growing tree species on Earth that has a porous structure which is particularly suitable for impregnation processes. 416:(UV) light resistance. Recognized for the greenish tint it imparts to timber, CCA is a preservative that was very common for many decades. 5433: 250:

which also augments the fungicidal treatment. ACQ has come into wide use in the US, Europe, Japan and Australia following restrictions on

2591:

Silveira, Amanda G. Da; Santini, Elio J.; Kulczynski, Stela M.; Trevisan, Rômulo; Wastowski, Arci D.; Gatto, Darci A. (7 December 2017).

1969: 273:

corrode. The U.S. began mandating the use of non-arsenic containing wood preservatives for virtually all residential use timber in 2004.

5288: 863:

The physical properties of any material are determined by its chemical structure. Wood contains an abundance of chemical groups called

457: 1112:(canoes). Today, they are specialty timbers as a result of their scarcity, although lower grade stocks are sold for landscaping use. 5318: 2510: 2261:"Chemical modification of wood by acetylation or furfurylation: A review of the present scaled-up technologies :: BioResources" 1774: 1742: 3762: 1035:), fall in this category. However, many of these species tend to be prohibitively expensive for general construction applications. 5293: 1726: 1291:

in Vietnam provide a degree of mechanical protection against insect attack, which compensates for the accelerated rate of decay.

519: 243: 2296: 679: 5469: 3284: 2466:

Morris, Paul I.; Stirling, Rod (September 2012). "Western red cedar extractives associated with durability in ground contact".

1082:, with the black locust also planted in modern times in Europe. Coast redwood is commonly used for similar applications in the 1196:, and different tree extracts, has been studied and proposed to be another environmentally-friendly wood preservation method. 1129:

Natural substances, purified from naturally rot-resistant trees and responsible for natural durability, also known as natural

5298: 1102:

colonial era when native forests were "mined", even as fence posts of which many are still operating. Totara was used by the

304:

Copper azole is similar to ACQ with the difference being that the dissolved copper preservative is augmented by an azole co-

1928: 1211:, where it was used as a preservative for wood ships. The oil penetrates the wood, and then hardens to form an impermeable 5308: 5018: 4036: 4645: 1993: 1329:

additional methods involving charring, applying preservatives in bored holes, diffusion processes and sap displacement.

785:(MEK) can be used to both preserve and seal wood. The wood coatings market in general will exceed $ 12 billion by 2027. 1450:

also possible to impregnate wood with oil. The desired retention is achieved by changing the strength of the solution.

483: 3030: 2955: 3304: 4495: 3299: 2996: 231: 5323: 4461: 3788: 3675: 3272: 762: 602: 598:

properties; however, it is easily washed out of wood by moisture, forming a flake-like layer on top of the wood.

469: 387: 137: 1851: 3751: 3640: 3579: 3080: 713: 902:

is non-toxic and does not have the environmental issues associated with traditional preservation techniques.

436: 145: 4675: 3823: 3818: 3660: 3240: 1225: 953:

These species are resistant to decay in their natural state, due to high levels of organic chemicals called

688: 5443: 2920: 1046:

is still a popular decking timber and has a long life in above ground applications, but it is logged in an

5474: 5400: 4481: 4451: 4446: 4152: 3740: 3230: 3225: 3023: 4466: 4315: 4177: 4089: 3377: 3279: 3175: 2312: 1083: 1079: 116: 1654: 1970:"Factors affecting distribution of borate to protect building envelope components from biodegradation" 5423: 5328: 5212: 5103: 4597: 4277: 4257: 4197: 3781: 3125: 2754: 2710: 2542:"Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea)" 2382:"Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea)" 1515: 1074: 1068: 1022: 923:

commercialization and began large-scale production of acetylated wood under the trade name "Accoya".

568: 496: 351: 301:

standards, which determine the volume of preservative uptake required for a specific timber end use.

831: 500: 430:

In the last decade concerns were raised that the chemicals may leach from the wood into surrounding

5053: 5048: 4582: 4567: 4547: 4542: 4418: 4300: 3523: 3002:

The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA, formerly the American Wood Preservers' Association)

2431:

Singh, Tripti; Singh, Adya P. (September 2012). "A review on natural products as wood protectant".

2052:

Carr, Jenny M.; Duggan, Peter J.; Humphrey, David G.; Platts, James A.; Tyndall, Edward M. (2010).

782: 257:

Since it contains high levels of copper, ACQ-treated timber is five times more corrosive to common

239: 209: 160:

residues are generated, or where treated wood comes into direct contact with food and agriculture.

104: 77:. These generally increase the durability and resistance from being destroyed by insects or fungi. 918:

published a technical bulletin on the acetylation of wood using no catalysis, but with an organic

434:, resulting in concentrations higher than naturally occurring background levels. A study cited in 5111: 4621: 4557: 4182: 4137: 3909: 3869: 3440: 2858: 2809: 2683: 2520: 2483: 2448: 1622:"Questions & Answers on CCA-Treated Wood Sealant Studies (Interim Results) | Pesticides" 1581: 1570: 1267: 942: 618: 347: 2910:

1625: 1238:

reduce the amount of volatile organic compounds, which generally have antimicrobial properties.

798: 2953:

Non-CCA Wood Preservatives: Guide to Selected Resources - National Pesticide Information Center

2876:

Sandberg, D; Kutnar, A; Mantanis, G (2017-12-31). "Wood modification technologies - a review".

961:, providing them antimicrobial properties. Extractives are chemicals that are deposited in the 683:

Wood railroad ties before (right) and after (left) infusion with creosote at a facility of the

5405: 5093: 5073: 4660: 4403: 4127: 3969: 3650: 3470: 3190: 3145: 2893: 2850: 2840: 2827:"Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology (Chapter 16.8. Thermal Wood Modification)". 2801: 2726: 2614: 2573: 2506: 2413: 2359: 2230: 1831: 1392: 1113: 1013: 999: 684: 664: 359: 5063: 5038: 5013: 4983: 4640: 4222: 4117: 3884: 3695: 3690: 3680: 3645: 3599: 3309: 3165: 3070: 2885: 2832: 2793: 2762: 2718: 2675: 2645: 2604: 2563: 2553: 2475: 2440: 2403: 2393: 2349: 2339: 2220: 2181: 2065: 2034: 1384: 1360: 1339: 937: 886: 857: 811: 591: 38: 30: 5395: 5008: 4944: 4718: 4438: 4408: 4368: 4282: 3984: 3710: 3215: 2959: 2300: 2247: 2155: 1932: 1730: 1451: 1309: 1047: 836: 587: 350:, invented in Denmark in 1911, has been used effectively for many applications including: 270: 265:

meeting or exceeding requirements for ASTM A 153 Class D, such as ceramic-coated, as mere

187: 74: 2106: 1103: 1054:

is a good choice where available. It is harvested from both old-growth and plantation in

2758: 2714: 1781: 1749: 5374: 5364: 5272: 5232: 5028: 5023: 4988: 4939: 4914: 4904: 4894: 4708: 4471: 4167: 3989: 3974: 3959: 3894: 3859: 3635: 3614: 3609: 3594: 3485: 3289: 2568: 2541: 2408: 2381: 2354: 2327: 2120:

Timber Treatment Technologies Wood Product TimberSIL Alleged Defective in Investigation

1576: 1177: 643: 606: 100: 2722: 1724: 1489:

or bamboo and the preservative is forced into the wood with pressure from the engine.

712:. Creosote is one of the oldest wood preservatives, and was originally derived from a 5464: 5458: 5344: 5237: 5207: 4909: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4811: 4665: 4650: 4612: 4562: 4552: 4305: 4262: 4019: 3944: 3854: 3849: 3665: 3584: 3574: 3480: 3435: 3428: 3095: 2862: 2634:"Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack" 2294: 1535: 1531: 1372: 1185: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1059: 1031: 983: 974: 816: 555: 453: 317: 2813: 2687: 2650: 2633: 2487: 2452: 5157: 5088: 5043: 5033: 4998: 4929: 4924: 4884: 4856: 4791: 4776: 4713: 4685: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4287: 4267: 4004: 3979: 3964: 3924: 3889: 3569: 3518: 3455: 3392: 3205: 3170: 3160: 3135: 3110: 1565: 1476:

the leaves the preservative is drawn upward through the sapwood of the tree trunk.

1317: 1313: 1108: 1018: 751: 709: 705: 595: 563: 559: 465: 313: 112: 54: 2766: 2609: 2592: 2328:"Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods" 440:

found 12–13% of the chromated copper arsenate leached from treated wood buried in

2169: 17: 5379: 5369: 5257: 5083: 5068: 4934: 4919: 4869: 4816: 4781: 4723: 4670: 4602: 4343: 4059: 4009: 3804: 3715: 3700: 3685: 3349: 3235: 3090: 2107:"TimberSIL Lawsuit Investigation | Class Action Lawsuit Lawyers California" 1926: 1231: 1212: 1095: 1066:. It is most commonly used for fence posts and house stumps. Eastern red cedar ( 899: 890: 875: 844: 733: 413: 405: 247: 2558: 2398: 2344: 1250:

For the control of pests that may be harbored in wood packaging material (i.e.

5267: 5222: 5003: 4949: 4899: 4889: 4841: 4831: 4786: 4728: 4693: 4633: 4388: 4378: 4373: 4237: 4192: 4041: 3954: 3919: 3538: 3505: 3387: 3364: 3257: 3180: 3140: 3075: 2836: 2797: 2479: 2444: 1189: 1153: 1134: 993: 958: 853: 630: 511: 266: 200: 152: 2897: 2854: 2805: 2234: 2000: 1286:

to help protect them from insects and decay. This practice is used widely in

495:

These include copper HDO (Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-copper or CuHDO),

5202: 5172: 5167: 5058: 4993: 4836: 4821: 4796: 4607: 4587: 4532: 4522: 4456: 4428: 4363: 3999: 3934: 3879: 3874: 3864: 3548: 3543: 3423: 3418: 3372: 3354: 3262: 3185: 3130: 3120: 3115: 2781: 1262:

requires heat treatment of wood to 56 °C for 30 minutes to receive the

1173: 1169: 1165: 1055: 1038: 970: 966: 962: 919: 721: 617:

There are a number of European natural paint fabricants that have developed

397: 367: 235: 108: 2971: 2952: 2730: 2618: 2577: 2417: 2363: 1004: 716:, but now, virtually all creosote is manufactured from the distillation of 27:

Treatment or process aimed at extending the service life of wood structures

2884:(6). Italian Society of Sivilculture and Forest Ecology (SISEF): 895–908. 2593:"Tannic extract potential as natural wood preservative of Acacia mearnsii" 5182: 5162: 5152: 4806: 4771: 4507: 4383: 4310: 4252: 4217: 4212: 4109: 4028: 3939: 3904: 3899: 3721: 3655: 3564: 3533: 3513: 3495: 3475: 3465: 3445: 3397: 3344: 3327: 3267: 3245: 3195: 2889: 2186: 1592: 1586: 1545: 1527: 1270:

and other kinds of wood pests that could be transported internationally.

1243: 1204: 1145: 1051: 988: 911: 872:

sites, which is one of the principal reasons why wood is prone to decay.

868: 755: 717: 697: 668: 634:

longer term, particularly when exposed to sunlight for extended periods.

409: 363: 309: 262: 120: 91: 2679: 2132:"Wood Paints and Coatings Market to Surpass $ 12.3 Billion by 2027: CMI" 1775:"Alternatives to Chromated Copper Arsenate for Residential Construction" 1743:"Alternatives to Chromated Copper Arsenate for Residential Construction" 85: 5359: 5354: 5247: 5217: 5177: 5121: 4975: 4954: 4846: 4801: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4733: 4703: 4698: 4572: 4476: 4413: 4358: 4247: 4202: 4157: 4079: 4069: 4054: 3949: 3929: 3630: 3604: 3528: 3339: 3332: 3294: 3252: 1611:

Richardson, B.A. Wood preservation. Landcaster: The Construction, 1978.

1388: 1287: 1263: 1259: 1141: 1063: 915: 894: 878:

effectively changes the compounds with free hydroxyls within wood into

778: 441: 401: 305: 176:

Chemical preservatives can be classified into three broad categories:

133: 49:

easily degrades without sufficient preservation. Apart from structural

2225: 2208: 571:

for shipping preservative components to the pressure treating plants.

5349: 5078: 4826: 4577: 4527: 4423: 4393: 4333: 4207: 4132: 4094: 4047: 3914: 3832: 3589: 3490: 3450: 3155: 3150: 3065: 3054: 2209:"Review of Wood Modification and Wood Functionalization Technologies" 1859: 1368: 1279: 1255: 1193: 1181: 1172:, and other substances. These compounds are mostly identified in the 1138: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1043: 879: 542: 515: 449: 393: 204: 115:

protected their ship hulls by brushing the wood with tar. During the

70: 2070: 2053: 2038: 2831:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2023. pp. 899–906. 2780:

Munir, M. T.; Belloncle, C.; Irle, M.; Federighi, M. (2019-03-01).

5227: 5136: 5131: 5116: 4537: 4328: 4321: 4292: 4272: 4242: 4227: 4187: 4172: 4162: 4147: 4142: 4122: 4099: 4074: 3994: 3670: 3402: 3382: 3200: 3100: 3085: 2983: 1539: 1420: 1251: 1208: 1184:, which have also shown to act as protectants, are present in the 1176:, although they are also present in minimal concentrations in the 882: 840: 830: 797: 774: 678: 297: 258: 84: 37: 29: 1078:) have long been used for rot-resistant fence posts and rails in 5126: 4655: 4592: 4517: 4398: 4353: 4348: 4084: 3828: 3105: 3046: 3015: 2168:

Sandberg, Dick; Kutnar, Andreja; Mantanis, George (2017-12-01).

2085: 1188:

of trees. Treatment of timber with natural extractives, such as

445: 431: 46: 3777: 3019: 1994:"Selecting Lumber and Lumber Substitutes for Outdoor Exposures" 1950:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. July 2012 5252: 4743: 4512: 4338: 4232: 4064: 3773: 3460: 1283: 701: 1906: 1907:"Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority" 1266:. This is typically required to ensure the killing of the 856:, have been published; however, the reaction of wood with 2997:

Information from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

2972:

Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Arsenic Toxicity

1391:

in 1833, Kyanizing consists of steeping wood in a 0.67%

477:

Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority

3006: 3001: 2505:(First ed.). Duxford, United Kingdom. p. 34. 323:

Copper azole treated wood is marketed widely under the

1551: 1543: 5314:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

1881: 335:

brand across Europe and other international markets.

280:

Chemical Specialties, Inc (CSI, now Viance) received

251: 5388: 5337: 5281: 5195: 5145: 5102: 4974: 4967: 4855: 4742: 4684: 4494: 4437: 4108: 4027: 4018: 3842: 3811: 3623: 3557: 3504: 3411: 3363: 3320: 3214: 3053: 2782:"Wood-based litter in poultry production: a review" 140:, or CCA). This was a voluntary agreement with the 53:measures, there are a number of different chemical 2501:Jones, Dennis; Brischke, Christian (7 July 2017). 810:From agricultural waste, like sugarcane bagasse, 724:, and is not usually sold to the general public. 89:A modern wharf piling bored by bivalves known as 2086:"Timber Treatment Technologies | Timbersil" 1945:"Wood waste: A short review of recent research" 893:. When free hydroxyl groups are transformed to 807:and is known under the trade name “NobelWood”. 2632:Syofuna, A; Banana, A.Y; Nakabonge, G (2012). 1780:. US Department of Agriculture. Archived from 732:In recent years in Australia and New Zealand, 704:-based preservative that is commonly used for 3789: 3031: 1395:preservative solution. It is no longer used. 1050:and is too hard and brittle for general use. 142:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8: 286:Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award 2503:Performance of bio-based building materials 2170:"Wood modification technologies - a review" 777:resins usually thinned with a solvent like 73:, and their associated products, including 4971: 4500: 4024: 3796: 3782: 3774: 3038: 3024: 3016: 3007:American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) 2525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 746:Light organic solvent preservatives (LOSP) 420: 234:(ACQ) is a preservative made of copper, a 2649: 2608: 2567: 2557: 2407: 2397: 2353: 2343: 2285:Goldstein et al. 1961, Dreher et al. 1964 2224: 2185: 2069: 973:; they are present in both parts though. 910:the acetylation of wood and boards using 885:. This is done by reacting the wood with 107:'s rule, where bridge wood was soaked in 5304:Building and Wood Workers' International 2597:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 1999:. Anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu. Archived from 965:of certain tree species as they convert 532: 528: 524: 2375: 2373: 1604: 1207:has been used for hundreds of years in 2518: 1836:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1829: 2878:IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 1484:High-pressure sap displacement system 847:, is designed to carry heavy traffic. 7: 5439: 5242: 3746: 1681:U.S. General Services Administration 1677:"Environmentally Preferred Products" 1647:"Environmentally Preferable Product" 1425:Late 19th century pressure treatment 750:This class of timber treatments use 642:The fireproofing of wood utilizes a 282:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 69:) that can extend the life of wood, 5429: 5289:American Association of Woodturners 3758: 2313:"Which Bottom Paint Should I Use?" 1882:"ICC - International Code Council" 458:Consumer Product Safety Commission 412:is a fixative which also provides 244:didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 25: 5319:National Wood Carvers Association 2984:Albite (sodium aluminum silicate) 2703:Journal of Environmental Sciences 1796:Report Research Paper FPL−RP−618. 331:brands in North America, and the 5438: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5294:Architectural Woodwork Institute 3757: 3745: 3736: 3735: 1538:iron is a traditional method in 761:With the introduction of strict 520:disodium octaborate tetrahydrate 404:is a secondary fungicide and an 3285:Oriented structural straw board 2786:World's Poultry Science Journal 2651:10.4067/S0718-221X2012000200003 2058:Australian Journal of Chemistry 2027:Australian Journal of Chemistry 1748:. Fpl.fs.fed.us. Archived from 1387:, who patented this process in 462:Environmental Protection Agency 382:Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) 42:Detail of sample in photo above 5299:British Woodworking Federation 1: 5309:Caricature Carvers of America 2767:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.074 2747:Journal of Cleaner Production 2723:10.1016/S1001-0742(14)60621-5 2638:Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 2610:10.1590/0001-3765201720170485 1514:An alternative increases the 949:Naturally rot-resistant woods 802:Paviljoen Eindhoven NobelWood 720:. Creosote is regulated as a 601:Timber Treatment Technology, 57:and processes (also known as 1975:. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca 1556:(literally 'fire cypress'). 1462:Fluctuation pressure process 914:as a catalyst. In 1961, the 906:and agricultural resources. 860:has been the most studied. 629:In Australia, a water-based 2468:Wood Science and Technology 2433:Wood Science and Technology 1931:September 17, 2006, at the 1552: 1544: 1058:and is highly resistant to 5491: 3676:Non-timber forest products 3300:Structural insulated panel 2559:10.3390/antibiotics9090535 2399:10.3390/antibiotics9090535 2345:10.3390/antibiotics9050225 1773:Lebow, Stan (April 2004). 1408:Preservative precipitation 1333:Brush and spray treatments 1223: 794:Biological modified timber 421:pressure treatment process 385: 269:and even common grades of 232:Alkaline copper quaternary 227:Alkaline copper quaternary 5414: 5324:Society of Wood Engravers 4503: 3731: 2837:10.1007/978-3-030-81315-4 2798:10.1017/S0043933918000909 2480:10.1007/s00226-011-0459-2 2445:10.1007/s00226-011-0448-5 1094:were used extensively in 1029:) and western red cedar ( 763:volatile organic compound 710:railroad ties or sleepers 388:Chromated copper arsenate 261:. It is necessary to use 180:water-borne preservatives 138:chromated copper arsenate 3641:Destructive distillation 2299:October 7, 2008, at the 1304:Introduction and history 979:Lagarostrobos franklinii 754:, or light oils such as 3661:Green building and wood 1226:Thermally modified wood 689:Albuquerque, New Mexico 448:or soils that are more 437:Forest Products Journal 183:oil-borne preservatives 146:copper-based pesticides 5470:Structural engineering 5401:Frameless construction 4482:Wood-plastic composite 3305:Wood–plastic composite 3231:Glued laminated timber 3226:Cross-laminated timber 1729:July 13, 2011, at the 1426: 1324:Non-pressure processes 848: 835:This bridge made from 803: 692: 638:Fire retardant treated 590:is produced by fusing 491:Other copper compounds 427:a marine environment. 190:preservatives (LOSPs). 144:. CCA was replaced by 96: 43: 35: 3378:Corrugated fiberboard 3280:Oriented strand board 1624:. EPA. Archived from 1542:, where it is called 1424: 1299:Application processes 1084:western United States 1080:eastern United States 834: 801: 682: 569:environmental impacts 452:than neutral. In the 242:compound (quat) like 117:Industrial Revolution 88: 41: 33: 5329:Timber Framers Guild 4183:Australian Blackwood 3763:WikiProject Forestry 2921:"DIY - Off The Grid" 2890:10.3832/ifor2380-010 2219:(7). MDPI AG: 1004. 2187:10.3832/ifor2380-010 1398: 1075:Robinia pseudoacacia 1072:) and black locust ( 1069:Juniperus virginiana 1048:unsustainable manner 1027:Sequoia sempervirens 514:, oxides and salts ( 5049:Hammer-headed tenon 4568:Janka hardness test 3524:Ramial chipped wood 2759:2017JCPro.142.2093B 2715:2013JEnvS..25S..32H 2680:10.1515/HF.2008.038 2088:. Timbersilwood.com 1651:SCS Global Services 1125:Natural extractives 889:, which comes from 827:Acetylation of wood 783:methyl ethyl ketone 484:Directive 2003/2/EC 240:quaternary ammonium 105:Alexander the Great 3910:Japanese carpentry 3441:Cellulosic ethanol 2958:2007-10-31 at the 2829:Springer Handbooks 1582:Impregnation resin 1571:Leaky homes crisis 1427: 1417:Pressure processes 1342:before treatment. 1268:pine wilt nematode 943:galvanic corrosion 936:Copper plating or 849: 804: 693: 619:potassium silicate 613:Potassium silicate 475:In Australia, the 392:In CCA treatment, 348:Copper naphthenate 343:Copper naphthenate 208:One system uses a 97: 67:pressure treatment 44: 36: 5452: 5451: 5406:Green woodworking 5263:Wood preservation 5191: 5190: 5094:Tongue and groove 5074:Mortise and tenon 4963: 4962: 4661:Warrington hammer 4490: 4489: 4178:African Blackwood 3970:Segmented turning 3771: 3770: 3706:Wood preservation 3651:Engineered bamboo 3471:Pyroligneous acid 2846:978-3-030-81314-7 2226:10.3390/f13071004 1471:Boucherie process 1445:Full-cell process 1393:mercuric chloride 1282:can be buried in 1014:Agathis australis 1000:Podocarpus totara 685:Santa Fe Railroad 675:Coal-tar creosote 665:pentachlorophenol 468:, permanent wood 360:pentachlorophenol 195:Micronized copper 51:wood preservation 18:Wood preservative 16:(Redirected from 5482: 5442: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5421: 4972: 4641:Thickness planer 4501: 4295:(lime, basswood) 4025: 3885:Chainsaw carving 3798: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3761: 3760: 3749: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3696:Timber recycling 3691:Reclaimed lumber 3681:Natural building 3646:Dry distillation 3600:Split-rail fence 3040: 3033: 3026: 3017: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2603:(4): 3031–3038. 2588: 2582: 2581: 2571: 2561: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2516: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2411: 2401: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2347: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2315:. 23 March 2021. 2309: 2303: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2228: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1858:. Archived from 1848: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1812:. Archived from 1811: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1739: 1733: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1653:. Archived from 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1555: 1549: 1385:John Howard Kyan 1230:By going beyond 1162:sesquiterpenoids 938:copper sheathing 887:acetic anhydride 858:acetic anhydride 812:furfuryl alcohol 789:New technologies 625:Bifenthrin spray 592:sodium carbonate 540: 366:, and inorganic 63:lumber treatment 59:timber treatment 21: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5410: 5396:Frame and panel 5384: 5333: 5277: 5187: 5146:Surface piecing 5141: 5098: 5019:Crown of thorns 4959: 4945:Smoothing plane 4851: 4738: 4680: 4583:Milling machine 4486: 4447:Cross-laminated 4433: 4104: 4014: 3985:Spindle turning 3975:Shingle weaving 3945:Pallet crafting 3838: 3807: 3802: 3772: 3767: 3727: 3711:Wood processing 3619: 3553: 3500: 3407: 3359: 3316: 3246:parallel strand 3217: 3210: 3058: 3049: 3044: 2993: 2980: 2978:Sodium silicate 2968: 2960:Wayback Machine 2949: 2944: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2847: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2517: 2513: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2474:(5): 991–1002. 2465: 2464: 2460: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2301:Wayback Machine 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2248:Roger M. Rowell 2246: 2242: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2071:10.1071/CH10132 2051: 2050: 2046: 2039:10.1071/CH05226 2023: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1933:Wayback Machine 1925: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1807:"Archived copy" 1805: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731:Wayback Machine 1723: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1657:on Apr 25, 2019 1645: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1562: 1525: 1512: 1495: 1486: 1473: 1464: 1452:William Burnett 1447: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1381: 1357: 1348: 1335: 1326: 1314:telegraph poles 1310:trial and error 1306: 1301: 1276: 1228: 1222: 1220:Heat treatments 1202: 1127: 1106:to build large 997:spp.), totara ( 951: 934: 929: 916:Koppers Company 900:acetylated wood 837:acetylated wood 829: 796: 791: 771: 748: 743: 741:Other emulsions 730: 714:wood distillate 691:, in March 1943 677: 661: 640: 627: 615: 596:flame-resistant 588:Sodium silicate 585: 583:Sodium silicate 552: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 509: 497:copper chromate 493: 396:is the primary 390: 384: 345: 294: 271:stainless steel 229: 197: 188:organic solvent 174: 129: 83: 75:engineered wood 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5488: 5486: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5375:Quarter sawing 5372: 5367: 5365:Wood splitting 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5273:Wood finishing 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5233:Paint stripper 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:Shoulder plane 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4915:Moulding plane 4912: 4907: 4905:Japanese plane 4902: 4897: 4895:Grooving plane 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4709:Flooring clamp 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Winding sticks 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4646:Timber-framing 4643: 4638: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4472:Particle board 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452:Glue laminated 4449: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990:Timber framing 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3960:Relief carving 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3860:Bush carpentry 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3743: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3636:Certified wood 3633: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3610:Timber framing 3607: 3602: 3597: 3595:Sawdust brandy 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3486:Sandalwood oil 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Particle board 3287: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942:External links 2940: 2938: 2937: 2925:Off Grid Quest 2912: 2903: 2868: 2845: 2819: 2772: 2736: 2693: 2674:(3): 264–269. 2657: 2644:(2): 155–163. 2624: 2583: 2532: 2511: 2493: 2458: 2439:(5): 851–870. 2423: 2369: 2318: 2304: 2287: 2278: 2267:. 1 March 2017 2252: 2240: 2199: 2180:(6): 895–908. 2160: 2147: 2136:Coatings World 2123: 2112: 2098: 2077: 2044: 2016: 1985: 1961: 1936: 1919: 1909:. Apvma.gov.au 1898: 1873: 1862:on 6 June 2023 1843: 1798: 1765: 1734: 1717: 1707:. Pubs.acs.org 1693: 1668: 1638: 1628:on Sep 6, 2015 1613: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1577:Nanotoxicology 1574: 1573:in New Zealand 1568: 1561: 1558: 1524: 1521: 1511: 1508: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1446: 1443: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1399:Gedrian's Bath 1397: 1380: 1377: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1275: 1272: 1224:Main article: 1221: 1218: 1201: 1198: 1126: 1123: 950: 947: 933: 932:Copper plating 930: 928: 925: 865:free hydroxyls 828: 825: 795: 792: 790: 787: 770: 767: 747: 744: 742: 739: 729: 726: 676: 673: 667:("penta") and 663:These include 660: 657: 644:fire retardant 639: 636: 626: 623: 614: 611: 607:fire-retardant 584: 581: 551: 548: 536: 508: 505: 501:copper citrate 492: 489: 386:Main article: 383: 380: 344: 341: 293: 290: 228: 225: 203:or dispersed) 196: 193: 192: 191: 184: 181: 173: 170: 136:and chromium ( 128: 125: 101:ancient Greece 82: 79: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5487: 5476: 5475:Preservatives 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5445: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:Chainsaw mill 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282:Organizations 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Steam bending 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:French polish 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:Rabbet/Rebate 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5064:Mason's mitre 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910:Jointer plane 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4880:Compass plane 4878: 4876: 4875:Chamfer plane 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Bedrock plane 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Veneer hammer 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Impact driver 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Red Quebracho 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:Bow and arrow 3853: 3851: 3850:Boat building 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3764: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3666:List of woods 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3575:Billet (wood) 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Hemicellulose 3434: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3161:Railroad ties 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Wood products 3041: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991:Miscellaneous 2990: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:: 2093–2099. 2752: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:Holzforschung 2661: 2658: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2514: 2512:9780081009925 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2158:et al., 2008) 2157: 2151: 2148: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2017: 2006:on 2015-08-03 2002: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1819:on 2016-01-29 1815: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1787:on 2017-05-14 1783: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1755:on 2017-05-14 1751: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1373:Great Britain 1370: 1364: 1362: 1354: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1318:railroad ties 1315: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1274:Mud treatment 1273: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:plicatic acid 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1032:Thuja plicata 1028: 1024: 1023:coast redwood 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 995: 990: 986: 985: 984:Intsia bijuga 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 946: 944: 939: 931: 926: 924: 921: 917: 913: 907: 903: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 881: 877: 873: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 846: 842: 838: 833: 826: 824: 820: 818: 817:Pinus radiata 813: 808: 800: 793: 788: 786: 784: 780: 776: 768: 766: 764: 759: 757: 753: 745: 740: 738: 735: 727: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706:utility poles 703: 699: 690: 686: 681: 674: 672: 670: 666: 658: 656: 652: 648: 645: 637: 635: 632: 624: 622: 620: 612: 610: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 582: 580: 576: 572: 570: 565: 561: 557: 556:propiconazole 549: 547: 544: 521: 517: 513: 506: 504: 502: 498: 490: 488: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 454:United States 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 433: 428: 424: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 381: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 355: 353: 349: 342: 340: 336: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 318:propiconazole 315: 311: 308:like organic 307: 302: 299: 291: 289: 287: 283: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 226: 224: 220: 218: 213: 211: 206: 202: 199:Particulate ( 194: 189: 185: 182: 179: 178: 177: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 126: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 94: 93: 87: 80: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 55:preservatives 52: 48: 40: 32: 19: 5262: 5213:Heat bending 5158:Edge banding 4930:Router plane 4925:Rebate plane 4885:Finger plane 4616: 4320: 4314: 4294: 4288:Lignum vitae 4046: 4040: 4005:Wood carving 3980:Shipbuilding 3965:Root carving 3925:Log building 3890:Chip carving 3750: 3720: 3705: 3615:Wooden masts 3585:Dugout canoe 3570:Bavin (wood) 3519:Black liquor 3456:Liquid smoke 3206:Utility pole 3191:Timber truss 3111:Log building 2928:. Retrieved 2924: 2915: 2906: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2828: 2822: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2502: 2496: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2389: 2385: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2307: 2290: 2281: 2269:. Retrieved 2265:BioResources 2264: 2255: 2243: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2191:. Retrieved 2177: 2173: 2163: 2150: 2139:. Retrieved 2135: 2126: 2115: 2101: 2090:. Retrieved 2080: 2064:(10): 1423. 2061: 2057: 2047: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2008:. Retrieved 2001:the original 1988: 1977:. Retrieved 1964: 1952:. Retrieved 1939: 1922: 1911:. Retrieved 1901: 1889:. Retrieved 1885: 1876: 1864:. Retrieved 1860:the original 1856:www.awpa.com 1855: 1852:"AWPA Store" 1846: 1821:. Retrieved 1814:the original 1801: 1789:. Retrieved 1782:the original 1768: 1757:. Retrieved 1750:the original 1737: 1720: 1709:. Retrieved 1696: 1684:. Retrieved 1680: 1671: 1659:. Retrieved 1655:the original 1650: 1641: 1630:. Retrieved 1626:the original 1616: 1607: 1591: 1566:Heavy metals 1553:shō sugi ban 1526: 1516:permeability 1513: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1456:Burnettizing 1455: 1448: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1411: 1402: 1383:Named after 1382: 1365: 1358: 1349: 1336: 1327: 1307: 1293: 1277: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1203: 1130: 1128: 1119: 1107: 1073: 1067: 1037: 1030: 1026: 1017:), and many 1012: 1009:Vitex lucens 1008: 998: 992: 982: 978: 954: 952: 935: 908: 904: 874: 864: 862: 850: 821: 809: 805: 772: 760: 752:white spirit 749: 731: 694: 662: 653: 649: 641: 628: 616: 600: 586: 577: 573: 564:imidacloprid 560:tebuconazole 553: 510: 494: 481: 474: 435: 429: 425: 418: 391: 376: 372: 356: 346: 337: 332: 328: 324: 322: 314:tebuconazole 303: 295: 292:Copper azole 279: 275: 256: 230: 221: 216: 214: 198: 175: 166: 162: 158: 150: 130: 98: 90: 66: 62: 58: 50: 45: 5434:WikiProject 5380:Rift sawing 5370:Flat sawing 5258:Wood drying 4935:Scrub plane 4920:Razee plane 4870:Block plane 4724:Mitre clamp 4671:Wood scribe 4622:Combination 4364:Purpleheart 4060:Douglas fir 4010:Woodturning 3843:Occupations 3805:Woodworking 3716:Woodworking 3701:Wood drying 3686:Papermaking 3506:By-products 3412:Derivatives 3350:Pellet fuel 3091:Flitch beam 2792:(1): 5–16. 2709:: S32–S35. 2546:Antibiotics 2386:Antibiotics 2332:Antibiotics 2033:(12): 901. 1886:iccsafe.org 1510:Microwaving 1232:kiln drying 1213:hydrophobic 1135:polyphenols 1131:extractives 1098:during the 1096:New Zealand 981:), merbau ( 959:polyphenols 955:extractives 891:acetic acid 876:Acetylation 845:Netherlands 734:linseed oil 728:Linseed oil 482:In Europe, 470:foundations 414:ultraviolet 406:insecticide 325:Preserve CA 248:insecticide 5459:Categories 5389:Techniques 5338:Conversion 5268:Wood stain 5196:Treatments 4984:Birdsmouth 4950:Spokeshave 4900:Jack plane 4890:Fore plane 4729:Pipe clamp 4694:Band clamp 4618:Carpenters 4439:Engineered 4389:Rubberwood 4238:Eucalyptus 4042:Calocedrus 3955:Pyrography 3920:Kohlrosing 3558:Historical 3539:Wood flour 3388:Paperboard 3258:Fiberboard 3216:Engineered 3076:Bressummer 2552:(9): 535. 2392:(9): 535. 2338:(5): 225. 2193:2024-04-23 2141:2023-01-12 2092:2015-08-27 2010:2015-08-27 1979:2015-08-27 1913:2015-08-27 1823:2016-01-22 1791:2012-02-05 1759:2015-08-27 1711:2015-08-27 1702:"C&EN" 1632:2015-08-27 1600:References 1190:hinokitiol 1168:, such as 1166:flavonoids 1160:and other 1154:hinokitiol 1144:, such as 1021:, such as 1011:), kauri ( 994:Eucalyptus 854:anhydrides 631:bifenthrin 512:Boric acid 368:arsenicals 329:Wolmanized 267:galvanized 201:micronised 153:pesticides 5178:Parquetry 5173:Oystering 5168:Marquetry 5009:Butterfly 4676:Workbench 4608:Sandpaper 4588:Mitre box 4533:Drawknife 4523:Burnisher 4508:Abrasives 4457:Hardboard 4118:Afromosia 4000:Whittling 3950:Parquetry 3935:Marquetry 3880:Certosina 3875:Carpentry 3865:Cabinetry 3812:Overviews 3580:Clapboard 3549:Woodchips 3544:Wood wool 3424:Cellulose 3419:Birch-tar 3373:Cardboard 3355:Wood fuel 3263:hardboard 3166:Reclaimed 3131:Panelling 3121:Log house 3116:Log cabin 2898:1971-7458 2863:257902863 2855:2522-8692 2806:0043-9339 2521:cite book 2235:1999-4907 1379:Kyanizing 1361:John Kyan 1278:Wood and 1174:heartwood 1170:mesquitol 1158:α-cadinol 1056:Australia 1039:Huon pine 1019:cypresses 975:Huon pine 971:heartwood 963:heartwood 957:, mainly 920:cosolvent 722:pesticide 659:Oil-borne 398:fungicide 352:fencepost 310:triazoles 263:fasteners 236:fungicide 151:Although 109:olive oil 92:shipworms 5424:Category 5203:Adhesive 5183:Purfling 5163:Intarsia 5104:Profiles 5029:Dovetail 4968:Geometry 4807:Hand saw 4792:Crosscut 4777:Circular 4772:Chainsaw 4719:Holdfast 4384:Rosewood 4316:American 4311:Mahogany 4283:Jelutong 4253:Hornbeam 4218:Cocobolo 4213:Chestnut 4128:Andiroba 3940:Millwork 3905:Intarsia 3900:Fretwork 3895:Ébéniste 3824:Glossary 3741:Category 3722:Yakisugi 3656:Forestry 3624:See also 3565:Axe ties 3534:Tall oil 3514:Barkdust 3496:Wood gas 3476:Pine tar 3466:Methanol 3398:Pulpwood 3345:Firewood 3328:Charcoal 3321:Fuelwood 3268:Masonite 3196:Treenail 3096:Flooring 2966:Arsenate 2956:Archived 2930:28 March 2814:92806290 2731:25078835 2688:97166844 2619:29236851 2578:32847132 2488:15869687 2453:16934998 2418:32847132 2364:32370037 2297:Archived 2271:24 April 1929:Archived 1891:28 March 1866:28 March 1832:cite web 1727:Archived 1686:28 March 1661:28 March 1593:Yakisugi 1587:Saw dust 1560:See also 1546:yakisugi 1528:Charring 1523:Charring 1493:Incising 1355:Steeping 1340:seasoned 1264:HT stamp 1244:nitrogen 1205:Tung oil 1200:Tung oil 1146:gmelinol 1100:European 1064:termites 1052:Ironbark 989:ironbark 912:pyridine 869:hydroxyl 773:Various 756:kerosene 718:coal tar 698:Creosote 669:creosote 535:·4H 466:shingles 450:alkaline 410:chromium 364:creosote 333:Tanalith 312:such as 238:, and a 172:Chemical 121:creosote 5444:Commons 5360:Whipsaw 5355:Sawmill 5248:Varnish 5243:Thermal 5218:Lacquer 5153:Binding 5122:Chamfer 4989:Biscuit 4955:Surform 4847:Whipsaw 4817:Keyhole 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