40:
1357:
For example, English has both oral and nasal allophones of its vowels. The pattern is that vowels are nasal only before a nasal consonant in the same syllable; elsewhere, they are oral. Therefore, by the "elsewhere" convention, the oral allophones are considered basic, and nasal vowels in
English are
830:
is lost and a nasal tap occurs, causing "winter" to sound just like "winner" or "panting" to sound just like "panning". In this case, both alveolar stops and alveolar nasal plus stop sequences become voiced taps after two vowels when the second vowel is unstressed. This can vary among speakers, where
1349:
is used. However, when there are complementary allophones of a phoneme, the allophony becomes significant and things then become more complicated. Often, if only one of the allophones is simple to transcribe, in the sense of not requiring diacritics, that representation is chosen for the phoneme.
664:
Consonants are longer when they come at the end of a phrase. This can be easily tested by recording a speaker saying a sound like "bib", then comparing the forward and backward playback of the recording. One will find that the backward playback does not sound like the forward playback because the
659:
in a precise list of statements to illustrate the language behavior. Some of these rules apply to all the consonants of
English; the first item on the list deals with consonant length, items 2 through 18 apply to only selected groups of consonants, and the last item deals with the quality of a
1353:
However, there may be several such allophones, or the linguist may prefer greater precision than that allows. In such cases, a common convention is to use the "elsewhere condition" to decide the allophone that stands for the phoneme. The "elsewhere" allophone is the one that remains once the
1361:
In other cases, an allophone may be chosen to represent its phoneme because it is more common in the languages of the world than the other allophones, because it reflects the historical origin of the phoneme, or because it gives a more balanced look to a chart of the phonemic inventory.
318:
If a specific allophone from a set of allophones that correspond to a phoneme must be selected in a given context, and using a different allophone for a phoneme would cause confusion or make the speaker sound non-native, the allophones are said to be
780:
Nasals become syllabic, or their own syllable, only when immediately following an obstruent (as opposed to just any consonant), such as in the words "leaden, chasm" . Take in comparison "kiln, film"; in most accents of
English, the nasals are not
323:. The allophones then complement each other, and one of them is not used in a situation in which the usage of another is standard. For complementary allophones, each allophone is used in a specific phonetic context and may be involved in a
1610:...When the occurrence of one allophone is predictable when compared to the other, as in this case, we call this complementary distribution. Complementary distribution means that the allophones are 'distributed' as complements....
394:
There are many allophonic processes in
English: lack of plosion, nasal plosion, partial devoicing of sonorants, complete devoicing of sonorants, partial devoicing of obstruents, lengthening and shortening vowels, and retraction.
314:
There are two types of allophones, based on whether a phoneme must be pronounced using a specific allophone in a specific situation or whether the speaker has the unconscious freedom to choose the allophone that is used.
306:
Whenever a user's speech is vocalized for a given phoneme, it is slightly different from other utterances, even for the same speaker. That has led to some debate over how real and how universal phonemes really are (see
273:
Native speakers of a given language perceive one phoneme in the language as a single distinctive sound and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations that are used to pronounce single phonemes.
1513:...always found that native speakers are clearly aware of the phonemes of their language but are both unaware of and even shocked by the plethora of allophones and the minutiae needed to distinguish between them....
124:
481:
Because the choice among allophones is seldom under conscious control, few people realize their existence. English-speakers may be unaware of differences between a number of (dialect-dependent)
43:
A simplified procedure to determine whether two sounds represent the same or different phonemes. The cases on the extreme left and the extreme right are those in which the sounds are allophones.
904:
There are many examples for allophones in languages other than
English. Typically, languages with a small phoneme inventory allow for quite a lot of allophonic variation: examples are
1678:
270:. Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually does not change the meaning of a word, but the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible.
1449:...An allophone is the set of phones contained in the intersection of a maximal set of phonetically similar phones and a primary phonetically related set of phones....
558:
However, speakers may become aware of the differences if – for example – they contrast the pronunciations of the following words:
599:
are separate phonemes, the
English distinction is much more obvious than for an English-speaker, who has learned since childhood to ignore the distinction.
347:, in which voiceless consonants are voiced before and after voiced consonants, and voiced consonants are devoiced before and after voiceless consonants.
823:
895:
at the end of a word when it comes after a vowel as well as before a consonant. Compare for example "life" vs. "file" or "feeling" vs. "feel" .
728:
in fact occur as voiceless at the beginning of a syllable unless immediately preceded by a voiced sound, in which the voiced sound carries over.
843:
Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two consonants. Some examples include "most people" (can be written either as or with the
763:
When a stop comes before another stop, the explosion of air only follows after the second stop, illustrated in words like "apt" and "rubbed" .
681:
when they come at the beginning of a syllable, such as in words like "pip, test, kick" . We can compare this with voiceless stops that are not
336:
allophones on personal habit or preference, but free-variant allophones are still selected in the specific context, not the other way around.
1602:
1505:
1473:
1441:
406:
is aspirated (has a strong explosion of breath) if it is at the beginning of the first or a stressed syllable in a word. For example, as in
462:: In English, a voiced obstruent is partially devoiced next to a pause or next to a voiceless sound within a word or across a word boundary.
840:
when occurring before a dental. Take the words "eighth, tenth, wealth". This also applies across word boundaries, for example "at this" .
808:
884:
when the following vowel sound in the same syllable becomes more front. Compare for instance "cap" vs. "key" and "gap" vs. "geese" .
262:
The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context, with such allophones being called
812:
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in a 1941 paper on
English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within the American structuralist tradition.
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55:
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when it comes before an alveolar nasal in the same word (as opposed to in the next word), such as in the word "beaten" .
788:, however, is syllabic at the end of the word when immediately following any consonant, like in "paddle, whistle" .
1157:
912:. Here are some examples (the links of language names go to the specific article or subsection on the phenomenon):
422:). English-speakers treat them as the same sound, but they are different: the first is aspirated and the second is
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In addition, the following allophones of /t/ are found in (at least) some dialects of
American(ised) English;
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are not aspirated when following after a syllable initial fricative, such as in the words "spew, stew, skew."
1165:
869:
can be detected in the word "something" even though it is orthographically not indicated. This is known as
233:
216:
1481:... The ordinary native speaker is, in fact, often unaware of the allophonic variations of his phonemes ...
451:
Complete devoicing of sonorants: In
English, a sonorant is completely devoiced after an aspirated plosive (
39:
1640:
Hale, Mark (2000). "Marshallese phonology, the phonetics-phonology interface and historical linguistics".
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for details). Only some of the variation is significant, by being detectable or perceivable, to speakers.
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A consonant is shortened when it is before an identical consonant, such as in "big game" or "top post".
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A flame that is held in front of the lips while those words are spoken flickers more for the aspirated
30:
For the term for someone whose native language is not French or
English, typically used in Canada, see
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in syllables that end with voiceless stops. Some examples include pronunciations of "tip, pit, kick" .
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are separate phonemes, than to an English speaker, for whom they are allophones of a single phoneme.
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Structure of Language and Its Mathematical Aspects: Proceedings of symposia in applied mathematics
437:) has nasal plosion if it is followed by a nasal, whether within a word or across a word boundary.
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Since phonemes are abstractions of speech sounds, not the sounds themselves, they have no direct
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before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word. For example, a
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819:. Take for instance mainly American English pronunciations like "fatty, data, daddy, many" .
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circa 1929. In doing so, he is thought to have placed a cornerstone in consolidating early
1390:
1324:
981:
962:
858:
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is included in this rule as well as present in the words "sabre, razor, hammer, tailor" .
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when situated at the end of a syllable. Try comparing "cap" to "cab" or "back" to "bag".
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205:, while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as
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found in the U.S. and Southern England. The difference is much more obvious to a
1372:
In rare cases, a linguist may represent phonemes with abstract symbols, such as
587:
The difference can also be felt by holding the hand in front of the lips. For a
423:
157:, 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken sounds – or
1497:
Phonology as human behavior: theoretical implications and clinical applications
1541:
Trager, George L.; Bloch, Bernard (1941). "The syllabic phonemes of English".
1405:
870:
699:
652:
566:
482:
1622:
Ladefoged, Peter (2001). A Course in Phonetics (4th ed.). Orlando: Harcourt.
554:, but other dialects preserve the released , or substitute the glottal stop .
1395:
649:
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82:
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the rule does not apply to certain words or when speaking at a slower pace.
633:
These descriptions are more sequentially broken down in the next section.
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441:
418:
because they cannot be used to distinguish words (in fact, they occur in
61:
17:
1373:
935:
308:
287:
171:
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1562:
448:) are partially devoiced after a voiceless sound in the same syllable.
1345:. When they are realized without much allophonic variation, a simple
665:
production of what is expected to be the same sound is not identical.
152:
140:
1554:
815:
when they occur between two vowels, as long as the second vowel is
1385:
611:
38:
738:) are partially voiceless when they occur after syllable-initial
1354:
conditions for the others are described by phonological rules.
718:
in "add two") are only briefly voiced during the articulation.
602:
One may notice the (dialect-dependent) allophones of English
146:
134:
110:
104:
302:
Complementary and free-variant allophones and assimilation
1528:
The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction
773:
Some accents of English use a glottal stop in place of a
98:
167:
in a particular language. For example, in English, the
113:
107:
1369:, is to use a capital letter, such as /N/ for , , .
660:
consonant. These descriptive rules are as follows:
515:, but many speakers preserve at least an unreleased
101:
60:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
330:In other cases, the speaker can freely select from
95:
873:. However, the following vowel must be unstressed.
1376:, to avoid privileging any particular allophone.
386:English phonology § Allophones of consonants
74:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1287:are separate phonemes in most Arabic dialects).
1358:considered to be allophones of oral phonemes.
714:in "improve" or before a voiceless sound like
390:English phonology § Allophones of vowels
163: – used to pronounce a single
8:
710:, that come at the end of an utterance like
1365:An alternative, which is commonly used for
606:such as the (palatal) alveolar "light" of
756:are longer than their voiced counterparts
507:glottalized (or rather substituted by the
1594:English L2 reading: getting to the bottom
1576:Hymes, Dell H.; Fought, John G. (1981).
1337:Representing a phoneme with an allophone
27:Phone used to pronounce a single phoneme
1422:
857:voiceless stop may be inserted after a
1468:, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005,
836:All alveolar consonants assimilate to
637:Rules for English consonant allophones
433:Nasal plosion: In English, a plosive (
1064:and as allophones: Some dialects of
242:
225:
7:
290:theory. The term was popularized by
64:. For the distinction between ,
339:Another example of an allophone is
282:The term "allophone" was coined by
1530:. John Benjamins. pp. 46, 88.
402:: In English, a voiceless plosive
25:
247:) are allophones for the phoneme
201:) are allophones for the phoneme
1580:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 99.
1244:, while and are allophones of
428:treat the two phones differently
91:
1500:, Duke University Press, 1997,
1263:, and as allophones for short
766:Many English accents produce a
752:Voiceless stops and affricates
414:are allophones for the phoneme
345:consonant voicing and devoicing
266:, but some allophones occur in
56:International Phonetic Alphabet
1:
1236:in closed final syllables in
1654:10.1515/tlir.2000.17.2-4.241
1462:B.D. Sharma (January 2005),
946:Voicing of initial consonant
153:
141:
1320:Vowel/consonant allophones
1100:wide range of variation in
1058:as allophones: a number of
826:is followed by a stop, the
742:like in "play, twin, cue" .
734:(in English, these include
689:voiceless stop follows the
537:nasal(ized) flapped as in
1715:
1597:, Psychology Press, 2002,
961:Frication between vowels:
702:, which include stops and
685:initial like "stop" . The
575:: aspirated or retracted
420:complementary distribution
383:
147:
135:
29:
1591:Barbara M. Birch (2002),
1465:Linguistics and Phonetics
1401:Alternation (linguistics)
1201:before unrounded vowels:
951:Anticipatory assimilation
924:final-obstruent devoicing
583:than for the unaspirated
565:: unreleased (without a
444:: In English, sonorants (
1411:List of phonetics topics
1259:as allophones for short
465:Retraction: In English,
426:(plain). Many languages
1679:Phonemes and allophones
1436:, AMS Bookstore, 1980,
1228:and are allophones of
648:, clearly explains the
363:allophone, such as the
52:phonetic transcriptions
1578:American Structuralism
1343:phonetic transcription
493:post-aspirated as in
49:This article contains
44:
1642:The Linguistic Review
916:Consonant allophones
458:Partial devoicing of
440:Partial devoicing of
42:
1430:R. Jakobson (1961),
955:Aspiration changes:
614:alveolar "dark" in
1526:Lee, Penny (1996).
1347:broad transcription
980:Voicing of clicks:
622:-speaker, for whom
591:-speaker, for whom
500:unaspirated as in
264:positional variants
865:voiceless plosive
610:as opposed to the
547:unreleased as in
284:Benjamin Lee Whorf
278:History of concept
45:
32:Allophone (Canada)
1604:978-0-8058-3899-2
1507:978-0-8223-1822-4
1494:Y. Tobin (1997),
1475:978-81-261-2120-5
1443:978-0-8218-1312-6
1225:Vowel allophones
791:When considering
721:Voiced stops and
693:(fricative) here.
369:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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1020:Allophones for
1010:Allophones for
1000:Allophones for
986:Allophones for
942:and many others
922:, particularly
920:Final devoicing
902:
900:Other languages
708:/b,d,ɡ,v,ð,z,ʒ/
642:Peter Ladefoged
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485:of the phoneme
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1367:archiphonemes
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1270:
1258:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1078:Lower Yangtze
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1007:
999:
997:
993:
985:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
966:
964:
960:
958:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
917:
915:
914:
913:
911:
907:
899:
894:
886:
883:
875:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
839:
835:
825:
821:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:
798:
790:
789:
783:
779:
772:
769:
765:
762:
751:
744:
733:
730:
724:
720:
705:
701:
698:
695:
684:
680:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:, a renowned
643:
636:
634:
631:
621:
617:
613:
609:
600:
590:
586:
582:
574:
571:
568:
564:
561:
560:
559:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
524:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
491:
490:
484:
472:
464:
461:
457:
450:
446:/j,w,l,r,m,n/
443:
439:
435:/p,t,k,b,d,ɡ/
432:
429:
425:
421:
413:
409:
401:
398:
397:
396:
391:
387:
379:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
337:
335:
334:
328:
326:
322:
321:complementary
316:
312:
310:
301:
299:
297:
296:Bernard Bloch
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
245:
241:
235:
228:
224:
218:
212:
208:
200:
194:
188:
184:
178:
173:
170:
166:
162:
161:
155:
143:
133:
125:
118:
88:
84:
75:
63:
59:
57:
53:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1432:
1425:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1106:archiphoneme
1074:Southwestern
903:
887:The lateral
880:become more
876:Velar stops
784:The lateral
768:glottal stop
732:Approximants
640:
632:
615:
607:
601:
584:
580:
578:
572:
562:
557:
551:
541:
531:
522:
517:coronal stop
512:
509:glottal stop
501:
494:
480:
411:
407:
393:
365:neutral tone
356:
354:
341:assimilation
338:
333:free-variant
331:
329:
325:phonological
320:
317:
313:
305:
281:
272:
263:
261:
256:
252:
239:
222:
207:Central Thai
198:
182:
158:
86:
80:
68:and ⟨
50:
36:
1630:. p. 56-60.
1267:in various
813:voiced taps
646:phonetician
585:night rate.
424:unaspirated
410:and as in
130:; from the
1688:Categories
1417:References
1406:Diaphoneme
1254:Indonesian
1242:Portuguese
1193:fricative
1185:Hindustani
871:epenthesis
855:homorganic
817:unstressed
758:/b,d,ɡ,dʒ/
754:/p,t,k,tʃ/
726:/b,d,ɡ,dʒ/
723:affricates
706:, such as
704:fricatives
700:obstruents
653:allophones
567:word space
563:Night rate
483:allophones
460:obstruents
400:Aspiration
185:) and the
1699:Phonology
1694:Phonetics
1662:143601901
1396:Allomorph
957:Algonquin
893:velarized
781:syllabic.
736:/w,r,j,l/
679:aspirated
669:Voiceless
650:consonant
511:) as in
471:retracted
467:/t,d,n,l/
442:sonorants
327:process.
187:aspirated
169:voiceless
87:allophone
83:phonology
18:Allophony
1543:Language
1380:See also
1374:dingbats
1189:Hawaiian
1172:Hawaiian
1102:Japanese
1070:Mandarin
1066:Hawaiian
1046:Garhwali
976:Corsican
968:Lenition
906:Hawaiian
863:bilabial
822:When an
683:syllable
589:Mandarin
375:Examples
357:allotone
351:Allotone
66:/ /
62:Help:IPA
1296:Russian
1219:Bengali
1203:O'odham
1147:Bengali
1137:Bengali
1123:Xavante
1119:Bengali
1095:Spanish
1091:Finnish
1026:Xavante
1016:Bengali
1006:Xavante
996:Xavante
992:Arapaho
940:Catalan
936:Nahuatl
932:English
928:Arapaho
838:dentals
811:become
797:liquids
747:/p,t,k/
740:/p,t,k/
675:/p,t,k/
657:English
620:Turkish
581:nitrate
573:Nitrate
473:before
453:/p,t,k/
404:/p,t,k/
380:English
309:phoneme
288:phoneme
238:(as in
221:(as in
211:Spanish
197:(as in
181:(as in
172:plosive
165:phoneme
54:in the
1660:
1626:
1601:
1563:409203
1561:
1504:
1472:
1440:
1325:glides
1314:Nuxálk
1291:Polish
1271:(long
1183:and :
1072:(e.g.
982:Dahalo
963:Dahalo
910:Pirahã
697:Voiced
542:winter
513:button
388:, and
230:) and
160:phones
70:
1658:S2CID
1559:JSTOR
1386:Allo-
1329:Manam
1238:Malay
1199:]
1195:[
1168:]
1164:[
1160:]
1156:[
1056:]
1052:[
1036:Manam
882:front
878:/k,ɡ/
859:nasal
793:/r,l/
672:stops
612:velar
532:water
361:tonic
359:is a
257:there
236:]
232:[
223:dolor
219:]
215:[
195:]
191:[
189:form
179:]
175:[
154:phōnē
142:állos
136:ἄλλος
132:Greek
120:
85:, an
58:(IPA)
1624:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1308:and
1285:/eː/
1281:/iː/
1277:/oː/
1273:/uː/
1248:and
1240:and
1232:and
1162:and
1151:Taos
1108:/N/)
1104:(as
1076:and
1050:and
1042:/pʰ/
972:Manx
908:and
677:are
626:and
616:feel
608:leaf
597:/tʰ/
595:and
502:stop
469:are
412:spin
294:and
255:and
253:dare
240:nada
183:stop
148:φωνή
1650:doi
1551:doi
1310:/u/
1306:/a/
1302:/i/
1265:/i/
1261:/u/
1252:in
1250:/u/
1246:/i/
1234:/u/
1230:/i/
1178:/w/
1143:/s/
1115:/r/
1085:/n/
1032:/k/
1022:/j/
1012:/f/
1002:/d/
988:/b/
891:is
889:/l/
867:/p/
845:IPA
828:/t/
801:/r/
795:as
786:/l/
775:/t/
716:/d/
712:/v/
691:/s/
687:/t/
655:of
628:/ɫ/
624:/l/
604:/l/
593:/t/
552:cat
495:top
489::
487:/t/
475:/r/
416:/p/
408:pin
367:in
355:An
259:).
249:/d/
203:/t/
199:top
81:In
1690::
1656:.
1646:17
1644:.
1607:,
1557:.
1547:17
1545:.
1510:,
1478:,
1446:,
1312::
1304:,
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1217::
1187:,
1180::
1149:,
1145::
1135::
1121:,
1117::
1093:,
1089::
1044::
1034::
1024::
1014::
1004::
994:,
990::
974:,
970::
938:,
934:,
930:,
926::
853:A
799:,
455:).
371:.
213:,
193:tʰ
151:,
139:,
111:oʊ
1664:.
1652::
1565:.
1553::
1256:.
1215:/
1213:z
1211:/
1197:β
1166:k
1158:t
1133:/
1131:ɽ
1129:/
1080:)
1054:q
544:.
534:,
519:.
504:.
497:,
477:.
430:.
234:ð
217:d
177:t
117:/
114:n
108:f
105:ə
102:l
99:æ
96:ˈ
93:/
89:(
76:.
34:.
20:)
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