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157:. A map of gene expression in the brain allows researchers to correlate forms and functions. The Allen Brain Atlas lets researchers view the areas of differing expression in the brain which enables the viewing of neural connections throughout the brain. Viewing these pathways through differing gene expression as well as functional imaging techniques permits researchers to correlate between gene expression, cell types, and pathway function in relation to behaviors or phenotypes.
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phenotypes. Extending information learned from mouse diseases will help better the understanding of human neurological disorders. The atlas can show which genes and particular areas are effected in neurological disorders; the action of a gene in a disease can be evaluated in conjunction with general expression patterns and this data could shed light on the role of the particular gene in the disorder.
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are able to construct the 3-D biochemical architecture of the brain and figure out which proteins are expressed in certain parts of the brain. To gather the needed data, scientists at the Allen
Institute use various techniques. One technique involves the use of postmortem brains and brain scanning technology to discover where in the brain genes are turned on and off. Another technique, called
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application by connecting regions that co-express a certain gene. The explorer uses a multicolor scale and contains multiple planes of the brain that let viewers see differences in density and expression level. The images are a composite of many averaged samples so it is useful when comparing to individuals with abnormally low gene expression.
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still being improved upon. Also, other projects including the human brain atlas, developing mouse brain, developing human brain, mouse connectivity, non-human primate atlas, and the mouse spinal cord atlas are being developed through the Allen
Institute for Brain Science in conjunction with the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas.
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The Allen Mouse Brain
Connectivity Atlas was launched in November 2011. Unlike other atlases from the Allen Institute, this atlas focuses on the identification of neural circuitry that govern behavior and brain function. This neural circuitry is responsible for functions like behavior and perception.
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uses a project-based philosophy for their research. Each brain atlas focuses on its own project, made up of its own team of researchers. To complete an atlas, each research team collects and synthesizes brain scans, medical data, genetic information and psychological data. With this information, they
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Unveiled in July 2008, the Allen Mouse Spinal Cord Atlas was the first genome-wide map of the mouse spinal cord ever constructed. The spinal cord atlas is a map of genome wide gene expression in the spinal cord of adult and juvenile C57 black mice. The initial unveiling included data for 2,000 genes
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with their mapping of gene expression throughout the brain. The Brain Atlas projects also follow the "Allen
Institute" motto with their open release of data and findings. This policy is also related to another goal of the Institute: collaborative and multidisciplinary research. Thus, any scientist
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An initial release of the first atlas, the mouse brain atlas, occurred in
December 2004. Subsequently, more data for this atlas was released in stages. The final genome-wide data set was released in September 2006. However, the final release of the atlas was not the end of the project; the Atlas is
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The Allen Mouse Brain Atlas is a comprehensive genome-wide map of the adult mouse brain that reveals where each gene is expressed. The mouse brain atlas was the original project of the Allen Brain Atlas and was finished in 2006. The purpose of the atlas is to aid in the development of neuroscience
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Even though the majority of research has been done in mice, 90% of genes in mice have a counterpart in humans. This makes the Atlas particularly useful for modeling neurological diseases. The gene expression patterns in normal individuals provide a standard for comparing and understanding altered
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The Allen Human Brain Atlas was made public in May 2010. It was the first anatomically and genomically comprehensive three-dimensional human brain map. The atlas was created to enhance research in many neuroscience research fields including neuropharmacology, human brain imaging, human genetics,
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The overarching goal and motto for all Allen
Institute projects is "fueling discovery". The project strives to fulfill this goal and advance science in a few ways. First, they create brain atlases to better understand the connections between genes and brain functioning. They aim to advance the
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Within the Brain
Atlases, these 3-D ISH digital images and graphs reveal, in color, the regions where a given gene is expressed. In the Brain Explorer, any gene can be searched for and selected resulting in the in situ image appearing as an easily manipulated and explored fashion. Part of the
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The Allen Brain Atlas website contains a downloadable 3-D interactive Brain explorer. The explorer is essentially a search engine for locations of gene expression; this is particularly useful in finding regions that express similar genes. Users can delineate networks and pathways using this
57:, Mouse Diversity, and Sleep. It is the hope of the Allen Institute that their findings will help advance various fields of science, especially those surrounding the understanding of neurobiological diseases. The atlases are free and available for public use online.
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The aim of the spinal cord atlas is to enhance research in the treatment of spinal cord injury, diseases, and disorders such as Lou Gehrig's diseases and spinal muscular atrophy. The project was funded by an array of donors including the Allen
Research Institute,
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have been published: Mouse Brain Atlas, Human Brain Atlas, Developing Mouse Brain Atlas, Developing Human Brain Atlas, Mouse
Connectivity Atlas, Non-Human Primate Atlas, and Mouse Spinal Cord Atlas. There are also three related projects with data banks:
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proposed the idea that a three-dimensional atlas of gene expression in the mouse brain would be of great use to the neuroscience community. The project was set in motion in 2003 with a 100 million dollar donation by Allen through the
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creation of this anatomy-centred database of gene expression, includes aligning ISH data for each gene with a three-dimensional coordinate space through registration with a reference atlas created for the project.
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The Allen
Developing Mouse Brain Atlas is an atlas which tracks gene expression throughout the development of a C57BL/6 mouse brain. The project began in 2008 and is currently ongoing. The atlas is based on
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from any discipline is able to look at the findings and take them into account while designing their own experiments. Also available to the public is the Brain Explorer application.
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and an anatomical reference section. A plan for the future includes expanding the amount of data to about 20,000 genes spanning the full length of the spinal cord.
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73:, to discuss the future of neuroscience and what could be done to enhance neuroscience research (Jones 2009). During these meetings David Anderson from the
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neuroanatomy, genomics and more. The atlas is also geared toward furthering research into mental health disorders and brain injuries such as
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research. The hope of the project is that it will allow scientists to gain a better understanding of brain diseases and disorders such as
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mouse brain from embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 80. This atlas enhances the ability of neuroscientists to study how pollutants and
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This map will allow scientists to further understand how the brain works and what causes brain diseases and disorders, such as
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to map gene expression. The project set a 3-year goal of finishing the project and making it available to the public.
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284:, International Spinal Research Trust, and many other organizations, foundations, corporate and private donors.
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82:. The project used a technique for mapping gene expression developed by Gregor Eichele and colleagues at the
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Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Goettingen, Germany. The technique uses colorimetric
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492:"Allen Institute for Brain Science launches new atlas, adds new data and tools to others"
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effect the development of the brain. Thus, the atlas may be used to determine what
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The different types of cells in the central nervous system originate from varying
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540:"Analysis of the network of feeding neuroregulators using the AllenBrain Atlas"
418:"Innovative Technologies: MRI-Based Atlas of the Developing Mouse Brain Debuts"
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44:. They were initiated in September 2003 with a $ 100 million donation from
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and the first atlas went public in September 2006. As of May 2012, seven
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Allan Jones, "The Allen Brain Atlas: 5 years and beyond", Nature, 2009.
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research and knowledge about neurobiological conditions such as
348:"Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain"
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In 2001, Paul Allen gathered a group of scientists, including
391:"Allen Human Brain Atlas Updated with Comprehensive gene Map"
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pose special threats to children and pregnant mothers.
517:. American Medical Writers Association. Archived from
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549:The Wall Street Journal, 24 January 2012.
542:Neuroscience of Behavior, 1 January 2009.
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230:, connectivity, and development of the
635:"New Brain Atlas Unveils 3-D Gene Map"
515:"The Allen Spinal Cord Atlas Unveiled"
301:, the e-Mouse Atlas of Gene Expression
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324:"First-Ever Brain 'Atlas' Completed"
582:"A Golden Age of Brain Exploration"
282:National Multiple Sclerosis Society
18:Allen Mouse and Human Brain Atlases
322:Mehta, Aalok (26 September 2006).
75:California Institute of Technology
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422:Environmental Health Perspectives
134:Allen Institute for Brain Science
106:Allen Institute for Brain Science
80:Allen Institute for Brain Science
22:Allen Institute for Brain Science
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416:Holzman, David C. (April 2011).
547:"Probing the Brain's Mysteries"
294:List of neuroscience databases
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270:Paralyzed Veterans of America
226:(MRI). It traces the growth,
149:Contributions to neuroscience
601:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030024
513:Duyo, D. (September 2008).
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224:magnetic resonance imaging
466:"Allen Mouse Brain Atlas"
365:"Allen Mouse Brain Atlas"
272:Research Foundation, the
329:National Geographic News
246:Mouse Brain Connectivity
20:are projects within the
580:Virginia Gewin (2005).
393:. TS-Si. Archived from
217:Developing Mouse Brain
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24:which seek to combine
661:Neuroscience projects
336:on 28 September 2006.
139:in situ hybridization
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98:Goals for the project
88:in situ hybridization
666:Biological databases
641:. 26 September 2006.
538:Pawel K. Olszewski,
472:on 20 September 2012
434:10.1289/ehp.119-a165
521:on 27 February 2012
280:, PEMCO Insurance,
253:Parkinson's disease
203:Alzheimer's disease
128:Research techniques
494:. 14 November 2011
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545:Robert Lee Hotz,
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259:Mouse Spinal Cord
236:genetic mutations
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196:Human Brain
179:Mouse Brain
117:Alzheimer's
113:Parkinson's
42:human brain
650:Categories
594:(1): e24.
428:(4): 165.
306:References
205:, autism,
190:depression
84:Max Planck
346:Ed Lein,
656:Genomics
639:ABC News
620:15660159
525:20 April
498:20 April
476:20 April
452:21459709
401:20 April
375:20 April
288:See also
26:genomics
443:3080956
232:C57BL/6
174:Atlases
61:History
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611:544547
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352:Nature
240:toxins
186:autism
121:Autism
119:, and
299:EMAGE
38:mouse
28:with
616:PMID
527:2012
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478:2012
448:PMID
403:2012
377:2012
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