231:, and gives the distribution of contributing sources, often with a final calculation per day, which in turn provides the basis for a daily production report in the case of a field that produces hydrocarbons. Moreover, the allocation process may be designed to split up a flow of multiple products of the individual ingredients or phase fractions, for example when associated gas and water are supplied with a crude oil flow, and each fraction within the commingled flow or storage is allocated between the contributors and its ownership. A traditional allocation practice will execute quantity calculations for
124:, PSA, the licensee will take all development costs and have this capital recovered by "cost oil". "Profit oil" will be shared by licensee and the state. The licensee may be one oil company, or often a group of companies sharing the risks, costs and profit in a partnership, consortium or joint venture. When more than one company is involved, the term "group ownership members" is used, and the business arrangement for petroleum extraction specifies the equity of cost and income for each member company. Where a
717:
399:
1998:
1966:
937:
299:, US, since 1929, and this practice has been developed to a widespread "hidden law of unitisation" in Texas. Even before 1929, it was early established a practice of sharing equipment to extract from several wells. Today, most US states except Texas, have compulsory unitization statutes. Ownership and extraction of oil and gas in the ground of USA is regulated by the present
786:, and uses data about the chemical and isotope composition of liquid and gas flow for each contribution that is collected. Samples from each contributing stream is parsed, and fingerprints established, for example by using whole-oil gas chromatography methods. These fingerprints are then recognized in aggregate flows, which in turn can help to allocate back to the sources.
953:
acceptable uncertainty in the measurements. A practical adaptation to this problem is to estimate or otherwise prepare theoretical estimates of the flow rate from the individual wells, and somehow normalise the estimates to even out discrepancies with the measured overall product stream from a production facility.
1721:
Three companies A, B, and C cooperate in a joint venture contractual arrangement with fixed equity shares. A production platform "Gecko" exported 235,560 barrels of oil one month. Their equities are 20, 35 and 45 percent respectively, equivalent to the volumes 47,112 bbl, 82,446 bbl, 106,002 bbl for
389:
and transitions in pressure and temperature, owners of hydrocarbon in a commingled material cannot be allocated materials equal to what physically delivered from their well. For instance, two multiphase streams are commingled, one with oil of mole weight 107 and gas of 20 kg/kgmol, the other of
441:
Fiscal measurements meet the statutory requirements for accuracy in the jurisdiction for tax payments to the government; custody transfer measurements meet the requirements for financial transactions between buyers and sellers of hydrocarbons; allocation measurements helps support the allocation of
369:
allocation process are set by legislation and the relevant government authority, contract documents governing the relationship between the operator, partners, licensor, and government may also provide guidelines for allocation. Details of design configuration and setup can be read out of available
258:
Within the wider scope of hydrocarbon accounting; all measurements and parameters used for calculations are being deposited in a data storage, results of calculations along with methods used in calculations, are stored in a manner that is accepted by the internal and external audit. Stored results
51:
and allocation are sometimes used interchangeably. Hydrocarbon accounting has a wider scope, taking advantages of allocation results, it is the petroleum management process by which ownership of extracted hydrocarbons is determined and tracked from a point of sale or discharge back to the point of
836:
are other implementations of rate estimation. With the aid of commercially available software, process models simulate the behaviour of hydrocarbons in the processing plant. Among other purposes it is used for calculation of shrinkage factors or expansion factors and estimation of flow inside the
766:
In some locations it is too costly or not practical to implement metering of flow rates, e.g. down in the wells and in many places at process plants, especially on subsea plants. However, a set of methods and techniques that aim to provide estimates for flows, are adopted by the industry to solve
368:
Transparency, fairness and compliance with audit requirements are fundamental criteria for the design of allocation practices and methods. Furthermore, the implemented processes should be cost efficient as well as practical to operate. Requirements for the measurement processes and the associated
1695:
Probabilistic rate allocation fully exploits the available measurement configuration and knowledge about measurement noise characteristics to achieve a more accurate allocation as well as uncertainty quantification. This is particularly beneficial for allocation accuracy when additional per-well
952:
It is easy to implement measures of flow rates of commingled, single phase hydrocarbon flows under normal pressure and temperature, but often not feasible to measure the individual well flow rate of multiphase streams from oil wells, under high temperature and pressure, while achieving known and
947:
on the production plant is the conventional way to get an estimated or theoretical production contribution per phase fraction per well per month. This plant is receiving a multi phased flow of oil and gas from many wells via a manifold. Flow from one well at a time is taken to the test separator
802:
There are varieties of methods for estimating the flow rate of the wells when flow measurements are unavailable. Models describe multiphase flows behaviour under different conditions, and they are continuously being supplied with readings from pressure, temperature, and pressure drop across the
420:
Field "A", an oil field where fluid of oil, produced water and associated gas is extracted. If free of pipeline connection, field "A" illustrates the typical allocation case. A processing plant splits crude oil into three fractions. Metering stations on the export point satisfy requirements for
114:
or reservoir, hence it may be useful to divide the oil field and its well streams by formations or layers. More than one oil field may share infrastructure like oil processing units and pipelines. The field activities are regulated by a jurisdiction of a state and a contract of the licence. The
861:
In the oil and gas industry, it is common that the regulatory authorities in the country set requirements for all measurements of produced hydrocarbons, where such measurements affect taxes or royalties to the government, the fiscal measurements. Requirements can be found in a guideline and be
730:
for the measurements in the oil and gas upstream industry are chosen based on type of measurement, performance and accuracy requirements, and the type of medium to be measured. Available meters in the market are characterized by properties such as accuracy, operational rangeability: flowrate,
384:
Partners involved in any allocation system, agree upon and establish a set of principles to follow. The principles states the units and measurement types used in allocations, i.e. where to account mass, volume, molar or energy balance. Since physical properties of hydrocarbons are constantly
437:
Not all streams and measurements at a production plant will feed an allocation process, but all allocations need at least measurement of the total out-flow or total volume, along with measurements, or estimates for, or some physical properties of the contributing flows included in the total.
317:
In recent times, cost savings have become an impetus for shared utilisation of infrastructures for processing and transport of oil and gas in areas of extraction from the ground. Methods are being developed to allocate back contributions into commingled streams in pipeline, when oil is being
279:
Allocation is commercial rooted in the need to distribute the costs, revenues and taxes among multiple players collaborating on field development and production of oil and gas. There are various incentives for collaboration, one is risk and cost sharing, the practice by issuing licenses for
731:
viscosity, velocity, pressure and temperature conditions, durability and demand with respect to calibration and monitoring, the ability to withstand contaminants, injected chemicals, salty and acidic environment. For the application of custody transfer measurements of fluid hydrocarbons,
314:, oil companies shared risk in consortia, and in the initial licence round regulated by Norwegian government, more than half of the licences were awarded partnerships of several licensees. It has also been a clear tendency towards transition to awarding licences to partnerships.
83:, unitised production entities or production facilities. In hydrocarbon accounting, quantities of extracted hydrocarbon can be further split by ownership, by "cost oil" or "profit oil" categories, and broken down to individual composition fraction types. Such components may be
119:
owner, onshore in United States often the land owner, elsewhere often the state possesses the ownership of mineral rights including petroleum reservoirs) and a licensee to share investment costs, operational costs, and income from the oil field. In case of a
416:
Fields "B" and "C" are each a basic allocation system where all the measured out-flow quantities from the field are allocated to the respective wells, and allocation can be conducted on all phases, oil, gas, water. ("B" and "C" have possible subsea plants
425:, measuring instrument for flare gas is a fiscal measurement if subject to taxation, it depends on regulatory requirements. Measurement of well streams will typically have lower accuracy, or no meters are installed, when estimation processes are in use.
325:, deepwater field development, and use of subsea production systems that commingled production flows from multiple oil fields, strengthen the requirements for flexible and accurate allocation systems, to keep up with the transition from conventional
1708:
When a fluid stream is owned by a compound ownership, each owner's equity is allocated in accordance with their share. For joint venture contractual arrangement with fixed equities, allocation is in the proportion of their share of ownership.
793:
or layer in a commingled well, and allocation of commingled pipeline oil to contributing oil fields. Moreover, the adoption of fingerprinting is widely spread geographically, it includes North
America and the Middle East.
927:
of each measured input. Investments in improved metering systems and operations to reduce the uncertainty may be subject to cost benefit analysis that points to an optimum, overall uncertainty in the allocated products.
262:
The hydrocarbon accounting process is emphasizing the tracking of all hydrocarbons through flows until a sale to a customer has occurred or hydrocarbons are disposed for including all fluid discharges, vents and
2802:
405:
Illustration of meter setup in allocation problems, simplified for clarity. A host field "A" processing plant separates, processes and exports hydrocarbon flows from field "A", and two satellite fields "B" and
1905:
1799:
1060:
214:
denotes the allocation at a custody transfer where production quantities are transferred from an oil field. Allocation at exports decide exactly what quantities each partner of the contract is paid for.
167:
is used to allocate the primary product groups like oil, gas or condensate ingredients (phase fractions) to a contributing well for instance, component allocation breaks down and allocate individual
1558:
2561:
390:
116 and 21 respectively, may result in a commingled stream of 115 kg/kgmol for the oil and mole weight of 20.3 kg/kgmol for the gas. The allocation principles account for this effect.
340:
Results from the allocation process are important feed into production reporting to governments and partners, and allocation results may also feed operator's internal systems for product sales,
2222:
Rolf J. Lorentzen; Andreas S. Stordal; Geir Nævdal; Hans A. Karlsen; Hans J. Skaug (2014). "Estimation of
Production Rates With Transient Well-Flow Modeling and the Auxiliary Particle Filter".
1171:
Assume that the flows of separated oil from two production units go to a common storage tank. The tank is used as a cache so that the owners of the oil can get their load according to an
1700:, or (manual) measurements of the per-well water fraction. This method combines measurements taken at different times using a probabilistic dynamic model for the production type curve.
2575:
644:
337:
There are multiple operational benefits from allocation. Detailed results from allocation to wells, or even to oil or gas layers per well, are used to manage the production process.
287:
Production allocation to wellbore or completion is required for
Reservoir Simulation where the dynamic geological model is history matched and used for production forecasting.
1685:
2888:
2826:
Phillip
Stockton and Alan Spence, "The use of Process Simulation Models in Hydrocarbon Allocation Systems" Paper presented at 24th North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop (2006)
2806:
1629:
The effect of field factor is to distribute the difference between fiscal measured total and theoretical total, 5,800 bbl, evenly at the same proportion across all wells.
920:
For oil and gas well allocation, Newfoundland and
Labrador and Nova Scotia Offshore Areas, Drilling and Production Regulations, for example, requires accuracy within ±5%.
381:
and connections between measuring points via flow from wells to sale points. P&ID showing downhole sensors may also contribute to the design of an allocation process.
1182:
in May are shown in the column "Theoretical production" below. Suppose it was measured in 610,000 barrels (corrected, measured total) of oil produced by end of May 2013.
563:
When a quantity of ready processed liquid, e.g. oil, has been measured, there is still transformation to take place from indicated to the net quantity to be accounted:
1588:
151:
denotes allocation cases where contribution sources are more than one production field or more than one offshore platform, making a commingled flow into a pipeline.
2780:
1615:
1157:
1125:
1096:
677:
2698:
2602:
2539:
271:
from oil storages. Similarly, measurements of injected flow of water and gas into the reservoir through injection wells are being part of hydrocarbon accounting.
110:
is an area developed for exploration of hydrocarbons from one or more reservoirs in the underground. Sometimes one well extracts hydrocarbons from more than one
696:, adjusts for changes in pressure temperature and composition, for instance shrinkage of fluid occurs when pressure drops and constituents change to gas phase
1163:
The quantity Q could be mass or energy as well as volume. The allocation calculations are carried out per phase, for example oil, gas and water respectively.
259:
can be further utilised to optimise the reservoir performance of a producing field, possibly optimising the utilisation in case of a transportation system.
2176:"Otter-Eider Geochemical Production Allocation: 6+ Years of Continuous Monitoring to Provide Fiscal Measurements for Hydrocarbon Accounting, #90110 (2010)"
442:
all contributors to a commingled flow, whereby it also supports ownership allocation. Allocation measurements may not meet custody transfer standards.
428:
All together, the collection of fields is a field allocation system in which contributions in sales products are allocated to each of the three fields.
972:
This is generally the most intuitive procedure, allocating a stream to the contributing stream sources in proportions according to a known quantity.
758:
have been adopted, especially for subsea production systems. These equipments are able to deduce the proportion and flow rate of each fluid phase.
2581:
280:
exploration and production to a partnership of oil companies. Another is the aim of improving production efficiency, by extracting from multiple
2803:"Ormen Lange Flow Assurance System (FAS) - online flow assurance monitoring and advice, Proceedings of the Underwater Technology Conference 2013"
295:
The principle of unitised production, to allow for more efficient development of new exploration areas, was established for the Van field in the
28:
across various contributing sources. Allocation aids the attribution of ownerships of hydrocarbons as each contributing element to a commingled
125:
3024:
2508:
2852:
2688:
Mark A. Mccaffrey; David K. Baskin; Brooks A. Patterson (March 2012). "Oil fingerprinting dramatically reduces production allocation costs".
2484:
2401:
2331:
2087:
1839:
219:
is also used to denote the income distribution from extracted hydrocarbons on each partner of a licence or joint business arrangement area.
300:
129:
846:
2759:
2456:
Production
Allocation of Tomorrow's Subsea Fields – Multiphase Meters, Test Separator or both? SPE Bergen One Day Seminar 23. April 2008
850:
2041:
Atle, Aadland; Dyrnes, Olav; Olsen, S.R.; Drønen, O.M. (August 1994). "Statfjord Field: Field and
Reservoir Management Perspectives".
830:
are installed for each well and virtual flow meters for each well are taken in use as a backup for and redundancy to the flow meters.
370:
2960:
2733:
2666:
2271:
978:
99:
is being used in the sense to denote distributing according to a plan, but the etymology may also be linked to 'earmark'. The term
2899:
782:
are the known methods that are used for determining the characteristics of hydrocarbon material samples. The method is also named
956:
The conventional approach of estimating individual flow performance from contributing oil wells in the allocation problem is the
1471:
It distributes the total measured oil, 610,000 bbl to each well, at the proportion of estimates given by the well test results.
2895:
2175:
1934:
307:
2715:
2151:
353:
2695:
1487:
3039:
1710:
157:
is a term used in the case where the contribution sources are production petroleum wells, or any type of injection well.
2648:
2627:
2116:
Hwang, R.J.; Baskin, D.K.; Teerman, S.C. (December 2000). "Allocation of commingled pipeline oils to field production".
1795:
862:
specific in the way uncertainties are targeted. Examples of targets in publicly available standards and guidelines are:
808:
732:
345:
121:
32:
or to a storage of petroleum may have a unique ownership. Contributing sources in this context are typically producing
2020:
1172:
2152:"Primary Product Allocation Processing (SAP Library - SAP Oil & Gas (PRA - Production and Revenue Accounting))"
961:
2847:, Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia Offshore Areas, Drilling and Production Regulations, September 2011,
790:
306:
Sharing risks by a joint venture of several companies to field development, production and transportation, and
111:
76:
570:
1736:
1179:
1128:
957:
944:
924:
326:
244:
184:
133:
744:
236:
2942:
1856:
408:
Legend: Red M is custody transfer meter, black M fiscal meter, gray M indicate optional allocation meter.
827:
755:
322:
57:
1175:
plan. Allocation is first calculated using estimated production from each well, based on well testing.
716:
2562:
Addendum 1, to Manual of
Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 11—Physical Properties Data Section 1
1635:
1590:
is the theoretical (estimated) production for well k; N is the number of wells;
2513:. Calgary: Energy Resources Conservation Board of Alberta, Canada. 2013. pp. 4–8. Archived from
2367:
1747:
374:
136:, ownership of extracted hydrocarbons are shared according to fixed equities of each member company.
310:
activities has also been going on for long time, specifically for cross border arrangements. In the
2514:
2454:
2432:
1777:
842:
775:
552:
A selection of places where flows are measured. The list not intended to be fully comprehensive.
61:
17:
2353:
1697:
115:
contract is a business arrangement for exploration of the oil field between the licensor, (the
2956:
2848:
2729:
2662:
2480:
2397:
2327:
2267:
2133:
2083:
2058:
1835:
1758:
1752:
812:
356:. Allocation and hydrocarbon accounting are supporting information to the wider business area
341:
318:
transported from a collection of offshore oil fields to facilities terminals onshore in Asia.
53:
2948:
2721:
2654:
2259:
2231:
2125:
2050:
1868:
1831:
1823:
1731:
1563:
779:
721:
422:
378:
360:, the latter considering life cycle business and financial aspects of oil field operations.
281:
56:, material balance, and practices to trace ownership of hydrocarbons being transported in a
1593:
1135:
1103:
1074:
655:
2867:
2702:
1186:
An example of monthly production allocation via theoretical oil production from well test
72:
2253:
822:
is a type of an implementation using such methods. Some gas and condensate fields in the
2300:
1906:"Pipeline Management-1 Gas-Allocation System Yields Flexibility, Complicates Accounting"
853:. Process models with simulations are in use in allocation systems at North Sea plants.
398:
1800:"Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 20.3 Measurement of Multiphase Flow"
1741:
804:
736:
349:
296:
240:
116:
2839:
2129:
2002:
1997:
1965:
284:
or multiple oil fields by shared arrangement for production, also called unitisation.
251:
flows from pure gas wells are usually measured continuously at or near the individual
3033:
1763:
838:
386:
188:
1941:
1696:
measurements are available, such as the fluid rate per well derived from a rod pump
815:
methods are among available techniques for back allocation to reservoir formations.
751:
are in use for liquid measurements, but can also take gas measurement applications.
385:
changing when hydrocarbons from various contributing sources are mixed, affected by
329:
to prevalence of model simulations, virtual flow meters and multiphase flow meters.
67:
In an allocation problem, contributing sources are more widely natural gas streams,
1772:
936:
704:
228:
25:
1970:
2474:
2391:
2321:
2077:
1127:
is a measured or estimated quantity portion of contributor k, for example from a
1167:
Example with calculations to illustrate the principle of proportional allocation
268:
248:
41:
3019:
Proceedings of the 82nd
International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement (2007).
1857:"Improving Allocation and Hydrocarbon Accounting Accuracy Using New Techniques"
1828:
HM 96 Guidelines for the allocation of fluid streams in oil and gas production
727:
68:
29:
2433:"Brazil Parque das Conchas Project Sets Subsea Separation, Pumping Milestone"
2137:
2062:
267:, consumption of gas for power production at the facility, and quantities of
2606:
2198:
823:
748:
740:
311:
264:
232:
107:
80:
37:
2717:
Novel Method of
Production Back-Allocation Using Geochemical Fingerprinting
689:
CTL is a volume correction factor for the effects of temperature on liquid
24:
refers to practices of breaking down measures of quantities of extracted
923:
In general, the total uncertainty of the allocation system is related to
252:
33:
2252:
Leskens, Martijn; Johannes Petrus Maria Smeulers; Anton Gryzlov (2008).
1621:
In table 2, the field factor is 610,000 over 615,800, equal to 0.99058.
2983:
2758:
Ron Cramer; Dave Schotanus; Kolin Ibrahim; Nick Colbeck (21 Dec 2009).
2450:
2393:
Oil and Governance: State-Owned Enterprises and the World Energy Supply
2366:
Roswell Hill Johnson; Louis Grow Huntley; Ransom Evarts Somers (1922).
180:
172:
2952:
2725:
2714:
Nouvelle, Xavier; Katherine Rojas; Artur Stankiewicz (November 2012).
2263:
2235:
1872:
2984:"Enhanced production surveillance using probabilistic dynamic models"
2658:
2054:
948:(shaded). The output flow rates are measured for each phase fraction.
176:
168:
84:
2580:, Oklahoma City: Univ. of Oklahoma, pp. 435–443, archived from
2390:
David G. Victor; David R. Hults; Mark C. Thurber (8 December 2011).
1713:
may lead to further splits into cost oil and profit oil categories.
1069:
N is the number of contributing sources, for example number of wells
841:
to predict the behaviour of components in the streams. Examples of
837:
plant that does not have meters. The models build on the theory of
2982:
Ashutosh Tewari; Stijn De Waele; Niranjan Subrahmanya (May 2018).
1935:"Norsok standard - Fiscal measurement systems for hydrocarbon gas"
935:
715:
462:
Flow to an export transportation system, (pipeline, tanker, truck)
397:
87:
hydrocarbons, boiling point fractions, and mole weight fractions.
2650:
The Allocation of Gas Well Production Data Using Isotope Analysis
2944:
Soft Multiphase Flow Metering for Accurate Production Allocation
1855:
R. Cramer; D. Schotanus; K. Ibrahim; N. Colbeck (October 2011).
686:, adjust to actual volume, this factor is determined by probing
103:
is being used in the sense to denote justification of actions.
2760:"Continuous well-flow estimates improve production allocation"
2255:
Downhole Multiphase Metering In Wells By Means Of Soft-sensing
1055:{\displaystyle Q_{k}=C_{k}{Q_{T} \over \sum _{k=1}^{N}C_{k}}}
52:
extraction. In this way, hydrocarbon accounting also covers
2941:
Lorentzen, Rolf; Ove Sævareid; Geir Nævdal (October 2010).
2988:
International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management
2628:"Flow Control: Custody Transfer Metering of Oil & Gas"
2354:
Review of book: Unitization of oil and gas fields in Texas
2199:"Simplify hydrocarbon allocation and production reporting"
789:
Applications of this method comprise allocation of single
227:
Allocation is an ongoing process based on flow or volume
2870:. The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), UK
2551:
based on Savidge (2007). "Allocation Measurement" p. 792
2217:
2215:
845:
that contribute to the calculations in such models are
470:
Back allocation to field or well, ownership allocation
243:
based on measured results from periodic, time-limited
2781:"Online monitoring enhances flow assurance - Offshore"
1553:{\displaystyle FF={Q_{n} \over \sum _{k=1}^{N}TH_{k}}}
1159:
is the portion of the total allocated to contributor k
2021:"Deloitte - Best practices in hydrocarbon accounting"
1638:
1617:
is the net quantity, the measured and corrected total
1596:
1566:
1490:
1469:
The example shows the final allocation by month end.
1138:
1106:
1077:
981:
658:
573:
500:
Custody transfer measurement (when ownership changes)
2247:
2245:
1717:
Example of equity-based allocation with calculations
412:
Allocation systems seen in the figure to the right:
2510:
Measurement requirements for oil and gas operations
194:Other combinatorics on the allocation term include
1679:
1609:
1582:
1552:
1474:The case is simplified for illustration purposes.
1151:
1119:
1090:
1054:
671:
638:
475:Flow into and out of an intermediate fluid storage
1806:in their defining of allocation and use the term
2462:, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Bergen Section
754:For the application of allocation measurements,
64:to customers distant from the production plant.
2931:based on Wright & Gallun (2005), p. 237-238
2473:Charlotte J. Wright; Rebecca A. Gallun (2005).
2449:Anders Gjesdal; Eirik Åbro; Øyvind Midttveit -
1098:is the total quantity in stream to be allocated
679:indicated quantity is the gross measured volume
559:Corrected, measured liquid total (Net quantity)
532:Well test or with multiphase meter for instance
497:Flow to shared facility, from a satellite field
3017:Savidge, Jeffrey L. "Allocation Measurement".
2560:American Petroleum Institute (September 2007)
2540:Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2015:
2013:
1985:Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary
1904:Matthew E. Wilks; BP Exploration (July 1991).
2753:
2751:
106:In the context of hydrocarbon accounting, an
8:
539:Various flows within the processing facility
2396:. Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
2169:
2167:
187:streams to be allocated may be split up by
2801:Pabs Angelo; Shell Norway (19 June 2013).
1987:, 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.
866:Flow measurement and target uncertainties
826:are developed with subsea templates where
321:Recent restructuring in this industry for
3004:Energy Institute Guidelines (2012), p. 34
2922:Energy Institute Guidelines (2012), p. 38
2834:
2832:
2289:Energy Institute Guidelines (2012), p. 13
1894:Energy Institute Guidelines (2012), p. 29
1818:
1816:
1662:
1646:
1637:
1601:
1595:
1574:
1565:
1541:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1500:
1489:
1143:
1137:
1111:
1105:
1082:
1076:
1043:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1005:
999:
986:
980:
834:Process models and phase behaviour models
663:
657:
591:
578:
572:
79:or zones in a well, from wells, and from
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1458:Corrected, measured total (Net quantity)
1184:
864:
739:have been preferred. For gas metering,
639:{\displaystyle Q_{n}=Q_{i}*MF*CTL*SF*SW}
444:
2868:"Oil and gas: measurement of petroleum"
2285:
2283:
1788:
2079:Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
1890:
1888:
1465:
1457:
1445:
857:Uncertainty in measures and allocation
548:
126:petroleum concessionary licence system
514:Back allocation to well or formation
7:
2076:Muhammed Mazeel (2 September 2010).
762:Estimates, alternatives for measures
301:oil and gas law in the United States
968:Proportional allocation calculation
851:Soave modification of Redlich-Kwong
807:and density, and other properties.
720:V-Cone Flow meter with raised face
371:piping and instrumentation diagrams
3025:Flow Measurement Technical Library
2947:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
2720:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
2653:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
2577:Liquid flow provers (conventional)
2536:Metering - NTNU, November 8, 2010.
2476:International petroleum accounting
2422:Victor, D. G. et al (2011), p. 151
2320:Charles Albert Warner (May 2007).
2299:Smith, Julia Cauble (2010-06-15).
2258:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
1940:. Standards Norway. Archived from
1802:: The publication adopts the term
703:, adjusts for remaining water and
14:
2603:"Oil and Gas Production Handbook"
2356:Natural Resources Journal, Vol 27
2326:. Copano Bay Press. p. 163.
542:Meters with sufficient accuracies
486:Flow to consumption, power, flare
481:Back allocation to field or well
44:to a commingled flow or storage.
2779:Marit Larsen, FMC Technologies.
2439:, September 2009, p.38–42.
2174:Robert J. Elsinger; et al.
2082:. Diplomica Verlag. p. 18.
1996:
1964:
1810:rather than contributing source.
1680:{\displaystyle WA_{k}=TH_{k}*FF}
446:Flow measurement and allocation
377:and other documentation showing
364:Allocation practices and methods
2896:Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
2437:Journal of Petroleum Technology
847:Peng–Robinson equation of state
707:, determined by sample analysis
522:E.g. with ultrasonic flow meter
2369:The business of oil production
1861:SPE Economics & Management
1:
2889:"The measurement regulations"
2372:. New York, Wiley. p. 62
2130:10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00123-6
2001:The dictionary definition of
1969:The dictionary definition of
1711:Production sharing agreements
1560: where
2783:. Offshore magazine web site
2323:Texas Oil and Gas Since 1543
1796:American Petroleum Institute
733:positive displacement meters
478:Custody transfer measurement
467:Custody transfer measurement
346:enterprise resource planning
122:production sharing agreement
3056:
2647:Bazan, L.W. (March 1998).
2564:- Definition of CTL factor
1338:
1231:
2043:SPE Reservoir Engineering
1625:Corrected well allocation
701:Sediment and Water factor
183:in a natural gas stream.
140:More specific definitions
2505:Inspired by drawings in:
1691:Probabilistic allocation
1737:Measurement uncertainty
1722:each of the companies.
932:Proportional allocation
925:measurement uncertainty
508:Flow from the reservoir
465:Fiscal measurement and
185:Components of crude oil
134:petroleum fiscal regime
2841:Measurement Guidelines
2538:Based on a lecture at
1681:
1611:
1584:
1583:{\displaystyle TH_{k}}
1554:
1533:
1446:Theoretical tank total
1153:
1121:
1092:
1056:
1038:
949:
828:multiphase flow meters
771:Geochemical allocation
756:multiphase flow meters
745:ultrasonic flow meters
724:
673:
640:
511:Allocation measurement
409:
354:management information
237:natural-gas condensate
200:hydrocarbon allocation
128:is in use rather than
49:hydrocarbon accounting
1910:Oil & Gas Journal
1682:
1612:
1610:{\displaystyle Q_{n}}
1585:
1555:
1513:
1154:
1152:{\displaystyle Q_{k}}
1122:
1120:{\displaystyle C_{k}}
1093:
1091:{\displaystyle Q_{T}}
1057:
1018:
939:
767:allocation problems.
719:
674:
672:{\displaystyle Q_{i}}
641:
529:Flow from an oil well
401:
394:Sample configurations
375:process flow diagrams
323:enhanced oil recovery
275:Demand for allocation
196:production allocation
91:Scope and terminology
58:transportation system
3040:Petroleum production
2574:Suri, S. K. (1995),
2118:Organic Geochemistry
1804:mathematical process
1748:equilibrium constant
1704:Ownership allocation
1636:
1594:
1564:
1488:
1360:145000*610000/615800
1309:126000*610000/615800
1281:112000*610000/615800
1253:140000*610000/615800
1136:
1104:
1075:
979:
960:practice using test
798:Flow rate estimation
656:
571:
519:Flow from a gas well
358:petroleum accounting
217:Ownership allocation
161:Component allocation
36:delivering flows of
1416:34800*610000/615800
1388:58000*610000/615800
1187:
867:
447:
204:pipeline allocation
149:platform allocation
2701:2013-02-07 at the
2534:Dag Hendrik Flølo
2479:. PennWell Books.
1778:Pipeline transport
1746:The thermodynamic
1677:
1607:
1580:
1550:
1185:
1149:
1117:
1088:
1052:
950:
865:
843:equations of state
820:virtual flow meter
784:oil fingerprinting
776:Gas chromatography
741:gas orifice meters
725:
669:
636:
489:Fiscal measurement
445:
410:
171:hydrocarbons like
165:product allocation
112:geologic formation
18:petroleum industry
3023:; available from
2953:10.2118/136026-MS
2854:978-1-927098-05-9
2726:10.2118/160812-MS
2486:978-1-59370-016-4
2403:978-1-139-50288-7
2352:Larry S. Eubanks
2333:978-0-9767799-5-7
2264:10.2118/112046-MS
2236:10.2118/165582-PA
2124:(12): 1463–1474.
2089:978-3-8366-8852-9
1873:10.2118/125178-PA
1841:978-0-85293-625-2
1759:Equation of state
1753:Flash evaporation
1548:
1479:
1478:
1178:The results of a
1050:
918:
917:
813:data assimilation
747:are most common.
722:weld neck flanges
556:
555:
503:Field allocation
454:Measurement type
327:well flow testing
212:Export allocation
163:: while the term
54:inventory control
3047:
3022:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2898:. Archived from
2893:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2805:. Archived from
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2711:
2705:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2659:10.2118/40032-MS
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2055:10.2118/25027-PA
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1832:Energy Institute
1824:Energy Institute
1820:
1811:
1793:
1732:Phase transition
1698:dynamometer card
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1527:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1188:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1003:
991:
990:
868:
780:isotope analysis
694:Shrinkage Factor
678:
676:
675:
670:
668:
667:
645:
643:
642:
637:
596:
595:
583:
582:
448:
423:custody transfer
379:flow measurement
145:Field allocation
130:contractual type
73:multiphase flows
3055:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3030:
3029:
3016:
3013:
3011:Further reading
3008:
3003:
2999:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2703:Wayback Machine
2696:weatherford.com
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2601:Håvard Devold.
2600:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2431:Joel Parshall,
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2201:. Engineer Live
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1728:
1706:
1693:
1658:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1537:
1512:
1502:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1470:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1039:
1017:
1007:
995:
982:
977:
976:
934:
882:
877:
875:
859:
764:
749:Coriolis meters
714:
659:
654:
653:
587:
574:
569:
568:
564:
466:
435:
407:
396:
366:
335:
293:
282:land properties
277:
225:
208:back allocation
179:, to 3 isomers
155:Well allocation
142:
93:
60:, e.g. through
34:petroleum wells
12:
11:
5:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2974:
2961:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2880:
2859:
2853:
2828:
2819:
2793:
2771:
2747:
2734:
2706:
2680:
2667:
2639:
2618:
2593:
2566:
2553:
2544:
2527:
2498:
2485:
2465:
2441:
2424:
2415:
2402:
2382:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2312:
2291:
2279:
2272:
2241:
2230:(1): 172–180.
2211:
2190:
2163:
2143:
2101:
2088:
2068:
2049:(3): 157–161.
2033:
2023:. 26 June 2009
2009:
1989:
1977:
1957:
1926:
1896:
1884:
1867:(4): 235–240.
1847:
1840:
1812:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1742:Flow assurance
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
970:
969:
933:
930:
916:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
879:
872:
858:
855:
839:thermodynamics
800:
799:
773:
772:
763:
760:
737:turbine meters
713:
710:
709:
708:
699:SW (S&W),
697:
690:
687:
680:
666:
662:
647:
646:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
561:
560:
554:
553:
546:
545:
543:
540:
536:
535:
533:
530:
526:
525:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
494:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
463:
459:
458:
455:
452:
451:Flow location
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
418:
395:
392:
365:
362:
350:data warehouse
334:
331:
297:State of Texas
292:
289:
276:
273:
265:flaring of gas
241:produced water
224:
221:
141:
138:
117:mineral rights
92:
89:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3052:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2964:
2962:9781555633134
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2905:on 2013-05-12
2901:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2809:on 2013-06-24
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2735:9781613992173
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:available at
2691:
2684:
2681:
2670:
2668:9781555633912
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2629:
2626:Jesse Yoder.
2622:
2619:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2584:on 2013-06-24
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2517:on 2013-08-25
2516:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:9781555631666
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:at Wiktionary
2006:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1975:at Wiktionary
1974:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1947:on 2010-12-09
1943:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Ideal gas law
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1598:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
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1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:contributing
1198:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
975:
974:
973:
967:
966:
965:
963:
959:
954:
946:
942:
938:
931:
929:
926:
921:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
893:
891:Liquid volume
890:
889:
885:
880:
874:Newfoundland,
873:
870:
869:
863:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
797:
796:
795:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
770:
769:
768:
761:
759:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
723:
718:
711:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
685:
681:
664:
660:
652:
651:
650:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
567:
566:
565:
558:
557:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
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531:
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393:
391:
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387:heat transfer
382:
380:
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347:
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230:
222:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
189:boiling point
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
150:
146:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
75:derived from
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3018:
3000:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2966:. Retrieved
2943:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2907:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2862:
2840:
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2739:. Retrieved
2716:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2649:
2642:
2631:. Retrieved
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2596:
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2582:the original
2576:
2569:
2556:
2547:
2535:
2530:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2509:
2501:
2490:. Retrieved
2475:
2468:
2455:
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2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2392:
2385:
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2368:
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2337:. Retrieved
2322:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2294:
2254:
2227:
2223:
2203:. Retrieved
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2121:
2117:
2093:. Retrieved
2078:
2071:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2003:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1913:
1909:
1899:
1876:. Retrieved
1864:
1860:
1850:
1827:
1807:
1803:
1791:
1773:Gas constant
1768:
1755:calculations
1720:
1707:
1694:
1628:
1620:
1482:Field factor
1473:
1466:
1222:Calculation
1214:Calculation
1177:
1170:
1162:
1064:
971:
955:
951:
940:
922:
919:
878:Nova Scotia
860:
833:
832:
819:
817:
801:
788:
783:
774:
765:
753:
726:
705:contaminants
700:
693:
684:Meter Factor
683:
648:
562:
549:
440:
436:
433:Measurements
411:
402:
383:
367:
357:
339:
336:
320:
316:
305:
294:
286:
278:
261:
257:
229:measurements
226:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
193:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
105:
100:
96:
94:
66:
48:
46:
40:or flows of
26:hydrocarbons
21:
15:
2301:"Van Field"
2224:SPE Journal
1438:Plant total
1410:1200*696/24
1382:1000*696/12
1354:2500*696/12
1331:Plant total
1303:4500*672/24
1275:4000*672/24
1247:5000*672/24
1227:allocation
1219:production
1217:Theoretical
1173:entitlement
728:Flow meters
712:Flow meters
457:Allocation
269:evaporation
249:Natural gas
191:fractions.
69:fluid flows
42:natural gas
3021:: 787–808.
2994:(1): 1–12.
2968:2013-06-23
2909:2013-06-29
2874:2013-06-23
2813:2013-06-23
2787:2013-06-23
2765:2013-06-23
2741:2013-06-23
2674:2013-06-23
2633:2013-06-23
2612:2013-06-23
2588:2013-06-23
2521:2013-06-29
2492:2013-06-23
2409:2013-06-23
2376:2013-06-23
2339:2013-06-23
2306:2013-06-23
2205:2013-06-23
2184:2013-06-23
2157:2013-06-23
2095:2013-06-23
2027:2013-06-23
2004:accounting
1951:2013-06-23
1920:2013-06-23
1878:2013-06-23
1834:, London.
1784:References
945:well tests
342:accounting
308:downstream
245:well tests
101:accounting
77:formations
47:The terms
22:allocation
2690:World Oil
2607:ABB Group
2138:0146-6380
2063:0885-9248
1669:∗
1515:∑
1193:platform
1180:well test
1129:flow test
1020:∑
962:separator
958:well test
943:Periodic
941:Figure 2:
876:Labrador,
824:North Sea
791:formation
628:∗
619:∗
607:∗
598:∗
403:Figure 1:
312:North Sea
253:wellheads
233:crude oil
108:oil field
95:The term
62:pipelines
38:petroleum
3034:Category
2699:Archived
2692:: 55–59.
1972:allocate
1826:(2012).
1726:See also
1467:Table 2:
1461:610,000
1441:235,560
1363:143,634
1334:374,440
1312:124,813
1284:110,945
1256:138,681
1211:results
1206:on test
905:Gas mass
883:Kingdom
849:and/or
809:Ensemble
550:Table 1:
333:Benefits
181:pentanes
97:allocate
2451:Statoil
1798:(2013)
1449:615,800
1419:34,472
1391:57,454
1357:145,000
1339:"Gecko"
1306:126,000
1278:112,000
1250:140,000
1232:"Skink"
1191:Plant /
886:Norway
871:
805:venturi
291:History
173:methane
16:In the
2959:
2894:. The
2851:
2732:
2665:
2483:
2400:
2330:
2270:
2136:
2086:
2061:
1838:
1808:entity
1413:34,800
1385:58,000
1065:where
900:±0.3%
897:±0.25%
894:±0.25%
881:United
811:based
649:where
417:only.)
352:, and
177:ethane
169:alkane
85:alkane
81:fields
2903:(PDF)
2892:(PDF)
2845:(PDF)
2460:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1204:Hours
1199:Hours
1196:Well
223:Scope
2957:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2134:ISSN
2084:ISBN
2059:ISSN
1916:(28)
1836:ISBN
1407:1200
1379:1000
1351:2500
1300:4500
1272:4000
1244:5000
1225:Well
1209:Test
914:±1%
778:and
743:and
735:and
692:SF,
682:MF,
492:N/A
406:"C".
239:and
206:and
175:and
30:flow
2949:doi
2722:doi
2655:doi
2260:doi
2232:doi
2126:doi
2051:doi
1869:doi
1771:-
1401:696
1398:G-5
1373:696
1370:G-3
1345:696
1342:G-2
1294:672
1291:S-5
1266:672
1263:S-2
1238:672
1235:S-1
911:±1%
908:±1%
147:or
132:of
71:or
3036::
2990:.
2986:.
2955:.
2831:^
2750:^
2728:.
2661:.
2605:.
2453:,
2435:,
2282:^
2266:.
2244:^
2228:19
2226:.
2214:^
2166:^
2132:.
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2120:.
2104:^
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2045:.
2012:^
1914:89
1912:.
1908:.
1887:^
1863:.
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1830:.
1815:^
1404:24
1376:12
1348:12
1297:24
1269:24
1241:24
964:.
818:A
373:,
348:,
344:,
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247:.
235:,
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2053::
2047:9
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1923:.
1881:.
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1664:k
1660:H
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1653:=
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1640:W
1603:n
1599:Q
1576:k
1572:H
1568:T
1543:k
1539:H
1535:T
1530:N
1525:1
1522:=
1519:k
1508:n
1504:Q
1498:=
1495:F
1492:F
1145:k
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1113:k
1109:C
1084:T
1080:Q
1045:k
1041:C
1035:N
1030:1
1027:=
1024:k
1013:T
1009:Q
1001:k
997:C
993:=
988:k
984:Q
665:i
661:Q
634:W
631:S
625:F
622:S
616:L
613:T
610:C
604:F
601:M
593:i
589:Q
585:=
580:n
576:Q
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