3150:& What makes the series of events at Harvard so disheartening is not that the attack on Penslar is unique but that it transparently gives the game away: There is no set of credentials that can prevent a person who is earnestly trying to do work in this space from getting sucked into the politicization and, yes, weaponization of antisemitism. This is the way that current public debates over antisemitism tend to go, in Congress and on debate stages, on social media and between friends, within families and within organizations. But when fact and understanding and nuance of the issue are all considered secondary, what gets sacrificed isn't just an individual's career or standing or time, but comprehension of the actual issue that is antisemitism.
1313:, adhered to by less than 40% of the population. The Saudi government communized Islam, through its monopoly of both religious thoughts and practice. Wahhabi Islam is imposed and enforced on all Saudis regardless of their religious orientations. The Wahhabi sect does not tolerate other religious or ideological beliefs, Muslim or not. Religious symbols by Muslims, Christians, Jews and other believers are all banned. The Saudi embassy in Washington is a living example of religious apartheid. In its 50 years, there has not been a single non-Sunni Muslim diplomat in the embassy. The branch of
1041:
56:
812:
1541:
its first peoples ... If a tribe wants to build a housing development or protect a sacred site, if a tribal member wants to start a business or plant a field, a federal agency can modify or scuttle the plans. Conversely, if a corporation or other outside interest covets reservation land or resources, the federal government becomes an obsequious bondservant, helping the non-Native entity get what it wants at bargain-basement prices."
5780:
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2455:
institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the
Israeli regime as apartheid has been met.
5790:
6127:
1540:
has referred to the United States' history of pushing
Indigenous nations onto smaller and smaller reservations as comprising "a new spatial arrangement of apartheid." Journalist Stephanie Woodard argues that the term "apartheid" is "an apt description of the relationship between the United States and
1431:
department in urban settlements. As second-class citizens, deported peoples designated as "special settlers" were prohibited from holding a variety of jobs, returning to their region of origin, attending prestigious schools, and even joining the cosmonaut program. Due to this special settlements have
731:
noted that "In spite of much progress over the last sixty years, Dalits are still at the social and economic bottom of society." According to the 2014 NCAER/University of
Maryland survey, 27 percent of the Indian population still practices untouchability; the figure may be higher because many people
2454:
A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over
Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more
1418:
of the Soviet Union. This role was specifically mentioned in the first Soviet decrees about involuntary labor camps. Compared to the Gulag labor camps, the involuntary settlements had the appearance of "normal" settlements: people lived in families, and there was slightly more freedom of movement;
1339:
introduced a bill in
Congress urging American divestiture from Saudi Arabia, and giving as its rationale (among other things) "Saudi Arabia is a country that practices religious apartheid and continuously subjugates its citizenry, both Muslim and non-Muslim, to a specific interpretation of Islam."
3110:
Amnesty's report is important and for many advocates it is affirming of what they have been stating all along is a racist regime of systemic discrimination. However, for many longstanding critics of Israel, accusations of
Israeli apartheid are not new, nor is the predictable backlash against them
3045:
12 Israeli human rights organizations have since expressed "grave concern" about attempts to associate
Amnesty's report with antisemitism, and they have rejected the Commission's failure to recognize Israel's apartheid. These organizations argue that weaponizing antisemitism to silence legitimate
1103:(UiTM) exclusively only permits bumiputera citizens as students. In addition, the ownership of land significantly differs between citizens depending on race. For example, numerous plots of land throughout the country, a significant factor needed for housing, are usually reserved only for either
1162:
highlighted that among the main factors behind the
Malaysian brain drain include social injustice. It stated that the high rates of emigration of non-bumiputera Malaysians from the country is driven by discriminatory policies that appear to favour Malays/Bumiputeras—such as providing exclusive
1122:
and similar to that of the apartheid system in South Africa. Mahathir's remarks were made in response to a new
Islamic law that enables men to divorce or take up to four wives. The law also granted husbands more authority over their wives' property. In response, Conservative groups such as the
1098:
Examples include in education, in which the country's pre-university matriculation programmes specifically has a 90:10 admissions quota that favours bumiputera students, despite bumiputeras already making up a majority in the country. In addition, government-funded public universities such as
6087:
1532:
has referred to the country's disproportionate incarceration of
African Americans as "a form of apartheid unlike any the world has ever seen," since it puts the victims behind bars rather than "merely shunting black people to the other side of town or corralling them in ghettos."
1472:
accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.
1021:, including "racial segregation and apartheid". Israel says its policies are driven by security considerations and that the accusation is factually and morally inaccurate and intended to delegitimize Israel. It also often calls the charge antisemitic, which critics have called
6012:
946:
announced it was reviewing the Palestinian complaint that Israel's policies in the West Bank amount to apartheid. Since then, several Israeli, Palestinian, and international human rights organizations have characterized the situation as apartheid, including
6022:
3083:"This weaponizing of the charge of "antisemitism" to try to stop such perfectly legitimate and accurate criticism of Israel's apartheid in the Palestinian occupied territory is cheapening, and hence harming, the important fight against antisemitism"
6107:
1064:, Malaysia's structural institutions has been noted by many opposition groups, government critics and human rights observers as being analogous to apartheid in various forms. This has been noted specifically against its citizens who are of ethnic
927:. While the Jewish settlers are subject to Israeli civil law, the Palestinian population is subject to military law. Settlers also enjoy access to separate roads and exploit the region's natural resources at its Palestinian inhabitants' expense.
5992:
1088:
1018:
943:
1462:, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.
1233:
1287:
as saying "It is not normal that there are no Shi'ite army officers, ministers, governors, mayors and ambassadors in this kingdom. This form of religious apartheid is as intolerable as was apartheid based on race." Testifying before the
771:
of Punjab. The Caste system does not demarcate racial division. The Caste system is a social division of people of the same race." Zelliot also argued that, despite similarities and parallels between the treatment of Dalits in India and
5977:
5874:
1558:
applied a "double standard" by denying sovereignty rights to the prior and original discoverers. Based on the decision's reference to the discovery rights of "Christian people" and on the account of Marshall's Supreme Court colleague
5987:
1205:
issued a report accusing Myanmar of committing the crime of apartheid against the Rohingya. Additionally, the UN has explicitly condemned Myanmar over creating an apartheid state, threatening to withdraw aid from the country.
1373:(NP), the governing party from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants and other ethnic groups were curtailed, and white minority rule was maintained. Notably,
363:
3128:
As Human Rights Watch noted, the first example opens the door to reflexively labeling as antisemitic human rights organizations and lawyers who argue that current Israeli government policies constitute apartheid against
755:
that continues to influence residential patterns to this day." They claim that this finding agrees with previous ethnographic research that found that residential space in rural India is segregated along caste lines.
1196:
population include ethnic segregation, limited access to resources (comparable to the bantustan system), a lack of civil rights, ID card and special permit systems without any guarantee of citizenship (akin to the
732:
refuse to acknowledge doing so when questioned, although the methodology of the survey was also criticised for potentially inflating the figure. Across India, untouchability was practised among 52 percent of
1304:
Saudi Arabia is a glaring example of religious apartheid. The religious institutions from government clerics to judges, to religious curricula, and all religious instructions in media are restricted to the
1014:
5836:
3921:
6097:
6037:
5900:
751:
21st century research by Naveen Bharathi, Deepak Malghan and Andaleeb Rahman found that "the extent of intra-village segregation in Karnataka is greater than the local black-white segregation in the
665:
The new Chinese settlers have created an alternate society: a Chinese apartheid which, denying Tibetans equal social and economic status in our own land, threatens to finally overwhelm and absorb us.
3534:
2515:
3684:
3266:
2581:
982:
4918:
3369:
2735:
2415:
5906:
4190:
6122:
4953:
3774:
1625:
1595:
3499:
4357:
Pohl, J. Otto (15 January 2012). "Soviet Apartheid: Stalin's Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of the Ethnic Germans in the USSR".
3947:
1789:
1147:
in Malaysia is institutionalised and widespread, adding that "What we are living in Malaysia is almost no different from apartheid." In 2021, a group of Malaysian women launched a
709:(HRW) also described the treatment of Dalits as akin to a "hidden apartheid", and that they "endure segregation in housing, schools, and access to public services". HRW noted that
6002:
6032:
5944:
5923:
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5571:
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3301:
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wrote in 2002, "in Saudi Arabia apartheid is practiced against non-Muslims, with signs indicating that Muslims must go to certain areas and non-Muslims to others." In 2003,
727:
argued in 2010 that "they still live in secluded quarters, do the dirtiest work, and are not allowed to use the village well and other common facilities". In the same year,
868:, as well as the judicial separation that governs both communities, which discriminates against the Palestinians in a wide range of ways. Israel also discriminates against
5723:
2484:
1550:
in 1823, federal law has officially endorsed "a doctrine of Christian dominion over the American Indian." The decision, which has never been overturned, established a "
6196:
4913:
3662:
1107:
and Malays, also known as Bumiputera Lot or Malay Reserved Land (MRL). MRL's are specifically available only for Malays, with even non-Malay bumiputeras not eligible.
1505:
Some observers have described the United States as an apartheid state based on examples of systemic oppression against African Americans, Native Americans, and other
3744:
3606:
3568:
2778:
6067:
5912:
5822:
3714:
2011:
6027:
4943:
2390:
1820:
6171:
4594:
199:
3913:
2063:
6181:
5523:
4074:
Human Rights in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Women, Congressional Human Rights Caucus, Testimony of Ali Al-Ahmed, Director of the Saudi Institute, June 4, 2002.
2386:
1521:
465:
4119:
6176:
5997:
5506:
4539:
3163:
1517:
358:
5933:
5885:
4923:
612:
3804:
2801:
3546:
2505:
2363:
1398:
and were performed in a series of operations organized according to social class or nationality of the deported. Resettling of "enemy classes" such as
5982:
5928:
5693:
4810:
4431:"How the Multilateral Institutions Compounded Africa's Economic Crisis", George B.N. Ayittey; Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 30, 1999.
3688:
3636:
3278:
1525:
4667:
Steven T. Newcomb, "The Evidence of Christian Nationalism in Federal Indian Law: The Doctrine of Discovery, Johnson v. McIntosh, and Plenary Power,”
2702:
1201:), restrictions on movement, and even institutionalized racial definitions, with the Rohingya being officially labelled as "Bengali races". In 2017,
679:
system. In recent years, the system has undergone reform, with an expansion of urban residency permits in order to accommodate more migrant workers.
5409:
4738:
2571:
2441:
1403:
455:
404:
262:
3834:
2894:
Zilbershats, Yaffa (2013-08-01). "Apartheid, international law, and the occupied Palestinian territory: A reply to John Dugard and John Reynolds".
1220:
Several human rights groups have compared Qatar's discriminatory treatment of the migrant workers that make up 90% of its population to apartheid.
5429:
5027:
3891:
1691:
1492:
1395:
1391:
1386:
460:
445:
3381:
4241:
3105:
5895:
5845:
5765:
4182:
3141:
2725:
2405:
1325:
331:
3146:
There have been a few lines of attack on Penslar, and there are thus a few issues at hand. First, there is the notion that he called Israel a
6007:
5879:
4703:
4577:
4510:
4478:
4458:
4383:
4273:
4018:
2983:
2944:
2871:
2772:
2324:
2209:
1955:
1895:
1871:
1344:
showed on its website, on a page titled "Religious apartheid in Saudi Arabia", a picture of a sign showing Muslim-only and non-Muslim roads.
1151:
against the government over outdated citizenship laws, which risks trapping women in abusive relationships and can leave children stateless.
978:
888:
583:
3766:
1617:
1587:
1256:
Saudi Arabia's treatment of religious minorities has been described by both Saudis and non-Saudis as "apartheid" and "religious apartheid".
4160:
3511:
3040:
1554:" that gave Europeans full sovereignty over land that had been inhabited by Indigenous people. Newcomb asserts that the decision's author
3943:
1781:
1232:
Road sign on a highway into Mecca, stating that one direction is "Muslims only" while another direction is "obligatory for non-Muslims".
6114:
6082:
5178:
4731:
4024:
3017:
1746:
1500:
1247:
1132:
919:
has been constructing large settlements there that separate Palestinian communities from one another and prevent the establishment of a
3111:
whereby antisemitism has been weaponized by Israel and its supporters. This backlash is now been directed against Amnesty International
1721:
675:
has been likened to apartheid due to its classification of 'rural' and 'urban' residency status, and is sometimes likened to a form of
6191:
6092:
4780:
3864:
2201:
1947:
1289:
5610:
4086:
3313:
2596:
2538:
1479:
labeled Sudan an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid". Former Canadian Minister of Justice
5918:
5593:
5055:
4300:
3982:
3477:
2677:
2644:
2229:
380:
4049:
2387:"UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination publishes findings on Cambodia, Colombia, Ireland, Israel and Uzbekistan"
5803:
5559:
5528:
5424:
3235:
3197:
1845:
1649:
1332:
1322:
1314:
163:
5511:
1251:
986:
912:
620:
435:
353:
6154:
5965:
5683:
5540:
4984:
4928:
4333:
1984:
1010:
990:
896:
877:
658:
158:
6132:
4516:
4484:
4389:
3658:
3052:
2950:
2619:
Tuesday's lengthy ANC statement accused Israel of 'crude viciousness,' comparing it to South Africa's past apartheid regime.
2330:
645:
in Tibet, and the alleged erosion of indigenous religion, language and culture through repressive measures (such as the Han
1131:
compared "bumiputeraism" with state apartheid; as a result Boo faced intense criticisms and death threats by the governing
4800:
3736:
3598:
3576:
2091:
1370:
1022:
228:
2471:
830:. Palestinians have nicknamed the street "Apartheid Street" because it is closed to Palestinian traffic and open only to
5753:
5615:
5605:
5598:
5402:
4948:
4933:
4762:
3710:
2358:
2037:
1374:
1241:
1186:
908:
846:
824:
797:
654:
642:
425:
1812:
5630:
5446:
5020:
4989:
4770:
3434:
3404:
3335:
1496:
892:
529:
270:
4602:
4409:
Vukoni Lupa Lasaga, "The slow, violent death of apartheid in Sudan," 19 September 2006, Norwegian Council for Africa.
2877:
1369:
The name of the crime comes from a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the
6226:
5387:
4826:
4754:
1297:
616:
336:
5703:
5547:
4979:
3542:
1100:
968:
924:
576:
472:
3171:
6073:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
5978:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
5320:
2316:
1236:
are stationed beyond the turnoff on the main road to prevent non-Muslims from proceeding into Mecca and Medina.
1095:
by Malay supremacists at the country's capital to prevent it, threatening a racial conflict if it does happen.
314:
206:
1040:
3796:
6102:
5890:
5713:
5518:
5458:
5436:
5163:
4837:
3628:
2353:
1563:, Newcomb establishes that the Johnson decision is based in Christian law, specifically the 1493 papal bull
1091:(ICERD), one of the only few countries in the world not to do so. A possible ratification in 2018 led to an
994:
849:
789:
710:
240:
72:
39:
4130:
2130:
1177:
Since Myanmar's transition to relative democratic rule beginning in 2010, the government's response to the
557:
5678:
5581:
5501:
5330:
5271:
5173:
5070:
5013:
4994:
4969:
4862:
3123:
2694:
1569:. Newcomb concludes that the doctrine of discovery violates federal law's separation of church and state.
934:
were prevalent in the mid-1990s and early 2000s. Since the definition of apartheid as a crime in the 2002
752:
150:
118:
6108:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
2437:
5939:
5733:
5625:
5620:
5535:
5496:
5303:
5298:
3826:
2764:
2131:"Hindu cosmology and the orinetation and segregation of social groups in villages in Northwestern India"
1215:
1202:
1144:
1140:
1092:
1060:
960:
773:
720:
688:
608:
539:
420:
370:
304:
3887:
2389:(Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
1682:
1761:"China's New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society", p. 86, by Daniel A. Bell
17:
6017:
5869:
5688:
5554:
5198:
5135:
5105:
5090:
5075:
4938:
4795:
4213:
3086:
2936:
1618:"Apartheid with Chinese characteristics: China has turned Xinjiang into a police state like no other"
1155:
1148:
1084:
873:
869:
759:
A hypothesis that caste amounts to race has been rejected by some scholars. Ambedkar wrote that "The
737:
569:
552:
392:
375:
103:
99:
1058:
enshrined in the country's constitution, which directly translates to "Malay Supremacy", as well as
6166:
6133:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
5708:
5463:
5342:
5095:
4895:
4842:
4805:
2601:
2410:
1546:
1465:
1328:
1272:
1159:
1002:
861:
509:
450:
175:
123:
113:
1419:
however, that was permitted only within a small specified area. All settlers were overseen by the
6221:
6186:
5793:
5738:
5718:
5377:
5308:
5276:
5243:
5233:
5115:
4879:
4874:
4847:
4785:
4564:
The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace
4375:
Waging Peace in Sudan: The Inside Story of the Negotiations that Ended Africa's Longest Civil War
4233:
3740:
3012:
2932:
The case against Israel's enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and others who stand in the way of peace
2576:
2291:
2283:
2191:
1937:
1915:
1551:
1529:
1072:
descent, as well as other various minorities. In Malaysia, a citizen who is not considered to be
956:
884:
842:
820:
793:
724:
706:
280:
223:
218:
213:
108:
77:
47:
30:
4450:
4156:
2669:
2662:
2438:"A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid"
2161:
971:(ANC), several human rights groups, and many prominent Israeli political and cultural figures.
55:
6013:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
4569:
4531:
3068:
Eve Geddie was writing as the director of Amnesty International’s European Institutions Office.
1671:
United States Congressional Serial Set, United States Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 110.
1017:
found that Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories is in breach of Article 3 of the
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5125:
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4014:
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2673:
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2320:
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1951:
1891:
1867:
1513:
1178:
1172:
1065:
1006:
939:
920:
916:
838:
816:
804:
519:
408:
387:
4008:
3007:
2973:
1743:
1742:"Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance", by Elizabeth J. Perry, Mark Selden, page
1143:(RMP). In 2015, human rights activist Shafiqah Othman Hamzah also noted that the practice of
5491:
5468:
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1980:
1849:
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1506:
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1348:
1336:
1292:
on 4 June 2002, in a briefing entitled "Human Rights in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Women",
1276:
1268:
1111:
1054:
1035:
728:
702:
653:
have been likened to "cultural genocide" and apartheid by some activists. With regards to
415:
309:
168:
5814:
2237:
2111:
1770:"Trust and Distrust: Sociocultural Perspectives", p. 63, by Ivana Marková, Alex Gillespie
4046:
1911:
811:
5760:
5414:
5283:
4689:
4562:
4443:
3309:
3124:"How a Leading Definition of Antisemitism Has Been Weaponized Against Israel's Critics"
2829:
1512:
A 1994 paper on "The Legacy of American Apartheid and Environmental Racism" by scholar
1469:
1459:
1451:
964:
713:
343:
233:
6023:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
3243:
3209:
1842:
1646:
6215:
5576:
5223:
5188:
5100:
5060:
4685:
4656:
American Apartheid: The Native American Struggle for Self-Determination and Inclusion
4419:
4237:
4106:
3968:
3629:"U.N. genocide advisor: Myanmar waged 'scorched-earth campaign' against the Rohingya"
2730:
2467:
2295:
2146:
1565:
1555:
1445:
1341:
1128:
974:
777:
764:
741:
524:
502:
440:
348:
275:
6018:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
4265:
Slavery in the Modern World: A History of Political, Social, and Economic Oppression
744:. Untouchability was also practised by people of minority religions – 23 percent of
6128:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
5743:
5588:
4815:
3914:"Myanmar: UN threatens to withdraw aid over 'policy of apartheid' against Rohingya"
3343:
3082:
3078:
2543:
2510:
2215:
1961:
1560:
1480:
1317:
in Fairfax, Virginia instructs its students that Shia Islam is a Jewish conspiracy.
1293:
935:
856:
proper. This system is characterized by near-total physical separation between the
650:
630:
5988:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1996:
1123:
Malaysian Muslim Professionals Forum (MMPF) criticized her comments for insulting
191:
4693:
4500:
4468:
4373:
4290:
2930:
2310:
2195:
2162:"Rural Settlement types in the Uttar Pradesh (United Provinces of Agra and Oudh)"
1941:
1089:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1019:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
5668:
5635:
5213:
5193:
3888:"UN Accuses Myanmar of Creating 'Apartheid State' and Threatens to Withhold Aid"
3267:"Time to end the educational apartheid facing Malaysia's ethnic minority groups"
3106:"Opinion – The Silencing of Amnesty International's Report on Israeli Apartheid"
2406:"Report: UN anti-racism panel to probe claims of Israeli apartheid in West Bank"
2258:
Peteet, Julie (2016). "The work of comparison: Israel/Palestine and apartheid".
1411:
1280:
952:
900:
857:
497:
4129:. International Human Rights Documentation Network. Spring 2001. Archived from
1423:; once a month a person had to register at a local law enforcement office at a
1228:
5564:
5218:
5208:
5145:
3473:
2177:
2012:"Biggest caste survey: One in four Indians admit to practising untouchability"
1544:
Legal scholar Steven Newcomb has argued that, since the Supreme Court decided
1537:
1260:
904:
626:
319:
94:
5875:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
4723:
4615:
Robert Bullard, "The Legacy of American Apartheid and Environmental Racism,"
4310:
2915:
2279:
1864:
The Persistence of Caste: India's Hidden Apartheid and the Khairlanji Murders
1347:
In addition, the treatment of women in Saudi Arabia has been referred to as "
5728:
5663:
5168:
4884:
4713:
4343:
3685:"UN Security Council: End disgraceful inaction on Myanmar's Rohingya crisis"
2636:
1455:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1364:
1306:
1198:
1163:
additional assistance in starting businesses and educational opportunities.
931:
865:
827:
534:
324:
255:
250:
245:
184:
128:
4229:
3442:
3412:
3347:
2726:"Top Israelis have warned of apartheid, so why the outrage at a UN report?"
2472:"The Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion"
2907:
2695:"Why do Americans get attacked for saying what Israelis say about Israel?"
2271:
5698:
4852:
3205:
2858:
2802:"UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories"
2479:
2096:
1658:
1193:
948:
646:
638:
2597:"South African leaders tell country's Jews to reject 'Nazi-like' Israel"
2287:
705:, Gopal Guru and others as "India's hidden apartheid". A 2007 report by
5658:
4084:
To express the policy of the United States to ensure the divestiture...
3857:"Myanmar: "Caged without a roof": Apartheid in Myanmar's Rakhine State"
3599:"AP finds mass graves, latest evidence of Rohingya genocide in Myanmar"
3377:
3090:
1415:
1284:
998:
760:
733:
634:
398:
3142:"I Regret to Report There's a New Antisemitism Controversy at Harvard"
3046:
criticism actually undermines attempts to address rising antisemitism.
2860:
The campaign to delegitimize Israel with the false charge of apartheid
1782:"China Is Ending Its 'Apartheid.' Here's Why No One Is Happy About It"
5036:
4869:
1263:
branch of Islam in the Kingdom, along with the banning of displaying
1124:
1115:
853:
768:
5993:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
780:, they "have a different basis and perhaps a different solution".
5673:
4630:
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness
3500:"Malaysian mothers fight government over 'sexist' citizenship law"
1407:
1399:
1310:
1227:
1039:
745:
716:
saw a parallel between the crime of apartheid and untouchability.
698:
694:
676:
671:
89:
3535:"The expat mothers fighting Malaysia's 'sexist' citizenship laws"
2828:, p. 249) also argues that there is an Israeli narrative of
2506:"Why Israeli progressives have started to talk about 'apartheid'"
1454:
of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab
3274:
2539:"Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says"
1420:
6151:
6054:
5962:
5856:
5818:
5009:
4727:
3008:"France's Macron comes out against claims of Israeli apartheid"
6038:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
5901:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
4695:
Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking between Israelis and Palestinians
4183:"The Australian who has become a prisoner of gender apartheid"
1414:. Involuntary settlement played a role in the colonization of
4324:
Bagalova, Zuleykhan; Dolinova, G.; Samodurov, Yuri (1999).
3767:"Myanmar: Rohingya trapped in dehumanising apartheid regime"
3711:"Tillerson: Myanmar clearly 'ethnic cleansing' the Rohingya"
2852:
2850:
1912:"India: "Hidden Apartheid" of Discrimination Against Dalits"
843:
a system of institutionalized segregation and discrimination
1139:(BN) coalition. He was also called into questioning by the
3041:"EU needs to acknowledge the reality of Israeli apartheid"
5005:
4919:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2572:"UN report: Israel has established an 'apartheid regime'"
5907:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2664:
Jews and Zionism: The South African Experience 1910–1967
2499:
2497:
1181:
has been widely condemned, and has been described as an
4954:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3797:"Amnesty Accuses Myanmar of Apartheid Against Rohingya"
3053:"EU needs to understand the realities in the West Bank"
2633:
Apartheid Israel: possibilities for the struggle within
930:
Comparisons between Israel–Palestine and South African
3737:"Burma: New Satellite Images Confirm Mass Destruction"
3659:"UN official convinced of Myanmar Rohingya 'genocide'"
3336:"PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8"
3302:"Malaysia's dangerous racial and religious trajectory"
2978:(in Italian). Toronto: Dundurn Press. pp. 53–55.
2064:"Casteism exists in India, let's not remain in denial"
2038:"Between the bathroom and the kitchen, there is caste"
1813:"China's Hukou Reforms and the Urbanization Challenge"
1076:
faces obstacles and discrimination in matters such as
6003:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5919:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
4295:(in Russian). Simferopol: VGMI Tavriya. p. 116.
4214:"Circuits of apartheid: A Plea for Apartheid Studies"
1377:
does not mention or prohibit the crime of apartheid.
944:
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
748:, 18 percent of Muslims and 5 percent of Christians.
6098:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
6033:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
5924:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
4010:
Defeating Islamic Terrorism: An Alternative Strategy
3370:"UiTM insists on retaining 'Bumiputera only' policy"
1402:
and entire populations by ethnicity was a method of
1154:
Such policies have also caused significant rates of
669:
Additionally, the traditional residential system of
5651:
5484:
5252:
5154:
5043:
4962:
4893:
4824:
4761:
1528:as evidence of ongoing "Apartheid American Style".
4909:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
4595:"Ex-minister speaks out against Sudan's al-Bashir"
4561:
4442:
2866:, Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs,
2661:
1681:
1158:or brain drain from Malaysia. A study divulged by
1080:, education, healthcare and housing, leading to a
903:, Israel has been occupying the West Bank and the
5724:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3569:"Putting the Malaysian diaspora into perspective"
2832:which works to 'exempt' it from such comparisons.
2166:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
6197:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
4939:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
4914:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4617:Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development
3944:"Qatar treatment of workers branded 'apartheid'"
1985:"India's Dalits: Racism and Contemporary Change"
1087:status. Malaysia is also not a signatory of the
5913:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
6028:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
3977:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 63–64.
2135:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography
2112:"How Wide is the "Sink of Localism" in India?"
1145:apartheid policies against different religions
923:. The settlements are mostly encircled by the
887:, Israel denied Palestinian refugees who were
815:A Palestinian child sitting on a roadblock at
6172:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
5830:
5021:
4739:
3435:"Cops summon DAP rep over 'apartheid' remark"
2236:. Hebron. Reuters. 2011-11-02. Archived from
2116:Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI)
1446:War in Darfur § Allegations of apartheid
1048:protesting against the ratification of ICERD.
577:
8:
6182:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
6068:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
3971:'s account of her attempt to enter Mecca in
3405:"Malay reserve land issues: No end in sight"
2975:Aftershock: Anti-Zionism & Anti-Semitism
2760:Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice
6177:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
5998:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
3464:Othman Hamzah, Shafiqah (4 December 2015).
2841:
1588:"China's Uighurs claim cultural 'genocide'"
1458:campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs.
938:, attention has shifted to the question of
6148:
6051:
5959:
5934:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
5886:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
5853:
5837:
5823:
5815:
5028:
5014:
5006:
4924:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4746:
4732:
4724:
2404:Times of Israel staff (24 December 2019).
1975:
1973:
1971:
1683:"The rural-urban divide: Ending apartheid"
1375:South Africa's post-apartheid Constitution
973:Elements of Israeli apartheid include the
613:Human rights of ethnic minorities in China
584:
570:
34:
5859:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
5694:Interminority racism in the United States
4944:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
4698:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
4445:Negative Ethnicity: From Bias to Genocide
4047:Treatment of Israel strikes an alien note
3827:"'Apartheid' in Myanmar, accuses Amnesty"
3466:"We are headed for a Malaysian apartheid"
3403:Kamarudin, Kurniawati (29 October 2018).
3229:
3227:
3191:
3189:
1890:, 13th edition, Thomson Wadsworth, 2010,
6088:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
4120:"Human Rights Tribune – ed. Spring 2001"
4093:109th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. R. 4543.
2230:"Hebron road renamed "Apartheid Street""
1404:political repression in the Soviet Union
810:
599:have been made about various countries.
4467:George B.N. Ayittey (15 January 1999).
4056:, Jewish World Review, 8 November 2002.
3687:. Amnesty International. Archived from
3411:. Bernama, Malaysiakini. Archived from
1578:
1493:Racial segregation in the United States
1392:Special settlements in the Soviet Union
1387:Special settlements in the Soviet Union
1192:Myanmar's current policies towards the
46:
5896:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
5846:International human rights instruments
5766:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
4669:N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change
4470:Africa in Chaos: A Comparative History
2825:
2366:from the original on 30 September 2022
2092:"Why Caste Won't Disappear From India"
1906:
1904:
1526:differential exposure to air pollution
1432:been called by J. Otto Pohl a type of
1290:U.S. Congressional Human Rights Caucus
1275:, have been referred to as apartheid.
18:Allegations of Saudi Arabian apartheid
6008:Convention on the Rights of the Child
5945:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
5880:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4378:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 38.
4328:. Moscow: Polinform. pp. 44–46.
4193:from the original on 17 February 2010
4159:. Andrea Dworkin on nostatusquo.com.
3975:The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom
3924:from the original on 11 February 2022
3867:from the original on 10 February 2022
3837:from the original on 10 February 2022
3807:from the original on 10 February 2022
3575:. Stanford University. Archived from
2896:European Journal of International Law
2883:from the original on 24 February 2023
2738:from the original on 2 September 2019
2609:from the original on 23 December 2019
2129:Singh, Jai Pal; Khan, Mumtaz (2003).
1811:Sheehan, Spencer (22 February 2017).
1724:from the original on 8 September 2007
979:Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law
767:is racially of the same stock as the
723:officially abolished untouchability,
7:
5789:
4027:from the original on 18 January 2023
3164:"Apartheid in the Malaysian context"
3020:from the original on 11 January 2024
2939:. pp. 20–25, 28–29, 36, 44–48.
2781:from the original on 20 January 2024
2551:from the original on 2 February 2022
2490:from the original on 11 January 2024
2385:Schuller, Kiera (13 December 2019).
2333:from the original on 20 January 2024
2062:Bhandare, Namita (6 December 2014).
1714:"China rethinks peasant 'apartheid'"
985:, and many laws regarding security,
629:in ethnic minority areas outside of
6115:American Convention on Human Rights
5179:Discrimination based on nationality
4560:Alan Dershowitz (3 November 2008).
4163:from the original on 29 August 2012
4103:Religious Apartheid in Saudi Arabia
3747:from the original on 6 January 2018
3533:Barrett, Chris (20 December 2021).
3236:"Malaysia women 'suffer apartheid'"
3104:Jeff Handmaker (18 February 2022).
2705:from the original on 4 October 2023
2584:from the original on 24 March 2017.
2518:from the original on 4 January 2024
2197:A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition
2090:Tharoor, Shashi (8 December 2014).
2010:Chishti, Seema (29 November 2014).
1943:A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition
1792:from the original on 14 August 2018
1694:from the original on 14 August 2018
1598:from the original on 13 August 2018
1501:Discrimination in the United States
1248:Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia
1133:United Malays National Organisation
891:from what became its territory the
6093:European Convention on Nationality
4532:"Mauritania, the other apartheid?"
4473:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50.
4418:George Ayittey, Africa and China,
4157:"A Feminist Looks at Saudi Arabia"
3894:from the original on 5 August 2020
3717:from the original on 10 April 2018
3665:from the original on 11 April 2018
3639:from the original on 11 April 2018
3609:from the original on 11 April 2018
3346:. 17 November 2018. Archived from
3198:"Malaysia 'apartheid' row deepens"
3162:Hau, Cheng Boo (14 October 2009).
2202:State University of New York Press
1948:State University of New York Press
1283:quoted a Shi'ite businessman from
1189:officials, and other governments.
997:, political representation in the
963:. This view has been supported by
25:
6083:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
4568:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
4538:(16). Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
3950:from the original on 1 March 2022
3006:Klein, Zvika (28 February 2022).
2953:from the original on 4 April 2023
2800:Siddique, Haroon (19 July 2024).
2668:. Cape Town: Oxford UP. pp.
2354:"What Apartheid Means for Israel"
2352:Baconi, Tareq (5 November 2021).
1888:Anthropology: The Human Challenge
1823:from the original on 24 June 2018
5798:
5788:
5779:
5778:
4658:(New York: Ig Publishing, 2018).
4632:(New York: The New Press, 2010).
4109:website. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
3777:from the original on 4 June 2020
3265:Nair, Chandran (20 March 2022).
3196:Kent, Jonathan (11 March 2006).
3170:. Malaysia Today. Archived from
3126:. The Nation. 27 December 2023.
2418:from the original on 29 May 2023
2393:from the original on 2019-12-19.
2147:10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00046.x
1841:Gopal Guru, with Shiraz Sidhva.
1628:from the original on 5 June 2018
1450:In early 1991, non-Arabs of the
1315:Imam Mohamed Bin Saud University
803:This section is an excerpt from
202: population exchange
54:
5799:
4542:from the original on 2022-06-13
4519:from the original on 2016-09-02
4502:Indigenous African Institutions
4487:from the original on 5 May 2016
4449:. Seven Stories Press. p.
4392:from the original on 2016-06-29
4292:Екзамен за второй день четверть
4244:from the original on 2021-06-03
3441:. 25 March 2009. Archived from
3300:Chew, Amy (25 September 2019).
3234:Kent, Jonathan (8 March 2006).
2929:Dershowitz, Alan (2008-09-29).
2444:from the original on 8 May 2021
2312:Space and Mobility in Palestine
2036:Vij, Shivam (1 December 2014).
1586:Seytoff, Alim A (2 June 2014).
1252:Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia
1135:(UMNO), which is a part of the
621:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
6155:International humanitarian law
5684:Go back to where you came from
4985:International humanitarian law
4929:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4593:Bauch, Hubert (6 March 2009).
3886:McCarthy, Joe (17 June 2019).
3510:. 14 July 2021. Archived from
2724:Hasan, Mehdi (22 March 2017).
2693:Nichols, John (20 July 2023).
2595:Ahren, Raphael (15 May 2018).
1011:International Court of Justice
897:right to their lost properties
740:and 24 percent of non-Brahmin
1:
6123:to Prevent and Punish Torture
4499:George B. N. Ayittey (2006).
4013:. Branden Books. p. 60.
3108:. E-International Relations.
3051:Geddie, Eve (13 March 2023).
3039:Geddie, Eve (20 March 2024).
2537:Holmes, Oliver (2021-04-27).
2504:Sfard, Michael (2021-06-03).
2440:. B'Tselem. 12 January 2021.
1406:, although separate from the
1023:weaponization of antisemitism
641:and the central government's
48:Racial and ethnic segregation
4949:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
4934:International Criminal Court
4505:. Transnational Publishers.
2570:White, Ben (18 March 2017).
2359:The New York Review of Books
1242:Human rights in Saudi Arabia
1110:In 2006, prominent activist
878:its own Palestinian citizens
798:Israeli-occupied territories
655:Chinese settlements in Tibet
430:
4990:International speech crimes
4771:Customary international law
1780:Lu, Rachel (31 July 2014).
1497:Racism in the United States
909:longest military occupation
6243:
6119:Inter-American Convention
5983:Convention against Torture
4811:Convention Against Torture
4755:International criminal law
4372:Johnson, Hilde F. (2011).
4262:Rodriguez, Junius (2011).
3242:. BBC News. Archived from
3144:. Slate. 26 January 2024.
1843:India's "hidden apartheid"
1490:
1443:
1384:
1362:
1298:Institute for Gulf Affairs
1245:
1239:
1213:
1170:
1033:
852:and to a lesser extent in
802:
787:
686:
617:Ethnic minorities in China
606:
28:
6162:
6147:
6063:
6050:
5973:
5958:
5865:
5852:
5774:
4980:Joint criminal enterprise
4643:Our History is the Future
4441:Koigi wa Wamwere (2003).
4289:Khurshutov, Asan (2007).
4268:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
4187:The Sydney Morning Herald
3543:The Sydney Morning Herald
3043:. Amnesty International.
2757:Quigley, John B. (1990).
2260:Anthropological Quarterly
2178:10.1080/00045605209352092
1862:Teltumbde, Anand (2010).
1647:"Profile: The Dalai Lama"
1127:law. In 2009, politician
1101:Universiti Teknologi MARA
969:African National Congress
925:Israeli West Bank barrier
649:militia in Xinjiang) and
4900:(in order of foundation)
4619:2, no. 9 (2004):445–474.
4326:Чечня: право на культуру
4325:
4007:Bascio, Patrick (2007).
2844:, pp. 19ff., 59ff..
2660:Shimoni, Gideon (1980).
2317:Indiana University Press
1259:The restrictions on the
1114:described the status of
942:. In December 2019, the
597:Allegations of apartheid
405:West Bank settlement law
5891:Declaration of Montreal
5714:Psychometrics of racism
5164:Anti-miscegenation laws
4838:Crimes against humanity
4155:Andrea Dworkin (1978).
3997:Saudi Institute (2001).
3973:Mackey, Sandra (1987).
2842:Adam & Moodley 2005
1866:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1848:11 January 2007 at the
1522:residential segregation
1483:echoed the accusation.
1427:in rural areas or at a
1185:by the United Nations,
1044:Thousands of Malaysian
911:in modern history, and
850:Palestinian territories
790:Palestinian territories
711:Prime Minister of India
625:The privileging of the
180:French colonial empire
73:Anti-miscegenation laws
5679:Ethnic plastic surgery
5174:Biological determinism
4995:Universal jurisdiction
4970:Command responsibility
4863:Incitement to genocide
4801:United Nations Charter
4645:(London: Verso, 2019).
4536:Current African Issues
4530:Diallo, Garba (1993).
4230:10.5840/glimpse2019202
4212:Mboti, Nyasha (2019).
2857:Sabel, Robbie (2009),
2309:Peteet, Julie (2017).
2160:Ahmad, Enayat (2008).
1898:, p. 536 (see note 9).
1518:housing discrimination
1319:
1237:
1052:Due to the concept of
1049:
835:
738:Other Backward Classes
701:has been described by
667:
209: in Europe
119:Housing discrimination
5940:Yogyakarta Principles
5599:In Jewish communities
5577:Hispanic & Latino
4089:18 March 2015 at the
3861:Amnesty International
3771:Amnesty International
3374:freemalaysiatoday.com
3306:www.lowyinstitute.org
3081:(February 29, 2024).
2972:Matas, David (2005).
2937:John Wiley & Sons
2765:Duke University Press
2272:10.1353/anq.2016.0015
1886:William A. Haviland,
1552:doctrine of discovery
1444:Further information:
1385:Further information:
1321:On 14 December 2005,
1302:
1231:
1216:Human rights in Qatar
1203:Amnesty International
1141:Royal Malaysia Police
1118:women in Malaysia as
1093:anti-ICERD mass rally
1043:
1015:2024 advisory opinion
961:Amnesty International
814:
788:Further information:
774:racial discrimination
721:constitution of India
689:Caste system in India
663:
609:Human rights in China
540:Racial discrimination
364:South Asian labourers
297:Contemporary examples
5870:Brazilian Resolution
5689:Herrenvolk democracy
4896:International courts
4796:Nuremberg principles
4628:Michelle Alexander,
4605:on 17 November 2011.
4189:. 14 November 2009.
4127:Human Rights Tribune
4045:Alan M. Dershowitz,
3863:. 21 November 2017.
3833:. 21 November 2017.
3803:. 21 November 2017.
3773:. 21 November 2017.
3504:www.straitstimes.com
3316:on 26 September 2019
3148:regime of apartheid.
2767:. pp. 145–150.
1720:. 10 November 2005.
1396:population transfers
1156:human capital flight
1149:class-action lawsuit
1085:second-class citizen
870:Palestinian refugees
693:The maltreatment of
643:policy of settlement
393:Palestinian enclaves
224:Portugal & Spain
104:Institutional racism
6167:Genocide Convention
5709:Perpetual foreigner
4843:Crime of aggression
4806:Genocide Convention
4671:20 (1993): 303–341.
4654:Stephanie Woodard,
4359:Human Rights Review
3743:. 17 October 2017.
3514:on 26 December 2021
3350:on 17 November 2018
2908:10.1093/ejil/cht043
2631:Davis, Uri (2003).
2602:The Times of Israel
2411:The Times of Israel
2192:Klostermaier, Klaus
2118:. 22 November 2020.
1995:(2). Archived from
1938:Klostermaier, Klaus
1547:Johnson v. McIntosh
1466:American University
1400:prosperous peasants
1394:were the result of
1329:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
1160:Stanford University
987:freedom of movement
967:investigators, the
907:, which is now the
510:Forced assimilation
144:Historical examples
124:Exclusionary zoning
114:Forced displacement
6187:Geneva Conventions
5739:Racial integration
5719:Race and sexuality
5524:Japanese Americans
5244:Racial segregation
5234:Racial nationalism
4848:Crime of apartheid
4786:Geneva Conventions
4422:, 19 February 2010
4052:2019-05-27 at the
3890:. Global Citizen.
3741:Human Rights Watch
3579:on 18 October 2014
3549:on 13 January 2022
3415:on 29 October 2018
3384:on 3 February 2019
3246:on 6 February 2022
3168:malaysia-today.net
3013:The Jerusalem Post
2639:. pp. 86–87.
2016:The Indian Express
1916:Human Rights Watch
1749:2016-11-23 at the
1652:2011-02-08 at the
1530:Michelle Alexander
1296:, Director of the
1238:
1050:
957:Human Rights Watch
885:1948 Palestine war
864:population of the
836:
821:Old City of Hebron
794:Israeli settlement
725:Klaus Klostermaier
707:Human Rights Watch
332:Bosnia–Herzegovina
281:Separate but equal
219:Partition of India
214:Pale of Settlement
109:Ethnic nationalism
78:Crime of apartheid
31:Crime of apartheid
6227:Crimes by country
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6192:Hague Conventions
6143:
6142:
6046:
6045:
5966:International law
5954:
5953:
5812:
5811:
5560:African Americans
5507:Chinese Americans
5204:Ethnic stereotype
5003:
5002:
4829:international law
4791:Nuremberg Charter
4781:Hague Conventions
4705:978-1-59213-396-3
4579:978-0-470-44745-1
4512:978-1-57105-337-4
4480:978-0-312-21787-7
4460:978-1-58322-576-9
4385:978-1-84519-453-6
4275:978-1-85109-783-8
4136:on 2 October 2008
4020:978-0-8283-2152-5
3946:. 17 March 2014.
3633:Los Angeles Times
3508:The Straits Times
3049:Republished from
2985:978-1-55002-894-2
2946:978-0-470-37992-9
2873:978-965-218-073-5
2774:978-0-8223-1011-2
2326:978-0-253-02511-1
2234:Ma'an News Agency
2211:978-0-7914-8011-3
1999:on 30 April 2013.
1957:978-0-7914-8011-3
1896:978-0-495-81084-1
1873:978-1-84813-448-5
1690:. 19 April 2014.
1309:understanding of
1273:Christian symbols
1179:Rohingya genocide
1173:Rohingya genocide
940:international law
921:Palestinian state
917:international law
899:. Since the 1967
839:Israeli apartheid
817:Al-Shuhada Street
805:Israeli apartheid
594:
593:
520:Income inequality
16:(Redirected from
6234:
6149:
6052:
5960:
5929:Paris Principles
5854:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5816:
5802:
5801:
5792:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5636:Racial supremacy
5594:Jewish Americans
5572:Native Americans
5541:Zainichi Koreans
5529:Japanese Koreans
5512:Zainichi Chinese
5485:Racism by target
5262:Global apartheid
5254:Racism by region
5239:Racial profiling
5229:Racial hierarchy
5030:
5023:
5016:
5007:
4963:Related concepts
4901:
4858:Genocidal intent
4748:
4741:
4734:
4725:
4717:
4672:
4665:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4601:. Archived from
4599:Montreal Gazette
4590:
4584:
4583:
4567:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4464:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3920:. 17 June 2019.
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3691:on 11 April 2018
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3545:. Archived from
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3476:. Archived from
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3445:on 28 March 2009
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3380:. Archived from
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:malaysiakini.com
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:. Archived from
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3281:on 20 March 2022
3277:. Archived from
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:on 10 April 2022
3208:. Archived from
3193:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:on 17 April 2022
3159:
3153:
3152:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2865:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1981:Zelliot, Eleanor
1977:
1966:
1965:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1853:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:, 25 April 2006.
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1583:
1353:gender apartheid
1234:Religious police
1183:ethnic cleansing
1137:Barisan Nasional
1120:gender apartheid
1078:economic freedom
983:Nation-State Law
913:in contravention
889:expelled or fled
847:Israeli-occupied
832:Israeli settlers
825:Israeli-occupied
736:, 33 percent of
586:
579:
572:
515:Gender apartheid
436:Northern Ireland
298:
208:
201:
169:Indian hospitals
164:Separate schools
58:
35:
21:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6201:
6158:
6139:
6059:
6042:
5969:
5950:
5861:
5848:
5843:
5813:
5808:
5770:
5749:Racism in sport
5647:
5641:White supremacy
5480:
5248:
5184:Ethnic conflict
5156:
5150:
5044:Types of racism
5039:
5034:
5004:
4999:
4975:Superior orders
4958:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4889:
4831:
4828:
4820:
4776:Peremptory norm
4757:
4752:
4721:
4706:
4690:Moodley, Kogila
4684:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4649:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4610:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4336:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4303:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4091:Wayback Machine
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4054:Wayback Machine
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3573:cs.stanford.edu
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3480:on 4 April 2019
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2474:
2470:(9 July 2020),
2466:
2465:
2461:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2212:
2204:. p. 297.
2190:
2189:
2185:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2069:Hindustan Times
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1989:Global Dialogue
1979:
1978:
1969:
1958:
1950:. p. 297.
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1850:Wayback Machine
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:Wayback Machine
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1654:Wayback Machine
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1624:. 31 May 2018.
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1507:people of color
1503:
1491:Main articles:
1489:
1477:Alan Dershowitz
1448:
1442:
1389:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1349:sex segregation
1337:Shelley Berkley
1335:Representative
1277:Alan Dershowitz
1254:
1244:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1175:
1169:
1112:Marina Mahathir
1055:Ketuanan Melayu
1038:
1036:Ketuanan Melayu
1032:
1027:
1026:
1001:(legislature),
893:right of return
862:Israeli settler
808:
800:
786:
729:Eleanor Zelliot
703:Anand Teltumbde
691:
685:
623:
605:
590:
545:
544:
493:
492:
483:
482:
300:
299:
296:
288:
287:
146:
145:
136:
135:
68:
67:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6240:
6238:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6103:Social Charter
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5786:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5761:Reverse racism
5758:
5757:
5756:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5734:Racial figleaf
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5652:Related topics
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5611:Middle Eastern
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5403:United Kingdom
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5155:Manifestations
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4827:Crimes against
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
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4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4704:
4686:Adam, Heribert
4680:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4634:
4621:
4608:
4585:
4578:
4552:
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4402:
4384:
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4301:
4281:
4274:
4254:
4204:
4174:
4147:
4111:
4095:
4076:
4067:
4065:Taheri (2003).
4058:
4038:
4019:
3999:
3990:
3983:
3961:
3935:
3905:
3878:
3848:
3831:Deutsche Welle
3818:
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3676:
3650:
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3590:
3560:
3525:
3491:
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3426:
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3361:
3327:
3310:Lowy Institute
3292:
3257:
3240:news.bbc.co.uk
3223:
3202:news.bbc.co.uk
3185:
3154:
3133:
3115:
3096:
3089:) – via
3079:Roth, Kenneth
3070:
3031:
2998:
2984:
2964:
2945:
2921:
2902:(3): 915–928.
2886:
2872:
2846:
2834:
2830:exceptionalism
2818:
2792:
2773:
2749:
2716:
2685:
2678:
2652:
2645:
2623:
2587:
2562:
2529:
2493:
2468:Sfard, Michael
2459:
2429:
2396:
2377:
2344:
2325:
2319:. p. 63.
2301:
2266:(1): 247–281.
2250:
2221:
2210:
2183:
2172:(3): 223–246.
2152:
2121:
2103:
2082:
2054:
2028:
2002:
1967:
1956:
1929:
1900:
1879:
1872:
1854:
1834:
1803:
1786:Foreign Policy
1772:
1763:
1754:
1735:
1705:
1673:
1664:
1639:
1609:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1514:Robert Bullard
1488:
1485:
1470:George Ayittey
1460:Sudanese Arabs
1441:
1438:
1382:
1379:
1371:National Party
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1326:Representative
1240:Main article:
1225:
1222:
1214:Main article:
1211:
1208:
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
993:and planning,
965:United Nations
809:
801:
785:
782:
753:American South
742:forward castes
714:Manmohan Singh
687:Main article:
684:
681:
657:, in 1991 the
633:, such as the
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267:United States
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234:Nuremberg Laws
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5459:South America
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5224:Racialization
5222:
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5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
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5189:Ethnic hatred
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5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:Laissez-faire
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Institutional
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
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5076:Environmental
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4875:Slave trading
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4421:
4420:The Economist
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4302:9789664351437
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4107:Freedom House
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3984:0-393-32417-6
3980:
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3970:
3969:Sandra Mackey
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3470:malaymail.com
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2731:The Intercept
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2679:0-19-570179-8
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2646:1-84277-339-9
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2240:on 2011-11-02
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2003:
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1949:
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1918:. 27 May 2002
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1688:The Economist
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1622:The Economist
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1566:Inter caetera
1562:
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1556:John Marshall
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1487:United States
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1452:Zaghawa tribe
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1359:South Africa
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246:South Africa
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5669:Anti-racism
5410:Middle East
5304:South Korea
5299:North Korea
5214:Hate speech
5136:Substantive
5116:Neocolonial
3928:10 February
3871:10 February
3841:10 February
3811:10 February
2514:(Opinion).
2075:17 February
1412:penal labor
1281:Amir Taheri
1105:bumiputeras
1046:bumiputeras
995:citizenship
981:, the 2018
977:, the 2003
901:Six Day War
858:Palestinian
819:within the
498:Citizenship
466:Residential
349:Gulf states
271:Black Codes
159:Pass system
83:Allegations
6216:Categories
5548:Vietnamese
5321:Arab world
5219:Hate group
5209:Hate crime
5146:Xenophobia
5126:Scientific
5111:Linguistic
4880:Starvation
4546:2022-04-22
4523:2018-08-02
4396:2018-08-02
4361:: 205–224.
4335:5935160013
4248:2021-06-03
3751:14 January
3539:smh.com.au
3474:Malay Mail
3024:20 January
2957:20 January
2785:20 January
2742:20 January
2709:20 January
2699:The Nation
2577:Al Jazeera
2555:20 January
2522:20 January
2448:12 January
2422:20 January
2370:20 January
2337:20 January
2244:2023-01-08
1592:Al Jazeera
1573:References
1538:Nick Estes
1536:Historian
1516:described
1468:economist
1410:system of
1333:Democratic
1323:Republican
1300:, stated:
1246:See also:
1074:bumiputera
1061:Bumiputera
905:Gaza Strip
883:After the
661:declared:
659:Dalai Lama
637:-majority
627:Han people
607:See also:
421:Mauritania
325:Roma walls
251:Bantustans
95:Xenophobia
6222:Apartheid
6079:European
5729:Race card
5664:Alt-right
5464:Argentina
5425:Palestine
5343:Australia
5169:Apartheid
5157:of racism
4885:War crime
4311:261297982
4238:211445267
4224:: 15–70.
4140:21 August
2916:0938-5428
2637:Zed Books
2296:147128703
2280:0003-5491
2141:: 19–39.
1827:14 August
1796:14 August
1728:14 August
1698:14 August
1632:14 August
1602:14 August
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1434:apartheid
1429:militsiya
1425:selsoviet
1365:Apartheid
1351:" and a "
1199:pass laws
1003:education
932:apartheid
866:West Bank
828:West Bank
535:Ethnicity
451:Academies
376:Uthapuram
256:Pass laws
192:Indigénat
185:Code Noir
151:Australia
129:Redlining
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5915:(UNDRIP)
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5699:Lynching
5674:Casteism
5519:Japanese
5378:Portugal
5309:Thailand
5277:Zimbabwe
5141:Symbolic
5131:Societal
5121:Romantic
5086:Gendered
5066:Cultural
5056:Colorism
5051:Aversive
4853:Genocide
4714:56955855
4692:(2005).
4540:Archived
4517:Archived
4491:2 August
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3669:10 April
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3643:10 April
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3607:Archived
3603:CBS News
3583:15 April
3553:17 April
3518:17 April
3484:17 April
3449:17 April
3419:17 April
3388:17 April
3354:17 April
3320:17 April
3285:17 April
3271:scmp.com
3250:17 April
3216:17 April
3206:BBC News
3178:17 April
3062:19 April
3057:Politico
3018:Archived
2991:19 April
2951:Archived
2878:archived
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2736:Archived
2703:Archived
2607:Archived
2582:Archived
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2364:Archived
2331:Archived
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1983:(2010).
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1821:Archived
1790:Archived
1747:Archived
1722:Archived
1718:BBC News
1692:Archived
1659:BBC News
1650:Archived
1626:Archived
1596:Archived
1194:Rohingya
1082:de facto
1030:Malaysia
953:B'Tselem
949:Yesh Din
874:diaspora
860:and the
778:the West
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647:Bingtuan
639:Xinjiang
553:Category
473:Xinjiang
416:Malaysia
409:barriers
320:Slovenia
241:Rhodesia
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5704:Passing
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5502:Chinese
5398:Ukraine
5363:Germany
5353:Denmark
5314:Vietnam
4763:Sources
4679:Sources
4218:Glimpse
4197:6 March
4031:6 March
3713:. CNN.
3661:. CNN.
3378:Bernama
3091:Twitter
2811:21 July
2670:310–336
2047:22 July
2021:30 July
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1285:Dhahran
1167:Myanmar
1066:Chinese
1013:in its
1007:culture
999:Knesset
872:in the
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823:in the
761:Brahmin
558:Commons
491:Related
461:Schools
456:Housing
431:Myanmar
426:Morocco
399:Hafrada
381:Muslims
337:Schools
315:Romania
155:Canada
5936:(VDPA)
5882:(UDHR)
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5621:Romani
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5420:Israel
5383:Russia
5373:Poland
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5326:Libya
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5289:China
5071:Cyber
4234:S2CID
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4123:(PDF)
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4330:ISBN
4307:OCLC
4297:ISBN
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4033:2010
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3930:2022
3900:2020
3873:2022
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3697:2018
3671:2018
3645:2018
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3555:2022
3520:2022
3486:2022
3451:2022
3421:2022
3390:2022
3356:2022
3322:2022
3287:2022
3275:SCMP
3252:2022
3218:2022
3180:2022
3064:2024
3026:2024
2993:2024
2980:ISBN
2959:2024
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