2552:
1063:
1117:
1036:
1090:
1144:
2314:. Naturally occurring calcium and barium are very weakly radioactive: calcium contains about 0.1874% calcium-48, and barium contains about 0.1062% barium-130. On average, one double-beta decay of calcium-48 will occur per second for every 90 tons of natural calcium, or 230 tons of limestone (calcium carbonate). Through the same decay mechanism, one decay of barium-130 will occur per second for every 16,000 tons of natural barium, or 27,000 tons of
4113:
2926:
9831:
2032:
1988:
4818:'Beryllium has no reaction with water or steam even at red heat.' This was commonly quoted in textbooks....However, a researcher...sent me a photo showing the result of exposing beryllium to steam at 800°C. It definitely reacts. I think the problem is that beryllium is both expensive and carries major health risks....Textbook (or these days, web) statements about it never get checked.
9843:
2733:
1009:
2957:
2836:
4205:
Beryllium and radium, however, are toxic. Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms and, when encountered by them, is usually highly toxic. Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to
2290:
of uranium in nuclear reactors, accounting for 5.73% and 6.31% of uranium-235's fission products respectively when bombarded by thermal neutrons. The two isotopes have half-lives each of 28.90 years and 12.7 days. Strontium-90 is produced in appreciable quantities in operating nuclear reactors
2446:. These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. "Earth" was a term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating—properties shared by these oxides. The realization that these earths were not elements but
1537:
is an exception: It does not react with water or steam unless at very high temperatures, and its halides are covalent. If beryllium did form compounds with an ionization state of +2, it would polarize electron clouds that are near it very strongly and would cause extensive
4304:
may render such an extrapolation invalid. The next element with properties similar to the alkaline earth metals has been predicted to be element 166, though due to overlapping orbitals and lower energy gap below the 9s subshell, element 166 may instead be placed in
4254:-64, although no atoms were detected, leading to a limit of 1.6 pb for the reaction. Synthesis was again attempted at higher sensitivities, although no atoms were detected. Other reactions have been tried, although all have been met with failure.
2854:
Magnesium and calcium are very common in the Earth's crust, being respectively the fifth and eighth most abundant elements. None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state. Common magnesium-containing minerals are
2365:
within their cores, and only rarely manage to fuse carbon before collapsing into a stellar remnant, and even then merely for a timescale of ~1000 years. The radioisotopes of alkaline earth metals tend to be
2162:, -134, -135, -136, -137, -138. The four underlined isotopes in the list are predicted by radionuclide decay energetics to be only observationally stable and to decay with extremely long half-lives through
2464:) of 1789 he called them salt-forming earth elements. Later, he suggested that the alkaline earths might be metal oxides, but admitted that this was mere conjecture. In 1808, acting on Lavoisier's idea,
7284:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Sagaidak, R.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Voinov, A. (2009). "Attempt to produce element 120 in the Pu+Fe reaction".
3239:
Radium has many former applications based on its radioactivity, but its use is no longer common because of the adverse health effects and long half-life. Radium was frequently used in
3096:. Beryllium alloys are used for mechanical parts when stiffness, light weight, and dimensional stability are required over a wide temperature range. Beryllium-9 is used in small-scale
2405:. This stability is further enhanced if the isotope also has an even number of neutrons, as both kinds of nucleons can then participate in pairing and contribute to nuclei stability.
1511:
and, thus, should be handled with great care. The heavier alkaline earth metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones. The alkaline earth metals have the second-lowest first
1270:
and not with the alkaline earth metals, but it is theorized to have some similarities to beryllium when forced into bonding and has sometimes been suggested to belong to group 2.
2815:, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the
6790:
6367:
Kresse, Robert; Baudis, Ulrich; Jäger, Paul; Riechers, H. Hermann; Wagner, Heinz; Winkler, Jocher; Wolf, Hans Uwe (2007). "Barium and Barium
Compounds". In Ullman, Franz (ed.).
3255:, and many other products. Radium is no longer used even when its radioactive properties are desired because its long half-life makes safe disposal challenging. For example, in
9636:
4344:
is used for conciseness; the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward.
9646:
5966:"Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia"
5853:"Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia"
3146:
with aluminum, zinc and manganese to increase its strength and corrosion resistance. Magnesium has many other industrial applications, such as its role in the production of
1143:
9696:
7149:
Committee On
Radiation Source Use And Replacement, National Research Council (U.S.); Nuclear And Radiation Studies Board, National Research Council (U.S.) (January 2008).
9793:
9671:
7794:
5105:
5040:
4485:
4471:
2913:. Due to its relatively short half-life, radium from the Earth's early history has decayed, and present-day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium.
2394:, since the radionuclides' chemical properties causes them to preferentially target cancerous growths in bone matter, leaving the rest of the body relatively unharmed.
4047:. Hard water represents a multifold issue. It is of great interest to remove these ions, thus softening the water. This procedure can be done using reagents such as
9676:
9651:
9097:
7577:
7110:
4143:
Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium
9631:
9347:
4994:
4574:
2248:
with atmospheric or crustal atoms. The longest half-lives among them are 1.387 million years for beryllium-10, 99.4 thousand years for calcium-41, 1599 years for
1062:
4784:
2847:(ppm), much of which is in soils, where it has a concentration of six ppm. Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in seawater, even rarer than elements such as
1116:
9760:
6789:
Moreno, Teresa; Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Cruz
Minguillón, Mari; Pey, Jorge; Rodriguez, Sergio; Vicente Miró, José; Felis, Carles; Gibbons, Wes (2007).
3704:
is a very selective reagent for magnesium ions and, in the presence of ammonium salts and ammonia, forms a white precipitate of ammonium magnesium phosphate.
9770:
9765:
7412:
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).
4578:
2851:, with a concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion. However, in freshwater, beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion.
9706:
9666:
9661:
9621:
6336:
5512:
2551:
6061:
researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia
4541:
2146:
stable (or observationally stable) isotopes respectively, for a total of 19 stable nuclides, as listed here: beryllium-9; magnesium-24, -25, -26; calcium-
9681:
9616:
9402:
6731:
Amundsen, K.; Aune, T. K.; Bakke, P.; Eklund, H. R.; Haagensen, J. Ö.; Nicolas, C.; Rosenkilde, C.; Van Den Bremt, S.; Wallevik, O. (2003). "Magnesium".
4439:
The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson-red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds.
6492:
5191:
2216:: all have half lives too short for even a single atom to have survived since the solar system's formation, after the seeding of heavy nuclei by nearby
9775:
9755:
9542:
2123:
6892:
Hagler D.J., Jr; Goda Y. (2001). "Properties of synchronous and asynchronous release during pulse train depression in cultured hippocampal neurons".
5657:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: Beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum".
9611:
9575:
7355:
7229:
6945:
6144:"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)"
4243:
3007:
by precipitation. Alternatively, in the melt method, powdered beryl is heated to high temperature, cooled with water, then heated again slightly in
2126:
and the solar system at varying concentrations, dependent upon the nuclides' half lives and, hence, their nuclear stabilities. The first five have
6585:
4998:
1457:
Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The chemistry of radium is not well-established due to its
1035:
2397:
Compared to their neighbors in the periodic table, alkaline earth metals tend to have a larger number of stable isotopes as they all possess an
9656:
9606:
4223:
3294:
substance that is used as a desiccant. Exposed to air, it will absorb water vapour from the air, forming a solution. This property is known as
5571:
2256:, 10.51 years for barium-133, and 5.75 years for radium-228. All others have half-lives of less than half a year, most significantly shorter.
9701:
9626:
9537:
7787:
7494:
7457:
7425:
7191:
7160:
7037:
6690:
6628:
6433:
5948:
5921:
5754:
4919:
4890:
4863:
4647:
3213:
7377:
Fricke, B.; Greiner, W.; Waber, J. T. (1971). "The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements".
7248:
2456:
6509:
Petzow, G. N.; Aldinger, F.; Jönsson, S.; Welge, P.; Van Kampen, V.; Mensing, T.; Brüning, T. (2005). "Beryllium and
Beryllium Compounds".
5125:
5060:
3049:). The sulfide is water-soluble and easily reacted to form pure barium sulfate, used for commercial pigments, or other compounds, such as
2523:
All elements except beryllium were isolated by electrolysis of molten compounds. Magnesium, calcium, and strontium were first produced by
1089:
6938:
Assessment of environmental, health and safety consequences of decommissioning radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) in
Northwest Russia
6470:
6439:
5819:
9135:
9090:
7570:
7166:
6979:
6260:
4476:
4322:
2811:
discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to
1254:
which is full—that is, this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons, which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form
7212:"QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS for metal cations identifying positive ions, carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions, acids identification"
7197:
6065:
6001:
5896:
9570:
9527:
6384:
6294:
6773:
6715:
6655:
6565:
6464:
6244:
6215:
5544:
4493:
1240:
9846:
9743:
3789:
All ions of alkaline earth metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate in the presence of ammonium chloride and ammonia.
7417:
7124:
2668:
has been known to be able to set broken bones since the tenth century. Calcium itself, however, was not isolated until 1808, when
9873:
7780:
2353:
in stars can only occur at energies high enough for beryllium-8 to fuse with a third alpha particle before it can decay, forming
2278:
and are primarily generated through the decay of heavier radionuclides. The longest-lived of them is radium-226, a member of the
7524:
6841:
Miledi, R. (1966). "Strontium as a
Substitute for Calcium in the Process of Transmitter Release at the Neuromuscular Junction".
4880:
4851:
9691:
9565:
4709:
2500:. The other compounds of the alkaline earth metals were discovered starting in the early 15th century. The magnesium compound
9868:
9728:
9083:
7563:
6748:
6526:
6184:
4301:
4296:
The next alkaline earth metal after element 120 has not been definitely predicted. Although a simple extrapolation using the
4219:
3737:
Ca forms a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate. Calcium oxalate is insoluble in water, but is soluble in mineral acids.
6155:
5438:
5411:
9720:
9641:
9531:
2633:
prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy's first suggestion for a name was magnium, but the name magnesium is now used.
1542:, since beryllium has a high charge density. All compounds that include beryllium have a covalent bond. Even the compound
2208:
Apart from the 21 stable or nearly-stable isotopes, the six alkaline earth elements each possess a large number of known
2166:, though no decays attributed definitively to these isotopes have yet been observed as of 2024. Radium has no stable nor
3077:
Beryllium is used mainly in military applications, but non-military uses exist. In electronics, beryllium is used as a
9750:
6300:
6266:
5267:
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".
5152:
4907:
4780:
4154:
Strontium plays an important role in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which use strontium to build their
1546:, which is the most ionic beryllium compound, has a low melting point and a low electrical conductivity when melted.
9585:
6936:
5097:
5032:
4529:
4481:
3638:
is exposed to salts of alkaline earth metals. Be and Mg do not impart colour to the flame due to their small size.
2816:
2402:
2398:
2378:, and gradually accumulate in the human skeleton. The incorporated radionuclides inflict significant damage to the
9518:
6329:
5206:
4563:
3985:
They are generated from the corresponding oxides on reaction with water. They exhibit basic character: they turn
4365:(s) of the number prior to the parenthesized value (i.e., counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance,
2201:(4.7× and 117× billion times longer, respectively) and less than one part per ten billion has decayed since the
9120:
7542:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 33–34. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale.
7517:
6405:
4533:
4191:
3112:
1774:
1520:
1303:
6485:
6111:
Wagner, Rud.; Neubauer, C.; Deville, H. Sainte-Claire; Sorel; Wagenmann, L.; Techniker; Girard, Aimé (1856).
5226:
9878:
9834:
9803:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9254:
9125:
3492:
2685:
2574:
2540:
993:
9324:
9151:
4278:
3042:
2202:
1329:
1233:
1201:
971:
955:
926:
7347:
9798:
9379:
7104:
4639:
3019:
through a somewhat long process. Electrolysis or heating of these compounds can then produce beryllium.
2984:
2709:
2535:
in 1828 by reacting beryllium compounds with potassium. In 1910, radium was isolated as a pure metal by
2139:
2131:
2127:
6791:"Recreational atmospheric pollution episodes: Inhalable metalliferous particles from firework displays"
6581:
6557:
4983:
4182:. While the bones themselves have higher radiation tolerance than other tissues, the rapidly dividing
9480:
7293:
7259:
7230:"Beryllium and magnesium do not give colour to flame whereas other alkaline earth metals do so. Why?"
6850:
6805:
5977:
5864:
5784:
5707:
5666:
5625:
5286:
5210:
5161:
4744:
4179:
3533:
3089:
3078:
2780:
2589:
independently isolated this new element, beryllium, by the same method, which involved a reaction of
2472:
of their molten earths, thus supporting
Lavoisier's hypothesis and causing the group to be named the
2350:
1285:
and not as a primordial element. There have been experiments, all unsuccessful, to try to synthesize
5564:
3115:. Its low atomic weight and low neutron absorption cross-section would make beryllium suitable as a
3011:, eventually yielding beryllium hydroxide. The beryllium hydroxide from either method then produces
9397:
7545:
Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S., and
Herring F.G., General Chemistry (8th edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002)
7211:
5768:
5329:"Uranium-235 and Uranium-238 | Hazardous Waste Cleanup Levels | Washington University in St. Louis"
4497:
4064:
3197:
3135:, beryllium's role as a moderator is more incidental than the desired property leading to its use.
3132:
3004:
3000:
2812:
2763:
lead mines, which are now known to contain barium. Barium itself was finally isolated in 1808 when
2752:
2705:
2582:
2578:
2528:
2304:
2300:
2221:
2198:
2135:
5746:
1273:
All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature, although radium occurs only through the
9485:
9445:
7394:
7074:
6917:
6874:
6532:
6040:
5993:
5888:
5880:
5616:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. X. The alkaline earth metals and magnesium and cadmium".
5310:
5276:
5117:
5052:
4362:
4341:
4187:
4032:
3701:
3607:
3461:
Alkaline earth metals react with hydrogen to generate saline hydride that are unstable in water.
3016:
3012:
2864:
2717:
2606:
2590:
2570:
2358:
2271:
2270:, by virtue of the extremely low probability of both beta decays occurring at the same time. All
2241:
2237:
2213:
2174:
2167:
2143:
1848:
1543:
1489:
1173:
7029:
6210:(14th ed.). Whitehouse Station, NJ, US: Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc.
5328:
5089:
5024:
3804:
The alkaline earth metal oxides are formed from the thermal decomposition of the corresponding
2597:; this reaction was not able to produce large ingots of beryllium. It was not until 1898, when
2492:
have been known and used since prehistoric times. The same is true for the beryllium compounds
9580:
9450:
8674:
7490:
7467:
7453:
7421:
7187:
7156:
7092:
7033:
6972:
6909:
6866:
6769:
6744:
6711:
6686:
6651:
6624:
6608:
6561:
6522:
6460:
6454:
6429:
6423:
6380:
6240:
6211:
6032:
5944:
5917:
5811:
5695:
5654:
5613:
5540:
5302:
5187:
4915:
4886:
4859:
4762:
4643:
4489:
4282:
4147:
playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some
4048:
3611:
3116:
2844:
2788:
2756:
2626:
2566:
2501:
2451:
2447:
2311:
2263:
2163:
1843:
1831:
1512:
1493:
1458:
1180:
627:
7150:
6978:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. June 1994. OTA-BP-ETI-129.
6935:
Standring, WJF; Selnæs, ØG; Sneve, M; Finne, IE; Hosseini, A; Amundsen, I; Strand, P (2005),
6645:
6551:
6272:
6064:. Vol. 98. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. pp. 333–370.
4281:
is due to the expected energies of element 120's valence electrons, increasing element 120's
3495:
by an impervious layer of oxide. However, amalgamated magnesium will react with water vapor.
2886:
Strontium is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The principal minerals are
2401:, owing to their status as group 2 elements. Their isotopes are generally more stable due to
2173:
In addition to the stable species, calcium and barium each have one extremely long-lived and
1232:(Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat
1008:
9815:
9738:
9733:
9557:
9509:
9374:
9332:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9214:
9209:
9204:
8738:
8443:
8272:
8101:
8020:
7939:
7912:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7386:
7301:
7181:
7082:
7066:
6901:
6858:
6821:
6813:
6736:
6620:
6613:
6514:
6372:
6124:
6091:
6059:
6024:
5985:
5965:
5911:
5872:
5852:
5792:
5715:
5674:
5633:
5392:
5294:
5218:
5169:
5109:
5044:
4807:
4752:
4676:
4631:
4306:
4297:
4056:
4052:
3581:
3244:
3205:
3186:
3124:
3027:
2996:
2362:
1580:
1524:
1497:
1319:
1197:
1136:
1109:
1082:
1055:
1028:
1001:
6306:
4277:, which would predict element 120 to be more reactive than barium and radium. This lowered
2743:, a mineral containing barium, was first recognized as containing a new element in 1774 by
9686:
9547:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
6409:
5489:"1/(1.06e-3*1000/137.327*6.02e 23*ln2*1/(1.6e 21y/s))*1e-3*233.38/137.327 - Wolfram|Alpha"
5465:"1/(1.87e-3*1000/40.078*6.02e 23*ln2*1/(5.6e 19y/s))*1e-3*100.0869/40.078 - Wolfram|Alpha"
4286:
4274:
4175:
4144:
4060:
3986:
3864:
3143:
3085:
2992:
2988:
2784:
2665:
2641:
2610:
2489:
2431:
2287:
1854:
1616:
1600:
1561:
1558:
1539:
1263:
1259:
914:
2724:. The discovery was announced by Davy on 30 June 1808 at a lecture to the Royal Society.
1504:). All the alkaline earth metals except beryllium also react with water to form strongly
7297:
6854:
6809:
6456:
Production of SrCO, by black ash process: Determination of reductive roasting parameters
5981:
5868:
5788:
5711:
5670:
5629:
5290:
5214:
5165:
4748:
9495:
9490:
9460:
9455:
9440:
9106:
7803:
7539:
7472:
7128:
7087:
7054:
7022:
6996:
6679:
6233:
5377:
4199:
4170:
are toxic due to its radioactivity and strontium-90 mimics calcium (i.e. Behaves as a "
3248:
3229:
3166:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3050:
3038:
2721:
2697:
2681:
2383:
2371:
2346:
1554:
1516:
1324:
1251:
1205:
4112:
3138:
Magnesium has many uses. It offers advantages over other structural materials such as
2925:
2508:
in
England. Strontium carbonate was discovered in minerals in the Scottish village of
2031:
1987:
9862:
8897:
7446:
7398:
7055:"Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States"
6674:
6536:
5314:
4222:. The synthesis of element 120 was first attempted in March 2007, when a team at the
3635:
3295:
3256:
3196:
Strontium and barium have fewer applications than the lighter alkaline earth metals.
3155:
3008:
2902:
2776:
2661:
2630:
2586:
2532:
2435:
2296:
2275:
1836:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1780:
1769:
1501:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1313:
797:
6878:
6044:
5997:
5892:
5352:
5121:
5056:
4697:
9810:
9475:
9470:
9224:
9159:
8951:
8780:
8485:
7885:
7818:
6921:
6817:
6582:"Purdue engineers create safer, more efficient nuclear fuel, model its performance"
4290:
4167:
3209:
3058:
2891:
2808:
2764:
2748:
2744:
2713:
2712:, who confirmed Crawford's discovery. Strontium was eventually isolated in 1808 by
2677:
2669:
2657:
2622:
2602:
2524:
2469:
2465:
2443:
2387:
2253:
2229:
2209:
1608:
1553:
in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled
1531:. The second ionization energy of all of the alkaline metals is also somewhat low.
1464:
The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored and soft, and have relatively low
906:
839:
706:
480:
31:
6518:
6376:
6176:
5747:"De l'Aiguemarine, ou Béril; et découverie d'une terre nouvelle dans cette pierre"
2345:
is notable by its absence as it splits in half virtually instantaneously into two
7484:
5938:
5534:
5298:
5251:
3181:
alloys, and is also used to deoxidize alloys. Calcium has roles in the making of
9590:
9465:
9219:
9005:
8969:
8960:
8870:
8852:
8843:
7880:
6143:
5442:
5415:
4423:
4358:
4310:
4239:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4155:
3994:
3577:
3291:
3260:
3240:
3221:
3120:
3046:
2804:
2656:. Calcium as a material has been known since at least the first century, as the
2653:
2598:
2536:
2379:
2367:
2342:
2330:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2225:
1274:
881:
853:
846:
776:
762:
755:
7305:
6028:
5396:
2975:
Most beryllium is extracted from beryllium hydroxide. One production method is
2262:
and barium-130, the two primordial and non-stable isotopes, decay only through
9364:
9014:
8942:
8915:
8888:
8548:
8530:
8503:
8334:
8325:
8064:
6905:
4681:
4664:
4449:
4215:
4163:
4044:
3805:
3252:
3217:
2856:
2760:
2391:
2326:
2322:
2259:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2178:
1865:
1286:
888:
832:
811:
790:
529:
515:
494:
366:
359:
160:
17:
6740:
6128:
6096:
6079:
5796:
5306:
5113:
5048:
1306:, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
9420:
9389:
9244:
9234:
9229:
9023:
8996:
8987:
8834:
8816:
8807:
8798:
8584:
8494:
8467:
8415:
8361:
8343:
8307:
8287:
8226:
8163:
8107:
8046:
8035:
7954:
7905:
7895:
7890:
7685:
7631:
7604:
6206:
O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006).
4262:
4231:
4040:
4036:
3871:, blue. They react with water to form hydroxides in an exothermic reaction.
3484:
3233:
3174:
3142:, but magnesium's usage is hindered by its flammability. Magnesium is often
3139:
3062:
3023:
2976:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2860:
2800:
2645:
2644:
has been used as a material for building since 7000 to 14,000 BCE, and
2594:
2517:
2509:
2354:
2267:
2217:
1995:
1912:
1873:
1859:
1612:
1534:
1508:
1399:
1359:
1339:
1267:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1094:
1040:
1013:
895:
874:
867:
748:
734:
727:
720:
557:
487:
466:
429:
387:
373:
345:
327:
283:
234:
190:
146:
137:
77:
7096:
6913:
6870:
5989:
5876:
4766:
4162:" in radiographic imaging, whilst strontium compounds are employed in some
3119:, but its high price and the readily available alternatives such as water,
2732:
6036:
4242:
for the cross-section at the energy studied. In April 2007, a team at the
2956:
2565:, a mineral that contains beryllium, has been known since the time of the
9412:
9369:
8978:
8879:
8762:
8744:
8719:
8710:
8683:
8656:
8620:
8611:
8593:
8521:
8512:
8406:
8278:
8244:
8154:
8145:
8136:
8127:
8082:
8001:
7983:
7918:
3488:
3201:
3159:
3054:
2964:
2848:
2688:
had prepared a calcium amalgam from the electrolysis of lime in mercury.
2573:, beryl was later found to contain a then-unknown element when, in 1797,
2439:
2427:
2370:" as they behave chemically similar to calcium, an integral component of
1576:
1550:
1528:
860:
783:
692:
678:
662:
655:
634:
613:
585:
578:
564:
508:
501:
422:
320:
297:
227:
220:
213:
206:
174:
114:
100:
52:
7555:
6949:
6826:
5698:(1933). "The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements".
1302:
As with other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their
9239:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
8933:
8924:
8906:
8861:
8789:
8771:
8701:
8647:
8629:
8602:
8575:
8557:
8539:
8449:
8379:
8352:
8316:
8298:
8262:
8253:
8235:
8217:
8116:
8055:
7945:
7900:
7658:
7390:
7078:
5678:
5637:
5536:
The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide
4757:
4732:
4427:
4419:
4354:
4258:
4247:
4148:
3247:
that alleged health benefits of radium formerly led to its addition to
3170:
2960:
2906:
2843:
Beryllium occurs in the Earth's crust at a concentration of two to six
2673:
2649:
2555:
2497:
2485:
2338:
2334:
1951:
1824:
1818:
1796:
1477:
1465:
1408:
1379:
1282:
1278:
1217:
1067:
825:
818:
804:
769:
713:
699:
648:
606:
592:
571:
550:
536:
522:
452:
401:
380:
352:
338:
311:
304:
290:
276:
197:
153:
70:
6862:
6681:
The
Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe
5884:
5222:
5173:
4665:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements"
4186:
does not and can thus be significantly harmed by Sr-90. The effect of
3347:
With carbon, they form acetylides directly. Beryllium forms carbide.
2835:
8825:
8753:
8638:
8566:
8476:
8458:
8424:
8388:
8370:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8073:
8026:
7992:
7974:
7929:
7739:
7712:
6208:
The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals
6015:
Murray, T. (1993). "Elemementary Scots: The Discovery of Strontium".
5719:
4988:
4270:
4266:
4251:
4238:-58 ions; however, no atoms were produced, leading to a limit of 400
4195:
4151:, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones.
3990:
3868:
3225:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3081:
2895:
2876:
2772:
2740:
2513:
2315:
2078:
2039:
1807:
1785:
1620:
1596:
1505:
1481:
1476:. In chemical terms, all of the alkaline earth metals react with the
1439:
1419:
1348:
1255:
1247:
1229:
1225:
1148:
1121:
741:
685:
599:
543:
473:
459:
436:
408:
394:
262:
255:
248:
167:
130:
107:
93:
61:
7070:
6997:"Barium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
6402:
6112:
5772:
5376:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
5281:
2625:
in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and
9356:
8728:
8433:
8091:
7965:
4257:
The chemistry of element 120 is predicted to be closer to that of
4227:
3151:
3128:
3066:
3037:
To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to
2980:
2968:
2955:
2868:
2834:
2731:
2562:
2550:
2505:
2493:
2419:
1448:
1428:
1388:
1236:
669:
443:
181:
86:
9075:
7772:
5940:
Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses
3634:
The table below presents the colors observed when the flame of a
2357:. This thermonuclear rate-limiting bottleneck is the reason most
8692:
8665:
8208:
8172:
8010:
6710:. Materials Park, OH: Materials Information Society. p. 4.
5488:
5464:
4235:
3953:
3147:
3031:
2987:, and soda at high temperatures to form sodium fluoroberyllate,
2767:
used electrolysis with molten salts, and Davy named the element
2382:
over time through the emission of ionizing radiation, primarily
2375:
1630:
Solubility-related constants for alkaline-earth-metal fluorides
1615:(magnesium also reacts, but much more slowly), and also undergo
1368:
641:
620:
269:
241:
121:
9079:
7776:
7559:
7483:
Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).
5192:"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table"
3243:, although this use was stopped after it sickened workers. The
2569:
in Egypt. Although it was originally thought that beryl was an
8397:
5090:"Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
5025:"Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
4107:
3173:
from ore. It is a major component of many alloys, especially
3022:
In general, strontium carbonate is extracted from the mineral
2920:
2910:
2700:
discovered ores with distinctive properties, which were named
2224:, and any present are derived from ongoing natural processes.
1607:). Calcium, strontium, and barium react with water to produce
1564:
415:
7125:"Mass Media & Environmental Conflict – Radium Girls"
4856:
Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 14
2512:
in 1790. The last element is the least abundant: radioactive
2122:
Isotopes of all six alkaline earth metals are present in the
7478:. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. LCCCN 68-15217.
4214:
The next alkaline earth metal after radium is thought to be
2894:. Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral
2736:
Barite, the material that was first found to contain barium.
2212:. None of the isotopes other than the aforementioned 21 are
1461:; thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited.
4043:(carbonate rocks). Calcium and magnesium ions are found in
3993:, blue. Beryllium hydroxide is an exception as it exhibits
3061:, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with
2386:. This property is made use of in a positive manner in the
7319:
6412:, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.
3517:
Alkaline earth metals reduce the nonmetal from its oxide.
2197:
years, respectively. Both are far longer than the current
7812:
7152:
Radiation source use and replacement: Abbreviated version
6453:
Kemal, Mevlüt; Arslan, V; Akar, A; Canbazoglu, M (1996).
5970:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
5857:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
4158:. It and barium have some uses in medicine, for example "
2527:
in 1808, whereas beryllium was independently isolated by
7414:
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
4984:"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"
4839:. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
4031:
Ca and Mg are found in nature in many compounds such as
7053:
Terrill, JG Jr.; Ingraham Sc, 2nd; Moeller, DW (1954).
5831:
5829:
5593:
5591:
5441:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from
5414:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from
4124:
3769:
Strontium ions precipitate with soluble sulfate salts.
2937:
2558:
is a form of beryl, the principal mineral of beryllium.
6235:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements
2613:, that large pure samples of beryllium were produced.
2205:. The two isotopes are stable for practical purposes.
6142:
Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie; Bémont, Gustave (1898).
4300:
would suggest that element 170 is a congener of 120,
2783:
isolated pure barium by electrolysis of a mixture of
2751:. Barium oxide was isolated again two years later by
7550:
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
5083:
5081:
5018:
5016:
4970:
4946:
4934:
4835:
Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994).
4534:"Visual Elements: Group 2–The Alkaline Earth Metals"
3887:
Calcium oxide reacts with carbon to form acetylide.
3026:
through two methods: by leaching the celestite with
2468:
became the first to obtain samples of the metals by
2310:
Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide known to undergo
9786:
9719:
9599:
9556:
9517:
9508:
9433:
9411:
9388:
9355:
9345:
9323:
9253:
9150:
9143:
9134:
9113:
7531:. National Council for Science and the Environment.
4564:"Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of the Elements"
7471:
7445:
7021:
6685:. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.
6678:
6612:
6232:
5812:"D'une travail qu'il a entrepris sur le glucinium"
5150:Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals".
4854:. In Emeléus, Harry Julius; Sharpe, A. G. (eds.).
3824:In laboratory, they are obtained from hydroxides:
2252:(radium's longest-lived isotope), 28.90 years for
5513:"Lecture 7: Basics of SF Stellar Nucleosynthesis"
5378:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4472:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
3267:Representative reactions of alkaline earth metals
7024:Medicinal applications of coordination chemistry
6239:. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press.
5558:
5556:
3127:have limited this to niche applications. In the
3069:, which produces more than 50% of world supply.
2418:The alkaline earth metals are named after their
6428:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 115–.
4885:. ASM International. pp. 99–102, 118–119.
2827:, as radium emitted power in the form of rays.
6973:"Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications"
6733:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
6706:Baker, Hugh D. R.; Avedesian, Michael (1999).
6647:Encyclopedia of materials, parts, and finishes
6511:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
6369:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5539:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 65–81.
5023:Wieser, Michael E.; Berglund, Michael (2009).
4995:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4858:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 256–277.
4808:"Reactions of the Group 2 elements with water"
4575:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4480:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):
4448:Calcium-48 is theoretically capable of single
4246:attempted to create element 120 by bombarding
4059:. A more common method is to use ion-exchange
3863:The oxides exhibit basic character: they turn
3483:Ca Sr and Ba readily react with water to form
2325:with a half-life of 1600 years; it along with
9091:
7788:
7571:
7534:Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals".
6768:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
6330:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Strontium"
5088:Wieser, Michael E.; Coplen, Tyler B. (2011).
4067:that trap Ca and Mg and liberate Na instead:
1575:The alkaline earth metals all react with the
8:
7416:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
7249:"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"
4830:
4828:
4826:
2504:was first discovered in 1618 by a farmer at
7109:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5846:
5844:
4908:"General analytical chemistry of beryllium"
4620:(84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
4452:, but such process has never been observed.
3606:Magnesium reacts with alkyl halides via an
3065:. The most important supplier of barium is
2995:. A solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and
922:
9514:
9352:
9147:
9140:
9098:
9084:
9076:
7795:
7781:
7773:
7595:
7578:
7564:
7556:
3169:in the separation of other metals such as
2867:. Common calcium-containing minerals are
2303:concentration is also present due to rare
1753:
1628:
1289:, the next potential member of the group.
7348:"transuranium element (chemical element)"
7086:
7020:Jones, Chris J.; Thornback, John (2007).
6825:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6095:
5690:
5688:
5649:
5647:
5608:
5606:
5280:
5250:Kirby, H. W; Salutsky, Murrell L (1964).
4756:
4680:
3580:properties. It dissolves in concentrated
3204:. Pure strontium is used in the study of
3030:, or in a more complicated way involving
2819:. Radium was named in 1899 from the word
2286:. Strontium-90 and barium-140 are common
1250:, these elements have in common an outer
7247:Gäggeler, Heinz W. (5–7 November 2007).
7155:. National Academies Press. p. 24.
6946:Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority
6584:. Purdue University. 27 September 2005.
4912:Chemical analysis of metals: a symposium
4422:, and a value in brackets indicates the
3640:
3623:Identification of alkaline earth cations
2329:, -224, and -228 occur naturally in the
1557:is to lose two electrons to form doubly
1308:
8895:
7536:Chemistry: Foundations and Applications
7186:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 8.
6669:
6667:
6398:
6396:
4464:
4334:
4218:, although this may not be true due to
3421:Only Be and Mg form nitrides directly.
3259:, short half-life alternatives such as
2747:, although he was able to isolate only
2321:The longest lived isotope of radium is
1549:All the alkaline earth metals have two
8949:
8778:
8483:
7102:
7028:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p.
5437:Richard B. Firestone (15 March 2010).
5410:Richard B. Firestone (15 March 2010).
4696:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019).
4663:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017).
4224:Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions
4190:on bone marrow is also the reason why
2963:, colored green with trace amounts of
36:
9003:
8967:
8958:
8868:
8850:
8841:
7358:from the original on 30 November 2010
7341:
7339:
6766:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5835:
5732:
5597:
5131:from the original on 11 February 2012
4731:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013).
4618:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4418:The element does not have any stable
4323:Alkaline earth octacarbonyl complexes
2971:which is beryllium aluminum silicate.
2648:have been dated to 2,500 BCE in
7:
9012:
8940:
8913:
8886:
8546:
8528:
8501:
8332:
8323:
6187:from the original on 13 January 2012
5066:from the original on 2 November 2012
5001:from the original on 16 October 2011
4958:
4852:"Beryllium halide and pseudohalides"
4712:from the original on 1 February 2020
3200:is used in the manufacturing of red
2244:, nuclides, formed by the impact of
9842:
9021:
8994:
8985:
8832:
8814:
8805:
8796:
8582:
8492:
8465:
8413:
8359:
8341:
8305:
8285:
8224:
8161:
8062:
8044:
8033:
7952:
7527:. A. Jorgensen, C. Cleveland, eds.
6335:. United States Geological Survey.
5570:. United States Geological Survey.
4544:from the original on 5 October 2011
4477:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
4198:-like symptoms and why donation of
3618:RX + Mg → RMgX (in anhydrous ether)
2181:and barium-130, with half-lives of
1515:in their respective periods of the
1086:
1032:
1005:
9039:
8976:
8877:
8760:
8742:
8717:
8708:
8681:
8654:
8609:
8591:
8519:
8510:
8404:
8276:
8242:
8152:
8134:
8125:
8105:
8080:
4971:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001
4947:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001
4935:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001
4882:Beryllium chemistry and processing
4361:. This uncertainty applies to the
3793:Compounds of alkaline earth metals
2909:, is found in all uranium-bearing
2581:from beryl in an alkali. In 1828,
1756:Key physical and atomic properties
1266:of +2. Helium is grouped with the
25:
8931:
8922:
8904:
8859:
8769:
8699:
8672:
8645:
8627:
8618:
8600:
8573:
8555:
8537:
8447:
8377:
8350:
8314:
8260:
8251:
8233:
8215:
8143:
8114:
8053:
7999:
7981:
7943:
7916:
7448:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
7180:Bentel, Gunilla Carleson (1996).
6422:Malley, Marjorie C (2011-08-25).
5773:"Ueber das Beryllium und Yttrium"
5745:Vauquelin, Louis-Nicolas (1798).
4787:from the original on 9 March 2007
4273:. This noticeably contrasts with
2426:, whose old-fashioned names were
1527:configuration by losing just two
1480:to form the alkaline earth metal
1241:standard temperature and pressure
1059:
9841:
9830:
9829:
8823:
8787:
8751:
8636:
8564:
8474:
8456:
8386:
8368:
8296:
8197:
8188:
8179:
8024:
7927:
7552:(3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009)
7200:from the original on 2015-09-05.
7169:from the original on 2015-09-05.
6985:from the original on 2022-10-09.
6588:from the original on 27 May 2012
6498:from the original on 2012-07-07.
6473:from the original on 2016-04-27.
6442:from the original on 2015-09-05.
6084:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
6068:from the original on 2015-09-30.
6004:from the original on 2015-09-30.
5899:from the original on 2015-09-30.
5822:from the original on 2016-05-22.
5757:from the original on 2016-04-27.
4879:Walsh, Kenneth A. (2009-08-01).
4111:
3290:Anhydrous calcium chloride is a
3236:industry, and other industries.
3208:release in neurons. Radioactive
2924:
2839:Series of alkaline earth metals.
2716:by electrolysis of a mixture of
2621:Magnesium was first produced by
2307:in naturally occurring uranium.
2222:collisions between neutron stars
2030:
1986:
1142:
1140:
1115:
1113:
1088:
1061:
1034:
1007:
8726:
8431:
8422:
8089:
8071:
7990:
7972:
7518:Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals
7470:; Leichester, Henry M. (1968).
7418:Springer Science+Business Media
6342:from the original on 2010-07-16
6158:from the original on 2009-08-06
5577:from the original on 2011-11-12
4702:Chemical & Engineering News
4584:from the original on 2012-08-09
4104:Biological role and precautions
2759:noticed a heavy mineral in the
2708:, a chemistry professor at the
1579:to form ionic halides, such as
9160:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
8690:
8663:
8206:
8170:
8008:
7963:
6818:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.019
6708:Magnesium and magnesium alloys
6619:. ASM International. pp.
4910:. In Coyle, Francis T. (ed.).
4837:Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry
4540:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
2967:, is a variety of the mineral
1519:because of their somewhat low
1:
9702:Thermal expansion coefficient
9398:Lists of metalloids by source
8395:
6519:10.1002/14356007.a04_011.pub2
6377:10.1002/14356007.a03_325.pub2
6305:. WebElements. Archived from
6271:. WebElements. Archived from
6117:Journal für Praktische Chemie
5937:Oates, J. A. H (2008-07-01).
5916:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 4.
5700:Journal of Chemical Education
5659:Journal of Chemical Education
5618:Journal of Chemical Education
5353:"Nuclear Data for Safeguards"
5199:Journal of Chemical Education
2755:. Later in the 18th century,
2450:is attributed to the chemist
7452:(84th ed.). CRC Press.
7256:Lecture Course Texas A&M
5412:"Isotopes of Calcium (Z=20)"
5253:The Radiochemistry of Radium
4806:Clark, Jim (December 2021).
4781:"Abundance in Earth's Crust"
4202:can increase survivability.
3362:+ CO (at 2500 °C in furnace)
3084:in some semiconductors, and
2457:Traité Élémentaire de Chimie
1759:of the alkaline earth metals
1595:), as well as reacting with
1523:and the ability to attain a
1181:element by radioactive decay
9441:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
9144:By periodic table structure
6301:The University of Sheffield
6295:"Abundance in stream water"
6267:The University of Sheffield
6181:Online Etymology Dictionary
5913:Lime Kilns and Lime Burning
5439:"Isotopes of Barium (Z=56)"
5269:European Physical Journal A
5256:. National Academies Press.
5153:Journal of Chemical Physics
3601:Reaction with alkyl halides
3512:Reaction with acidic oxides
3263:are usually used instead.
3088:is used as a high-strength
2664:by preparing it from lime.
2516:, which was extracted from
2349:whenever it is formed. The
1645:" unit hydration (-MJ/mol)
1486:ionic crystalline compounds
9895:
9586:Goldschmidt classification
8294:
8123:
8042:
7961:
7925:
7827:
7520:, Royal Chemistry Society.
7346:Seaborg, G. T. (c. 2006).
7306:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024603
7183:Radiation therapy planning
6459:. CRC Press. p. 401.
6029:10.1177/003693309303800611
5910:Williams, Richard (2004).
5816:Journal de Chimie Médicale
5299:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2
4906:Hertz, Raymond K. (1987).
4530:Royal Society of Chemistry
2817:French Academy of Sciences
2305:spontaneous fission decays
335:
203:
143:
83:
58:
29:
27:Group of chemical elements
9824:
9165:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
9037:
8737:
8442:
8271:
8100:
8019:
7938:
7911:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7729:Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm
7648:Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm
7593:
7523:Hogan, C. Michael. 2010.
7474:Discovery of the Elements
6906:10.1152/jn.2001.85.6.2324
6764:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).
6650:. CRC Press. p. 62.
6644:Schwartz, Mel M. (2002).
6607:Davis, Joseph R. (1998).
5207:American Chemical Society
4682:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7
4636:Chemistry of the Elements
4634:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
4616:Lide, D. R., ed. (2003).
2680:on a mixture of lime and
1864:
1521:effective nuclear charges
1162:
990:
921:
46:
39:
7752:Melting Point: 973.15 K
7725:Melting Point: 1002.15 K
7702:Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm
7698:Melting Point: 1042.15 K
7675:Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm
7671:Melting Point: 1112.15 K
7621:Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm
7617:Melting Point: 1560.15 K
7615:Atomic Weight: 9.012182
6741:10.1002/14356007.a15_559
6129:10.1002/prac.18560670194
6097:10.1002/jlac.18550930301
6017:Scottish Medical Journal
5797:10.1002/andp.18280890805
5533:Robert E. Krebs (2006).
5397:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
5114:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14
5049:10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03
4937:, pp. XXXVI–XXXVII.
4914:. ASTM. pp. 74–75.
4669:Foundations of Chemistry
4363:least significant figure
4192:acute radiation syndrome
2660:were known to have used
2361:spend billions of years
2266:and have extremely long
2158:, -86, -87, -88; barium-
1304:electronic configuration
910:
30:Not to be confused with
9874:Groups (periodic table)
9804:systematic element name
9776:in East Asian languages
9126:Extended periodic table
7756:Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm
7731:Electronegativity: 0.89
7723:Atomic Weight: 137.327
7704:Electronegativity: 0.95
7650:Electronegativity: 1.31
7644:Melting Point: 923.15 K
7642:Atomic Weight: 24.3050
7623:Electronegativity: 1.57
7444:Lide, David R. (2004).
7379:Theoretica Chimica Acta
7352:Encyclopædia Britannica
6798:Atmospheric Environment
6553:High-power diode lasers
6303:and WebElements Ltd, UK
6269:and WebElements Ltd, UK
5810:Bussy, Antoine (1828).
5565:"Commodity report:Lime"
4733:"Neon behind the signs"
4359:measurement uncertainty
4166:. Excessive amounts of
3107:, the reaction used by
2803:, on 21 December 1898,
2575:Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
2175:primordial radionuclide
1638:M hydration (-MJ/mol)
1599:to form oxides such as
1571:Compounds and reactions
9647:Electron configuration
9637:Electrical resistivity
9576:Electron configuration
9380:Post-transition metals
7758:Electronegativity: 0.9
7754:Boiling Point: 2010 K
7669:Atomic Weight: 40.078
6550:Diehl, Roland (2000).
6058:Davy, Humphry (1808).
5990:10.1098/rstl.1808.0023
5877:10.1098/rstl.1808.0023
4698:""The" periodic table"
3456:Reaction with hydrogen
3416:Reaction with nitrogen
3273:Reaction with halogens
3113:discovered the neutron
3100:that use the reaction
3043:carbothermic reduction
2972:
2840:
2737:
2559:
2543:also by electrolysis.
2484:The calcium compounds
2399:even number of protons
2299:fuel, and a minuscule
2203:formation of the Earth
1619:reactions to exchange
1444:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2
1330:Electron configuration
1325:No. of electrons/shell
949:alkaline earth metals
9869:Alkaline earth metals
9481:Transuranium elements
7727:Boiling Point: 2170 K
7700:Boiling Point: 1655 K
7696:Atomic Weight: 87.62
7673:Boiling Point: 1757 K
7646:Boiling Point: 1363 K
7619:Boiling Point: 2742 K
7587:Alkaline earth metals
7529:Encyclopedia of Earth
7059:Public Health Reports
6261:"Abundance in oceans"
6231:Emsley, John (2001).
4640:Butterworth-Heinemann
4632:Greenwood, Norman N.
4426:of the longest-lived
3232:has many uses in the
3165:Calcium is used as a
3003:is then used to form
2985:sodium fluorosilicate
2959:
2838:
2735:
2710:University of Glasgow
2684:, after hearing that
2554:
2474:alkaline earth metals
2462:Elements of Chemistry
1765:Alkaline earth metal
1611:and their respective
1194:alkaline earth metals
976:(Europe, pattern A-B)
41:Alkaline earth metals
9697:Thermal conductivity
9672:Heat of vaporization
9114:Periodic table forms
7677:Electronegativity: 1
6556:. Springer. p.
5563:Miller, M. Michael.
5493:www.wolframalpha.com
5469:www.wolframalpha.com
4850:Bell, N. A. (1972).
4353:The number given in
4302:relativistic effects
4220:relativistic effects
4180:biological half life
3534:solid carbon dioxide
3342:Reaction with carbon
3326:Reaction with sulfur
3303:Reaction with oxygen
3220:. Barium is used in
3216:, which utilize its
3133:molten salt reactors
3090:electrical insulator
3053:. These in turn are
2781:Augustus Matthiessen
2686:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2541:André-Louis Debierne
2351:triple alpha process
2264:double beta emission
1655:Solubility (mol/kL)
9729:Element discoveries
9486:Superheavy elements
9446:Rare-earth elements
7486:Inorganic chemistry
7298:2009PhRvC..79b4603O
7265:on 20 February 2012
6855:1966Natur.212.1233M
6810:2007AtmEn..41..913M
5982:1808RSPT...98..333D
5869:1808RSPT...98..333D
5789:1828AnP....89..577W
5712:1933JChEd..10...79W
5671:1932JChEd...9.1386W
5630:1932JChEd...9.1046W
5520:www2.mpia-hd.mpg.de
5291:2019EPJA...55..140B
5215:2003JChEd..80..952J
5166:1964JChPh..41.3199S
4783:. WebElements.com.
4749:2013NatCh...5..438G
4498:Electronic version.
4285:and decreasing the
4178:with a significant
4065:ion-exchange resins
3571:Reaction with bases
3542:Reaction with acids
3491:gas. Be and Mg are
3478:Reaction with water
3198:Strontium carbonate
3005:beryllium hydroxide
2753:Johan Gottlieb Gahn
2706:Thomas Charles Hope
2696:In 1790, physician
2646:kilns used for lime
2359:main sequence stars
2301:secular equilibrium
2199:age of the universe
1761:
1750:Physical and atomic
1631:
1513:ionization energies
1484:, all of which are
960:(US, pattern A-B-A)
7748:Atomic Number: 88
7721:Atomic Number: 56
7694:Atomic Number: 38
7667:Atomic Number: 20
7640:Atomic Number: 12
7599:
7548:Silberberg, M.S.,
7489:. Academic Press.
7468:Weeks, Mary Elvira
7391:10.1007/BF01172015
7234:www.askiitians.com
6408:2012-11-15 at the
5777:Annalen der Physik
5696:Weeks, Mary Elvira
5679:10.1021/ed009p1386
5655:Weeks, Mary Elvira
5638:10.1021/ed009p1046
5614:Weeks, Mary Elvira
5275:(8): 140–1–140–7.
5188:Jensen, William B.
4758:10.1038/nchem.1631
4577:. September 2010.
4342:Noble gas notation
4188:ionizing radiation
4123:. You can help by
3820:(at approx. 900°C)
3702:Disodium phosphate
3608:insertion reaction
3212:finds some use in
3158:for production of
3017:beryllium chloride
3013:beryllium fluoride
2973:
2936:. You can help by
2841:
2738:
2718:strontium chloride
2607:beryllium fluoride
2591:beryllium chloride
2579:aluminum hydroxide
2560:
2318:(barium sulfate).
2272:isotopes of radium
2150:, -42, -43, -44, -
1754:
1652:lattice (-MJ/mol)
1629:
1544:beryllium fluoride
1490:beryllium chloride
1424:2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2
1174:primordial element
927:IUPAC group number
9856:
9855:
9715:
9714:
9677:Ionization energy
9652:Electronegativity
9642:Electron affinity
9581:Electronegativity
9571:Crystal structure
9566:Aqueous chemistry
9543:Nuclear stability
9538:Atomic properties
9504:
9503:
9451:Refractory metals
9429:
9428:
9375:Transition metals
9341:
9340:
9073:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9032:
9031:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7732:
7705:
7678:
7651:
7624:
7613:Atomic Number: 4
7496:978-0-12-352651-9
7459:978-0-8493-0566-5
7427:978-1-4020-3555-5
7216:www.docbrown.info
7193:978-0-07-005115-7
7162:978-0-309-11014-3
7039:978-0-85404-596-9
6863:10.1038/2121233a0
6692:978-1-57912-814-2
6630:978-0-87170-654-6
6435:978-0-19-983178-4
5950:978-3-527-61201-7
5923:978-0-7478-0596-0
5851:Davy, H. (1808).
5769:Wöhler, Friedrich
5751:Annales de Chimie
5385:Chinese Physics C
5223:10.1021/ed080p952
5174:10.1063/1.1725697
5160:(10): 3199–3205.
4921:978-0-8031-0942-1
4892:978-0-87170-721-5
4865:978-0-12-023614-5
4675:(2018): 191–207.
4649:978-0-08-037941-8
4329:Explanatory notes
4283:ionization energy
4141:
4140:
4049:calcium hydroxide
3687:
3686:
3612:Grignard reagents
3228:to remove gases.
3131:eutectic used in
3117:neutron moderator
2979:, done by mixing
2954:
2953:
2845:parts per million
2789:ammonium chloride
2757:William Withering
2571:aluminum silicate
2567:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2502:magnesium sulfate
2452:Antoine Lavoisier
2312:double beta decay
2164:double-beta decay
2118:Nuclear stability
2115:
2114:
1844:ionization energy
1832:Electronegativity
1744:
1743:
1494:beryllium bromide
1455:
1454:
1198:chemical elements
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1158:
1131:
1104:
1077:
1050:
1023:
996:
985:
984:
977:
961:
903:
902:
629:Mercury (element)
16:(Redirected from
9886:
9845:
9844:
9833:
9832:
9816:Dmitri Mendeleev
9744:1869 predictions
9734:Dmitri Mendeleev
9515:
9353:
9333:Aufbau principle
9245:18 (Noble gases)
9148:
9141:
9136:Sets of elements
9100:
9093:
9086:
9077:
9042:
9041:
9028:
9026:
9019:
9017:
9010:
9008:
9001:
8999:
8992:
8990:
8983:
8981:
8974:
8972:
8965:
8963:
8956:
8954:
8947:
8945:
8938:
8936:
8929:
8927:
8920:
8918:
8911:
8909:
8902:
8900:
8893:
8891:
8884:
8882:
8875:
8873:
8866:
8864:
8857:
8855:
8848:
8846:
8839:
8837:
8830:
8828:
8821:
8819:
8812:
8810:
8803:
8801:
8794:
8792:
8785:
8783:
8776:
8774:
8767:
8765:
8758:
8756:
8749:
8747:
8733:
8731:
8724:
8722:
8715:
8713:
8706:
8704:
8697:
8695:
8688:
8686:
8679:
8677:
8670:
8668:
8661:
8659:
8652:
8650:
8643:
8641:
8634:
8632:
8625:
8623:
8616:
8614:
8607:
8605:
8598:
8596:
8589:
8587:
8580:
8578:
8571:
8569:
8562:
8560:
8553:
8551:
8544:
8542:
8535:
8533:
8526:
8524:
8517:
8515:
8508:
8506:
8499:
8497:
8490:
8488:
8481:
8479:
8472:
8470:
8463:
8461:
8454:
8452:
8438:
8436:
8429:
8427:
8420:
8418:
8411:
8409:
8402:
8400:
8393:
8391:
8384:
8382:
8375:
8373:
8366:
8364:
8357:
8355:
8348:
8346:
8339:
8337:
8330:
8328:
8321:
8319:
8312:
8310:
8303:
8301:
8292:
8290:
8283:
8281:
8267:
8265:
8258:
8256:
8249:
8247:
8240:
8238:
8231:
8229:
8222:
8220:
8213:
8211:
8204:
8202:
8195:
8193:
8186:
8184:
8177:
8175:
8168:
8166:
8159:
8157:
8150:
8148:
8141:
8139:
8132:
8130:
8121:
8119:
8112:
8110:
8096:
8094:
8087:
8085:
8078:
8076:
8069:
8067:
8060:
8058:
8051:
8049:
8040:
8038:
8031:
8029:
8015:
8013:
8006:
8004:
7997:
7995:
7988:
7986:
7979:
7977:
7970:
7968:
7959:
7957:
7950:
7948:
7934:
7932:
7923:
7921:
7813:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7774:
7750:Atomic Weight:
7747:
7720:
7693:
7666:
7639:
7612:
7596:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7557:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7479:
7477:
7463:
7451:
7432:
7431:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7264:
7258:. Archived from
7253:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7127:. Archived from
7121:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7100:
7090:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7027:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6977:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6948:, archived from
6943:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6849:(5067): 1233–4.
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6795:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6684:
6671:
6662:
6661:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6618:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6490:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6419:
6413:
6400:
6391:
6390:
6364:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6334:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6309:on 4 August 2011
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6275:on 5 August 2011
6257:
6251:
6250:
6238:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6090:(3): fmi. 1855.
6076:
6070:
6069:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5848:
5839:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5720:10.1021/ed010p79
5692:
5683:
5682:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5550:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5517:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5382:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5357:www-nds.iaea.org
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5284:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5225:. Archived from
5196:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5098:Pure Appl. Chem.
5094:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5033:Pure Appl. Chem.
5029:
5020:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4961:, p. 12-23.
4956:
4950:
4949:, p. XXXVI.
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4737:Nature Chemistry
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4638:(2nd ed.).
4628:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4526:
4501:
4469:
4453:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4298:Aufbau principle
4136:
4133:
4115:
4108:
4061:aluminosilicates
4057:sodium phosphate
4053:sodium carbonate
3895:+ CO (at 2500°C)
3641:
3582:sodium hydroxide
3558:Be + 2HCl → BeCl
3548:Mg + 2HCl → MgCl
3245:nuclear quackery
3206:neurotransmitter
3125:nuclear graphite
3106:
3103:
3028:sodium carbonate
2997:sodium hydroxide
2949:
2946:
2928:
2921:
2901:Radium, being a
2813:barium compounds
2605:of a mixture of
2583:Friedrich Wöhler
2529:Friedrich Wöhler
2288:fission products
2196:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2034:
1990:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1632:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1581:calcium chloride
1525:full outer shell
1498:beryllium iodide
1309:
1170:
1169:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1022:
1020:
1011:
992:
975:
972:old IUPAC number
959:
956:CAS group number
941:
923:
912:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
330:
323:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
223:
216:
209:
200:
193:
184:
177:
170:
163:
156:
149:
140:
133:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
80:
73:
64:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
21:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9820:
9782:
9711:
9687:Oxidation state
9595:
9552:
9500:
9496:Minor actinides
9491:Major actinides
9456:Precious metals
9425:
9407:
9384:
9337:
9319:
9249:
9235:16 (Chalcogens)
9230:15 (Pnictogens)
9130:
9109:
9104:
9074:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9033:
9024:
9022:
9015:
9013:
9006:
9004:
8997:
8995:
8988:
8986:
8979:
8977:
8970:
8968:
8961:
8959:
8952:
8950:
8943:
8941:
8934:
8932:
8925:
8923:
8916:
8914:
8907:
8905:
8898:
8896:
8889:
8887:
8880:
8878:
8871:
8869:
8862:
8860:
8853:
8851:
8844:
8842:
8835:
8833:
8826:
8824:
8817:
8815:
8808:
8806:
8799:
8797:
8790:
8788:
8781:
8779:
8772:
8770:
8763:
8761:
8754:
8752:
8745:
8743:
8729:
8727:
8720:
8718:
8711:
8709:
8702:
8700:
8693:
8691:
8684:
8682:
8675:
8673:
8666:
8664:
8657:
8655:
8648:
8646:
8639:
8637:
8630:
8628:
8621:
8619:
8612:
8610:
8603:
8601:
8594:
8592:
8585:
8583:
8576:
8574:
8567:
8565:
8558:
8556:
8549:
8547:
8540:
8538:
8531:
8529:
8522:
8520:
8513:
8511:
8504:
8502:
8495:
8493:
8486:
8484:
8477:
8475:
8468:
8466:
8459:
8457:
8450:
8448:
8434:
8432:
8425:
8423:
8416:
8414:
8407:
8405:
8398:
8396:
8389:
8387:
8380:
8378:
8371:
8369:
8362:
8360:
8353:
8351:
8344:
8342:
8335:
8333:
8326:
8324:
8317:
8315:
8308:
8306:
8299:
8297:
8288:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8263:
8261:
8254:
8252:
8245:
8243:
8236:
8234:
8227:
8225:
8218:
8216:
8209:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8191:
8189:
8182:
8180:
8173:
8171:
8164:
8162:
8155:
8153:
8146:
8144:
8137:
8135:
8128:
8126:
8117:
8115:
8108:
8106:
8092:
8090:
8083:
8081:
8074:
8072:
8065:
8063:
8056:
8054:
8047:
8045:
8036:
8034:
8027:
8025:
8011:
8009:
8002:
8000:
7993:
7991:
7984:
7982:
7975:
7973:
7966:
7964:
7955:
7953:
7946:
7944:
7930:
7928:
7919:
7917:
7806:
7801:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7607:
7589:
7584:
7514:
7512:Further reading
7501:
7499:
7497:
7482:
7466:
7460:
7443:
7440:
7435:
7428:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7361:
7359:
7345:
7344:
7337:
7328:
7326:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7194:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7163:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7134:
7132:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7101:
7071:10.2307/4588736
7052:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7005:
7003:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6982:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6941:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6894:J. Neurophysiol
6891:
6890:
6886:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6793:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6673:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6615:Metals handbook
6606:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6529:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6467:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6436:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6410:Wayback Machine
6401:
6394:
6387:
6366:
6365:
6354:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6328:Ober, Joyce A.
6327:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6310:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6161:
6159:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6014:
6013:
6009:
5964:Davy H (1808).
5963:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5827:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5753:(26): 155–169.
5744:
5743:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5589:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5497:
5495:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5333:sites.wustl.edu
5327:
5326:
5322:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5194:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4973:, p. 1073.
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4833:
4824:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4614:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4538:Visual Elements
4528:
4527:
4504:
4496:. pp. 51.
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:of the element.
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4319:
4275:periodic trends
4212:
4200:red blood cells
4176:bio-accumulates
4137:
4131:
4128:
4121:needs expansion
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4019:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3987:phenolphthalein
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3882:
3878:
3865:phenolphthalein
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3835:
3831:
3819:
3815:
3795:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3625:
3595:
3591:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3532:→ 2MgO + C (in
3531:
3524:
3506:
3502:
3472:
3468:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3335:
3319:
3312:
3286:
3282:
3269:
3241:luminous paints
3104:
3101:
3098:neutron sources
3086:beryllium oxide
3075:
2993:silicon dioxide
2950:
2944:
2941:
2934:needs expansion
2919:
2833:
2799:While studying
2797:
2785:barium chloride
2730:
2694:
2666:Calcium sulfate
2639:
2619:
2611:sodium fluoride
2549:
2482:
2424:alkaline earths
2416:
2411:
2403:nucleon pairing
2384:alpha particles
2363:fusing hydrogen
2347:alpha particles
2192:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2120:
1944:Brilliant-white
1857:
1855:Covalent radius
1846:
1834:
1827:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1651:
1644:
1617:transmetalation
1604:
1601:strontium oxide
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1540:orbital overlap
1300:
1295:
1293:Characteristics
1264:oxidation state
1163:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1018:
1017:
1012:
986:
978:
974:
962:
958:
940:beryllium group
939:
936:Name by element
917:
904:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
328:
321:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
198:
191:
182:
175:
168:
161:
154:
147:
138:
131:
122:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:
78:
71:
62:
53:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9892:
9890:
9882:
9881:
9879:Periodic table
9876:
9871:
9861:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9838:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9790:
9788:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9725:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9707:Vapor pressure
9704:
9699:
9694:
9692:Speed of sound
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9667:Heat of fusion
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9622:Critical point
9619:
9614:
9609:
9603:
9601:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9523:
9521:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9461:Coinage metals
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9435:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9361:
9359:
9350:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9259:
9257:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9156:
9154:
9145:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9107:Periodic table
9105:
9103:
9102:
9095:
9088:
9080:
9071:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9020:
9011:
9002:
8993:
8984:
8975:
8966:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8930:
8921:
8912:
8903:
8894:
8885:
8876:
8867:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8786:
8777:
8768:
8759:
8750:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8725:
8716:
8707:
8698:
8689:
8680:
8671:
8662:
8653:
8644:
8635:
8626:
8617:
8608:
8599:
8590:
8581:
8572:
8563:
8554:
8545:
8536:
8527:
8518:
8509:
8500:
8491:
8482:
8473:
8464:
8455:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8430:
8421:
8412:
8403:
8394:
8385:
8376:
8367:
8358:
8349:
8340:
8331:
8322:
8313:
8304:
8295:
8293:
8284:
8275:
8269:
8268:
8259:
8250:
8241:
8232:
8223:
8214:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8169:
8160:
8151:
8142:
8133:
8124:
8122:
8113:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8088:
8079:
8070:
8061:
8052:
8043:
8041:
8032:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8007:
7998:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7926:
7924:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7804:Periodic table
7802:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7777:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7737:
7735:
7710:
7708:
7683:
7681:
7656:
7654:
7629:
7627:
7602:
7600:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7546:
7543:
7540:J. J. Lagowski
7532:
7521:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7495:
7480:
7464:
7458:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7426:
7404:
7385:(3): 235–260.
7369:
7335:
7324:fias.institute
7311:
7276:
7239:
7221:
7203:
7192:
7172:
7161:
7141:
7116:
7045:
7038:
7012:
6988:
6964:
6927:
6900:(6): 2324–34.
6884:
6833:
6781:
6774:
6756:
6749:
6723:
6716:
6698:
6691:
6675:Gray, Theodore
6663:
6656:
6636:
6629:
6599:
6573:
6566:
6542:
6527:
6501:
6484:Miller, M. M.
6476:
6465:
6445:
6434:
6414:
6392:
6386:978-3527306732
6385:
6352:
6320:
6286:
6252:
6245:
6223:
6216:
6198:
6168:
6148:Comptes Rendus
6134:
6103:
6071:
6050:
6023:(6): 188–189.
6007:
5956:
5949:
5929:
5922:
5902:
5840:
5838:, p. 539.
5825:
5818:(4): 456–457.
5802:
5783:(8): 577–582.
5760:
5737:
5735:, p. 537.
5725:
5684:
5643:
5602:
5600:, p. 535.
5587:
5552:
5545:
5525:
5504:
5480:
5456:
5429:
5402:
5368:
5344:
5320:
5259:
5242:
5179:
5142:
5077:
5012:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4920:
4898:
4891:
4871:
4864:
4842:
4822:
4798:
4772:
4723:
4688:
4655:
4648:
4623:
4595:
4555:
4502:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4441:
4432:
4411:
4357:refers to the
4346:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4315:
4211:
4208:
4139:
4138:
4118:
4116:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:CaO + 3C → CaC
3885:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3629:The flame test
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3588:Be + NaOH + 2H
3567:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3537:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3358:CaO + 3C → CaC
3356:
3352:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3268:
3265:
3249:drinking water
3230:Barium sulfate
3167:reducing agent
3109:James Chadwick
3102:Be + He (α) →
3094:heat conductor
3074:
3071:
3051:barium nitrate
3045:(such as with
3039:barium sulfide
2989:aluminum oxide
2952:
2951:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2832:
2829:
2796:
2793:
2729:
2726:
2722:mercuric oxide
2698:Adair Crawford
2693:
2690:
2682:mercuric oxide
2658:ancient Romans
2638:
2635:
2627:mercuric oxide
2618:
2615:
2593:with metallic
2548:
2545:
2481:
2478:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2372:hydroxyapatite
2333:of primordial
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1840:
1829:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1778:
1766:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1625:
1589:
1572:
1569:
1555:electron shell
1517:periodic table
1474:boiling points
1470:melting points
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1404:2, 8, 18, 8, 2
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1246:Together with
1206:periodic table
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
970:
967:
966:
963:
954:
951:
950:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
932:
929:
919:
918:
905:
901:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
675:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
449:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
334:
332:
325:
317:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
202:
195:
187:
186:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
142:
135:
127:
126:
119:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:
82:
75:
67:
66:
59:
57:
47:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:Alkaline earth
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9891:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9849:
9848:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9761:controversies
9759:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9749:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9682:Melting point
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9662:Heat capacity
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9617:Boiling point
9615:
9613:
9612:Atomic radius
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9598:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9476:Native metals
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9404:
9403:Dividing line
9401:
9399:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9344:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9252:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9240:17 (Halogens)
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9149:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9133:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9101:
9096:
9094:
9089:
9087:
9082:
9081:
9078:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9036:
9027:
9018:
9009:
9000:
8991:
8982:
8973:
8964:
8955:
8946:
8937:
8928:
8919:
8910:
8901:
8892:
8883:
8874:
8865:
8856:
8847:
8838:
8829:
8820:
8811:
8802:
8793:
8784:
8775:
8766:
8757:
8748:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8723:
8714:
8705:
8696:
8687:
8678:
8669:
8660:
8651:
8642:
8633:
8624:
8615:
8606:
8597:
8588:
8579:
8570:
8561:
8552:
8543:
8534:
8525:
8516:
8507:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8462:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8428:
8419:
8410:
8401:
8392:
8383:
8374:
8365:
8356:
8347:
8338:
8329:
8320:
8311:
8302:
8291:
8282:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8257:
8248:
8239:
8230:
8221:
8212:
8203:
8194:
8185:
8176:
8167:
8158:
8149:
8140:
8131:
8120:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8050:
8039:
8030:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8005:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7958:
7949:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7922:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7760:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7733:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7706:
7691:
7687:
7682:
7679:
7664:
7660:
7655:
7652:
7637:
7633:
7628:
7625:
7610:
7606:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7574:
7569:
7567:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7498:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7481:
7476:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7405:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7373:
7370:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7325:
7321:
7320:"Home / FIAS"
7315:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7292:(2): 024603.
7291:
7287:
7280:
7277:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7142:
7131:on 2009-07-21
7130:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7065:(3): 255–62.
7064:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7016:
7013:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6981:
6974:
6968:
6965:
6955:on 2016-03-03
6951:
6947:
6940:
6939:
6931:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6834:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6782:
6777:
6775:0-8493-0486-5
6771:
6767:
6760:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6724:
6719:
6717:0-87170-657-1
6713:
6709:
6702:
6699:
6694:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6657:1-56676-661-3
6653:
6649:
6648:
6640:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6610:
6603:
6600:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6569:
6567:3-540-66693-1
6563:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6546:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6502:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6466:9789054108290
6462:
6458:
6457:
6449:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6425:Radioactivity
6418:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6371:. Wiley-VCH.
6370:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6321:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6299:Mark Winter,
6296:
6290:
6287:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6265:Mark Winter,
6262:
6256:
6253:
6248:
6246:0-19-850340-7
6242:
6237:
6236:
6227:
6224:
6219:
6217:0-911910-00-X
6213:
6209:
6202:
6199:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6157:
6154:: 1215–1217.
6153:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6104:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6054:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5546:0-313-33438-2
5542:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5445:on 6 May 2012
5444:
5440:
5433:
5430:
5418:on 6 May 2012
5417:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5391:(3): 030001.
5390:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5369:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5232:on 2010-06-11
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5146:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:: 2131–2156.
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:(2013): 438.
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4724:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4494:0-85404-438-8
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4135:
4126:
4122:
4119:This section
4117:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4087:+ Ca → CaO·Al
4070:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4005:+ 2HCl → BeCl
4000:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3958:
3955:
3935:
3912:
3897:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3840:or nitrates:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:Green/Yellow
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Bunsen burner
3632:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3386:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3296:deliquescence
3293:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:brachytherapy
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:Kroll process
3154:, and in the
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:sulfuric acid
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2945:November 2012
2939:
2935:
2932:This section
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:decay product
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:Robert Bunsen
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:calcium oxide
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:Antoine Bussy
2628:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:performed an
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Antoine Bussy
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:Antoine Bussy
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:plutonium-239
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2240:, as well as
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:radioisotopes
2206:
2204:
2200:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:Earth's crust
2117:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1814:Boiling point
1812:
1809:
1804:
1803:Boiling point
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:Melting point
1790:
1787:
1782:
1781:Melting point
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:atomic weight
1767:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1459:radioactivity
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
989:
980:
973:
969:
968:
964:
957:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
938:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
916:
913: →
909: ←
908:
907:alkali metals
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
803:
801:
799:Rutherfordium
796:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
676:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
442:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
318:
315:
310:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
205:
201:
196:
194:
189:
188:
185:
180:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
157:
152:
150:
145:
141:
136:
134:
129:
128:
125:
120:
118:
113:
111:
106:
104:
99:
97:
92:
90:
85:
81:
76:
74:
69:
68:
65:
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
9840:
9828:
9811:Trivial name
9799:nomenclature
9471:Heavy metals
9466:Noble metals
9225:14 (Tetrels)
9164:
9121:Alternatives
7823:
7743:
7738:
7716:
7711:
7689:
7684:
7662:
7657:
7635:
7630:
7608:
7603:
7586:
7549:
7535:
7528:
7500:. Retrieved
7485:
7473:
7447:
7438:Bibliography
7413:
7407:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7360:. Retrieved
7351:
7327:. Retrieved
7323:
7314:
7289:
7286:Phys. Rev. C
7285:
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7260:the original
7255:
7242:
7233:
7224:
7215:
7206:
7182:
7175:
7151:
7144:
7133:. Retrieved
7129:the original
7119:
7105:cite journal
7062:
7058:
7048:
7023:
7015:
7004:. Retrieved
7000:
6991:
6967:
6957:, retrieved
6950:the original
6937:
6930:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6827:10261/185836
6801:
6797:
6784:
6765:
6759:
6732:
6726:
6707:
6701:
6680:
6646:
6639:
6614:
6602:
6592:18 September
6590:. Retrieved
6576:
6552:
6545:
6510:
6504:
6491:. USGS.gov.
6479:
6455:
6448:
6424:
6417:
6368:
6344:. Retrieved
6323:
6311:. Retrieved
6307:the original
6298:
6289:
6277:. Retrieved
6273:the original
6264:
6255:
6234:
6226:
6207:
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6180:
6171:
6160:. Retrieved
6151:
6147:
6137:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6087:
6083:
6074:
6060:
6053:
6020:
6016:
6010:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5939:
5932:
5912:
5905:
5860:
5856:
5815:
5805:
5780:
5776:
5763:
5750:
5740:
5728:
5703:
5699:
5662:
5658:
5621:
5617:
5579:. Retrieved
5535:
5528:
5519:
5507:
5496:. Retrieved
5492:
5483:
5472:. Retrieved
5468:
5459:
5447:. Retrieved
5443:the original
5432:
5420:. Retrieved
5416:the original
5405:
5388:
5384:
5371:
5360:. Retrieved
5356:
5347:
5336:. Retrieved
5332:
5323:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5252:
5245:
5234:. Retrieved
5227:the original
5202:
5198:
5182:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5101:
5096:
5068:. Retrieved
5036:
5031:
5005:26 September
5003:. Retrieved
4987:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4911:
4901:
4881:
4874:
4855:
4845:
4836:
4817:
4811:. Retrieved
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4775:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4705:
4701:
4691:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4586:. Retrieved
4570:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4537:
4475:
4467:
4444:
4435:
4414:
4349:
4337:
4295:
4256:
4213:
4204:
4174:") where it
4168:strontium-90
4160:barium meals
4156:exoskeletons
4153:
4142:
4132:January 2013
4129:
4125:adding to it
4120:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3886:
3862:
3839:
3823:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:Carmine red
3667:Crimson red
3649:
3644:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3610:to generate
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3576:Be exhibits
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3351:2Be + C → Be
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3238:
3222:vacuum tubes
3210:strontium-90
3195:
3164:
3137:
3076:
3073:Applications
3059:barium oxide
3036:
3021:
2974:
2942:
2938:adding to it
2933:
2900:
2892:strontianite
2885:
2853:
2842:
2824:
2820:
2809:Pierre Curie
2798:
2768:
2765:Humphry Davy
2749:barium oxide
2745:Carl Scheele
2739:
2714:Humphry Davy
2701:
2695:
2678:electrolysis
2670:Humphry Davy
2640:
2623:Humphry Davy
2620:
2603:electrolysis
2561:
2525:Humphry Davy
2522:
2483:
2473:
2470:electrolysis
2466:Humphry Davy
2461:
2455:
2423:
2417:
2396:
2392:bone cancers
2388:radiotherapy
2368:bone seekers
2331:decay chains
2320:
2309:
2258:
2254:strontium-90
2230:beryllium-10
2207:
2172:
2159:
2155:
2154:; strontium-
2151:
2147:
2121:
2109:Crimson red
1609:hydrogen gas
1574:
1548:
1533:
1500:, which are
1488:(except for
1463:
1456:
1312:
1301:
1272:
1245:
1193:
1191:
1165:
1164:
946:Trivial name
911:
841:Darmstadtium
708:Protactinium
482:Praseodymium
32:Alkali metal
9847:WikiProject
9591:Term symbol
9421:Noble gases
9365:Lanthanides
9348:metallicity
9220:13 (Triels)
7269:26 February
7001:www.rsc.org
6944:, Østerås:
6609:"Beryllium"
6123:: 490–508.
5976:: 333–370.
5863:: 333–370.
5665:(8): 1386.
5624:(6): 1046.
5209:: 952–961.
5135:11 February
5108:: 359–396.
4588:17 February
4424:mass number
4395:stands for
4373:stands for
4355:parentheses
4311:copernicium
4291:ionic radii
4265:instead of
4216:element 120
4184:bone marrow
4172:bone seeker
4164:toothpastes
4020:+ NaOH → Na
3997:character.
3852:→ CaO + 2NO
3691:In solution
3525:→ 2MgO + Si
3503:O → MgO + H
3399:O → 2Mg(OH)
3292:hygroscopic
3261:iridium-192
3121:heavy water
2704:in 1793 by
2654:Mesopotamia
2599:Paul Lebeau
2390:of certain
2380:bone marrow
2374:in compact
2343:Beryllium-8
2293:uranium-235
2291:running on
2284:uranium-238
2280:decay chain
2276:radioactive
2274:are highly
2246:cosmic rays
2226:Beryllium-7
2071:Apple-green
1878:9.012182(3)
1287:element 120
1275:decay chain
1268:noble gases
1262:+2, and an
1208:. They are
883:Livermorium
855:Copernicium
848:Roentgenium
778:Mendelevium
764:Einsteinium
757:Californium
9863:Categories
9771:for people
9766:for places
9739:1871 table
9632:Elasticity
9600:Data pages
9558:Properties
9434:Other sets
9390:Metalloids
7329:2024-02-11
7135:2009-08-01
7006:2024-09-02
6959:2019-03-13
6804:(5): 913.
6750:3527306730
6528:3527306730
6346:2010-05-14
6162:2009-08-01
6080:"Masthead"
5836:Weeks 1968
5733:Weeks 1968
5598:Weeks 1968
5581:2012-03-06
5498:2024-01-18
5474:2024-01-18
5362:2024-01-18
5338:2024-01-18
5282:1908.11458
5236:2012-05-06
5070:7 February
4813:2012-08-14
4548:13 January
4460:References
4450:beta decay
4387:, whereas
4279:reactivity
4250:-238 with
4234:-244 with
4230:bombarded
4210:Extensions
4045:hard water
3995:amphoteric
3980:Hydroxides
3879:O → Ca(OH)
3816:→ CaO + CO
3806:carbonates
3741:Ca + (COO)
3659:Brick-red
3592:O → Na + H
3578:amphoteric
3493:passivated
3373:O → Ca(OH)
3253:toothpaste
3218:decay heat
2917:Production
2857:carnallite
2831:Occurrence
2823:, meaning
2761:Cumberland
2702:strontites
2577:dissolved
2327:radium-223
2323:radium-226
2268:half-lives
2260:Calcium-48
2250:radium-226
2242:cosmogenic
2234:calcium-41
2218:supernovae
2214:primordial
2179:calcium-48
2170:isotopes.
2168:primordial
2044:137.327(7)
1917:24.3050(6)
1866:Flame test
1613:hydroxides
1509:hydroxides
1384:2, 8, 8, 2
1228:(Ba), and
1151: (Ra)
1124: (Ba)
1097: (Sr)
1070: (Ca)
1043: (Mg)
1016: (Be)
890:Tennessine
834:Meitnerium
813:Seaborgium
792:Lawrencium
531:Dysprosium
517:Gadolinium
496:Promethium
368:Technetium
361:Molybdenum
162:Phosphorus
9756:etymology
9607:Abundance
9532:in humans
9528:Abundance
9413:Nonmetals
9370:Actinides
7686:Strontium
7632:Magnesium
7605:Beryllium
7525:"Calcium"
7399:117157377
6537:262306041
6191:20 August
6113:"Notizen"
5943:. Wiley.
5706:(2): 79.
5315:201664098
5307:1434-601X
4991:reference
4959:Lide 2004
4263:strontium
4232:plutonium
4194:can have
4145:ion pumps
4041:magnesite
4037:aragonite
3989:pink and
3832:→ MgO + H
3521:2Mg + SiO
3485:hydroxide
3332:Ca + 1/8S
3316:Mg + 1/2O
3309:Ca + 1/2O
3234:petroleum
3202:fireworks
3024:celestite
2977:sintering
2888:celestite
2881:anhydrite
2873:limestone
2861:magnesite
2801:uraninite
2775:. Later,
2692:Strontium
2617:Magnesium
2595:potassium
2547:Beryllium
2520:in 1898.
2518:uraninite
2510:Strontian
2480:Discovery
2454:. In his
2448:compounds
2414:Etymology
2355:carbon-12
1996:Strontium
1983:Brick-red
1956:40.078(4)
1913:Magnesium
1874:Beryllium
1768:Standard
1551:electrons
1535:Beryllium
1529:electrons
1466:densities
1451:] 7s
1431:] 6s
1411:] 5s
1400:strontium
1391:] 4s
1371:] 3s
1360:magnesium
1351:] 2s
1340:beryllium
1252:s orbital
1222:strontium
1214:magnesium
1210:beryllium
1204:2 of the
1095:Strontium
1041:Magnesium
1014:Beryllium
897:Oganesson
876:Moscovium
869:Flerovium
750:Berkelium
736:Americium
729:Plutonium
722:Neptunium
559:Ytterbium
489:Neodymium
468:Lanthanum
431:Tellurium
389:Palladium
375:Ruthenium
347:Zirconium
329:Strontium
285:Germanium
236:Manganese
192:Potassium
148:Aluminium
139:Magnesium
79:Beryllium
9835:Category
9787:See also
9657:Hardness
9510:Elements
7362:16 March
7356:Archived
7198:Archived
7167:Archived
7097:13134440
6980:Archived
6914:11387379
6879:11109902
6871:21090447
6677:(2009).
6586:Archived
6493:Archived
6486:"Barite"
6471:Archived
6440:Archived
6406:Archived
6403:"Radium"
6337:Archived
6313:6 August
6279:6 August
6185:Archived
6177:"radium"
6156:Archived
6066:Archived
6045:20396691
6002:Archived
5998:96364168
5897:Archived
5893:96364168
5820:Archived
5771:(1828).
5755:Archived
5572:Archived
5190:(2003).
5126:Archived
5122:95898322
5061:Archived
5057:98084907
4999:Archived
4791:14 April
4785:Archived
4767:23609097
4716:27 March
4710:Archived
4579:Archived
4571:nist.gov
4542:Archived
4474:(2005).
4420:nuclides
4317:See also
4309:, below
4307:group 12
4287:metallic
4033:dolomite
3967:O → CaCO
3940:N—CN + H
3867:red and
3528:2Mg + CO
3489:hydrogen
3175:aluminum
3160:titanium
3140:aluminum
3111:when he
3063:aluminum
3055:calcined
2965:chromium
2865:dolomite
2849:scandium
2771:, after
2440:strontia
2432:magnesia
2428:beryllia
2000:87.62(1)
1672:soluble
1577:halogens
1562:positive
1506:alkaline
1502:covalent
1478:halogens
1298:Chemical
1234:reactive
1196:are six
862:Nihonium
785:Nobelium
694:Actinium
680:Francium
664:Astatine
657:Polonium
636:Thallium
615:Platinum
587:Tungsten
580:Tantalum
566:Lutetium
510:Europium
503:Samarium
424:Antimony
322:Rubidium
299:Selenium
229:Chromium
222:Vanadium
215:Titanium
208:Scandium
176:Chlorine
116:Fluorine
102:Nitrogen
54:Hydrogen
9721:History
9627:Density
9255:Periods
9061:p-block
9056:d-block
9051:f-block
9046:s-block
7659:Calcium
7502:3 March
7294:Bibcode
7088:2024184
7079:4588736
6922:2907823
6851:Bibcode
6806:Bibcode
6621:690–691
6037:8146640
5978:Bibcode
5865:Bibcode
5785:Bibcode
5708:Bibcode
5667:Bibcode
5626:Bibcode
5449:12 June
5422:12 June
5287:Bibcode
5211:Bibcode
5162:Bibcode
4745:Bibcode
4428:isotope
4259:calcium
4248:uranium
4149:enzymes
3875:CaO + H
3773:Sr + Na
3757:Ca + NH
3753:→ (COO)
3708:Mg + NH
3439:3Mg + N
3425:3Be + N
3279:Ca + Cl
3187:mortars
3171:uranium
3144:alloyed
2961:Emerald
2907:uranium
2676:, used
2674:England
2650:Khafaja
2637:Calcium
2556:Emerald
2498:emerald
2486:calcite
2409:History
2339:uranium
2335:thorium
2027:Crimson
1952:Calcium
1837:Pauling
1828:(g/cm)
1825:Density
1621:ligands
1559:charged
1482:halides
1380:calcium
1364:2, 8, 2
1320:Element
1283:thorium
1279:uranium
1256:cations
1218:calcium
1068:Calcium
991:↓
915:group 3
827:Hassium
820:Bohrium
806:Dubnium
771:Fermium
715:Uranium
701:Thorium
650:Bismuth
608:Iridium
594:Rhenium
573:Hafnium
552:Thulium
538:Holmium
524:Terbium
454:Caesium
403:Cadmium
382:Rhodium
354:Niobium
340:Yttrium
313:Krypton
306:Bromine
292:Arsenic
278:Gallium
199:Calcium
155:Silicon
72:Lithium
9751:Naming
9548:Symbol
9357:Metals
9325:Blocks
9313:Pyykkö
9308:Fricke
9303:Aufbau
9152:Groups
7740:Radium
7713:Barium
7538:. Ed.
7493:
7456:
7424:
7397:
7190:
7159:
7095:
7085:
7077:
7036:
6920:
6912:
6877:
6869:
6843:Nature
6772:
6747:
6714:
6689:
6654:
6627:
6564:
6535:
6525:
6463:
6432:
6383:
6243:
6214:
6043:
6035:
5996:
5947:
5920:
5891:
5885:107302
5883:
5543:
5313:
5305:
5120:
5055:
5039:(11).
4989:CODATA
4918:
4889:
4862:
4765:
4646:
4492:
4271:radium
4267:barium
4252:nickel
4206:life.
4196:anemia
4016:Be(OH)
4001:Be(OH)
3991:litmus
3944:O → (H
3925:→ CaSO
3906:→ CaCN
3869:litmus
3856:+ 1/2O
3828:Mg(OH)
3799:Oxides
3781:→ SrSO
3650:Colour
3499:Mg + H
3465:Ca + H
3283:→ CaCl
3226:getter
3191:cement
3189:, and
3183:cheese
3179:copper
3082:dopant
3079:p-type
2991:, and
2896:barite
2879:, and
2877:gypsum
2863:, and
2821:radius
2795:Radium
2773:baryta
2769:barium
2741:Barite
2728:Barium
2514:radium
2442:, and
2422:, the
2420:oxides
2316:baryte
2232:, and
2142:, and
2079:Radium
2040:Barium
1868:color
1849:kJ·mol
1842:First
1635:Metal
1597:oxygen
1472:, and
1440:radium
1420:barium
1260:charge
1248:helium
1237:metals
1230:radium
1226:barium
1224:(Sr),
1220:(Ca),
1216:(Mg),
1212:(Be),
1166:Legend
1156:
1149:Radium
1129:
1122:Barium
1102:
1075:
1048:
1021:
994:Period
743:Curium
687:Radium
601:Osmium
545:Erbium
475:Cerium
461:Barium
438:Iodine
410:Indium
396:Silver
264:Copper
257:Nickel
250:Cobalt
169:Sulfur
132:Sodium
109:Oxygen
95:Carbon
63:Helium
9794:IUPAC
9519:Lists
7395:S2CID
7263:(PDF)
7252:(PDF)
7075:JSTOR
6983:(PDF)
6976:(PDF)
6953:(PDF)
6942:(PDF)
6918:S2CID
6875:S2CID
6794:(PDF)
6533:S2CID
6496:(PDF)
6489:(PDF)
6340:(PDF)
6333:(PDF)
6041:S2CID
5994:S2CID
5889:S2CID
5881:JSTOR
5575:(PDF)
5568:(PDF)
5516:(PDF)
5381:(PDF)
5311:S2CID
5277:arXiv
5230:(PDF)
5205:(8).
5195:(PDF)
5129:(PDF)
5118:S2CID
5106:IUPAC
5104:(2).
5093:(PDF)
5064:(PDF)
5053:S2CID
5041:IUPAC
5028:(PDF)
4708:(3).
4582:(PDF)
4567:(PDF)
4486:IUPAC
4404:0.000
4397:1.007
4389:1.007
4382:0.000
4375:1.007
4367:1.007
4228:Dubna
4099:+ 2Na
4095:·6SiO
4083:·6SiO
4026:Salts
4009:+ 2 H
3844:Ca(NO
3785:+ 2Na
3728:+ 2Na
3724:)MgPO
3720:→ (NH
3645:Metal
3469:→ CaH
3336:→ CaS
3320:→ MgO
3313:→ CaO
3224:as a
3152:steel
3129:FLiBe
3105:C + n
3067:China
3057:into
3001:water
2981:beryl
2969:beryl
2869:chalk
2805:Marie
2672:, in
2563:Beryl
2537:Curie
2506:Epsom
2494:beryl
2444:baria
2238:trace
2132:three
2103:509.3
2065:502.9
2021:549.5
1977:589.8
1938:737.7
1932:1.738
1905:White
1899:899.5
1893:1.848
1737:2.373
1734:2.277
1731:1.361
1720:2.513
1717:2.331
1714:1.415
1703:2.651
1700:2.493
1697:1.577
1686:2.978
1683:2.838
1680:1.922
1669:3.526
1666:3.371
1663:2.455
1447:[
1427:[
1407:[
1387:[
1367:[
1347:[
1258:with
1202:group
671:Radon
445:Xenon
183:Argon
88:Boron
9526:By:
7504:2011
7491:ISBN
7454:ISBN
7422:ISBN
7364:2010
7271:2012
7188:ISBN
7157:ISBN
7111:link
7093:PMID
7034:ISBN
6910:PMID
6867:PMID
6770:ISBN
6745:ISBN
6712:ISBN
6687:ISBN
6652:ISBN
6625:ISBN
6594:2008
6562:ISBN
6523:ISBN
6461:ISBN
6430:ISBN
6381:ISBN
6315:2011
6281:2011
6241:ISBN
6212:ISBN
6193:2011
6033:PMID
5945:ISBN
5918:ISBN
5541:ISBN
5451:2012
5424:2012
5303:ISSN
5137:2012
5072:2012
5007:2011
4916:ISBN
4887:ISBN
4860:ISBN
4793:2007
4763:PMID
4718:2020
4644:ISBN
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2018:0.95
2015:2.64
2012:1382
2009:1655
2003:1050
1974:1.00
1971:1.54
1968:1484
1965:1757
1959:1115
1935:1.31
1929:1090
1926:1363
1896:1.57
1890:2471
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1884:1287
1881:1560
1723:0.8
1706:0.2
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