38:
398:
388:
60:
1829:
599:
have white to pinkish-carmine, oblong tepals, filaments of the same color as tepals, but rounded, narrowly hexasulcate, smooth and commonly glossy ovaries. The latter commonly turn green from black, but some are permanently green. These variants are in a
827:
Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular
Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In C. L. Hitchcock, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press,
473:
produces asymmetric bulbs up to 5 cm across. Each plant has 3-6 leaves, lanceolate in shape, flat and bent to the side, up to 60 cm long and 2.5 cm across. Later the leaves become reflexed.
2036:
478:
are smooth and round in cross-section, 80–100 cm tall. The scape carries a dense umbellate inflorescence with star-like flowers up to 9 mm across; the
2101:
605:
1984:
760:
705:
The plant is a frequent ornamental in
European and North American gardens, having been introduced in the early twentieth century. It is produced in
2062:
1997:
2163:
675:
have varied, resulting in the name being applied to a variety of different plants, a concept not supported by molecular data which indicate
595:
is characterised by rose oblong tepals, rose filaments, and distinctly tri-sulcate, strongly coarse, dull, permanently green ovaries, while
2263:
59:
1958:
2268:
37:
1812:
1168:
2023:
2142:
2067:
1000:
2088:
450:
but cultivated as an ornamental in many other places. It has become naturalized in some regions, including parts of the
2189:
2049:
1906:
751:
2176:
2106:
1107:
430:. It lacks the onion or garlic scent shared by most of the other species in the group. The species is native to
1795:
2181:
1223:
618:
1976:
790:
1971:
1849:
1672:
1465:
1190:
523:
1911:
1709:
1241:
189:
2002:
816:
1932:
1610:
1542:
1485:
1231:
1161:
648:. It has again been treated as a separate species based on molecular data, but under the new name of
1657:
1460:
1390:
1350:
1057:
1016:
681:
Fragman & R.M. Fritsch, as a distinct new species. WCLSPF recognises both as distinct species.
677:
637:
2080:
2225:
1887:
1785:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1405:
1345:
455:
214:
162:
54:
2168:
397:
387:
2041:
2127:
1919:
1780:
1677:
1647:
1495:
1475:
1435:
1420:
1415:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1340:
613:
2132:
1642:
1605:
1505:
1490:
1470:
1455:
1450:
1430:
1385:
1375:
668:
650:
623:
574:
2258:
2253:
2217:
2114:
1832:
1790:
1600:
1425:
1400:
1380:
1335:
1154:
97:
1129:
981:
964:
947:
930:
913:
896:
879:
737:
2155:
2150:
1744:
1687:
1682:
1547:
1510:
1480:
1445:
1440:
1410:
1395:
1273:
1246:
487:
475:
423:
130:
84:
1080:(Webb & Berthel) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters"
807:
Bailey, L.H. & E.Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
2247:
1749:
1667:
1579:
1567:
1360:
1308:
1071:
1044:
591:
563:
451:
391:
205:
110:
654:
Fragman & R.M. Fritsch. WCLSPF, while accepting this new species, have retained
2230:
1924:
1739:
1734:
1714:
1283:
1256:
1138:
706:
601:
507:
20:
1898:
2093:
2075:
2010:
1881:
1757:
1652:
1615:
1584:
1562:
1552:
1298:
1278:
1266:
1025:
120:
2194:
1729:
1719:
1574:
1557:
1303:
582:
427:
140:
1963:
1872:
2054:
1945:
1261:
2207:
1236:
2119:
621:, to be recognised as a new separate species. Another distinct species is
2202:
1866:
1288:
511:
495:
1989:
1775:
1293:
483:
443:
2015:
1724:
1701:
1625:
1203:
1198:
1178:
710:
672:
641:
491:
479:
459:
447:
435:
431:
150:
1843:
817:
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1762. Species
Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 430.
644:
was initially considered a separate species, but then submerged in
2028:
1950:
1534:
1318:
1251:
1213:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
786:
784:
764:
694:
570:
439:
396:
386:
279:
71:
1937:
1208:
1847:
1150:
1103:
1045:"More than a pretty face - ornamental "drumstick onions" of
1043:
Fritsch, RM; Gurushidze, M; Jedelská, J; Keusgen, M (2006).
838:
836:
834:
1146:
1139:
United States
Department of Agriculture Plants Profile:
863:
697:: black) is derived from the colour of the ovaries.
526:
species consisting of several infraspecific groups.
208:, not All. (1785) nor Sm. (1823) nor M. Bieb. (1808)
1856:
1804:
1766:
1700:
1633:
1624:
1593:
1533:
1326:
1317:
1222:
803:
801:
1070:Fritsch, RM; Blattner, FR; Gurushidze, M (2010).
999:Fragman-Sapir, Ori; Fritsch, Reinhard M. (2011).
498:, but green when younger or following anthesis.
1162:
842:
617:has been considered sufficiently distinct on
490:are black-green (but flushed with red in the
8:
1104:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"
313:Ten. 1811, illegitimate homonym not L. 1767
729:
727:
725:
321:Viv. 1824, illegitimate homonym not L. 1759
1844:
1630:
1323:
1169:
1155:
1147:
608:(WCLSPF) treat these as separate species.
606:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
36:
27:
761:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
721:
229:
977:
960:
943:
926:
909:
892:
875:
733:
7:
1053:are also potential medicinal plants"
482:are white with a green midvein; the
791:Flora of North America v 26 p 243,
518:. Molecular evidence suggests that
14:
1130:Malta Comprehensive profile for
2182:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:528486-1
1828:
1827:
1813:Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers
864:Fragman-Sapir & Fritsch 2011
58:
1009:from the eastern Mediterranean"
1:
632:Allium asclepiadeum alliance
2264:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
573:have often been treated as
2285:
1108:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
486:are purple or yellow. The
18:
16:Species of flowering plant
1823:
1751:Beurre Ă la bourguignonne
1186:
663:Allium orientale alliance
220:
213:
195:
188:
55:Scientific classification
53:
44:
35:
30:
2269:Plants described in 1762
1796:syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
1072:"New classification of
1024:: 31–50. Archived from
658:as a separate species.
1252:Common / Bulb
556:Allium nigrum alliance
402:
394:
45:1809 illustration (as
1710:List of garlic dishes
1242:Cipolla di Giarratana
400:
390:
366:Ophioscorodon magicum
1543:List of onion dishes
1232:Bangalore rose onion
586:. The type variant,
358:Molium paucibulbosum
326:Allium paucibulbosum
276:Allium multibulbosum
19:For other uses, see
678:Allium israeliticum
638:Allium asclepiadeum
544:Allium asclepiadeum
1816:(1980 documentary)
1786:Diallyl trisulfide
843:Fritsch et al 2006
666:: descriptions of
604:relationship. The
577:within a variable
403:
395:
374:Ornithogalum afrum
318:Allium paniculatum
2241:
2240:
2128:Open Tree of Life
1850:Taxon identifiers
1841:
1840:
1781:Diallyl disulfide
1696:
1695:
1529:
1528:
619:molecular grounds
614:Allium basalticum
416:broad-leaved leek
385:
384:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
294:
282:
272:
264:
256:
244:
240:Allium bauerianum
236:
226:
2276:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2094:NBNSYS0000014599
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1845:
1831:
1830:
1767:Garlic and onion
1673:…sphaerocephalon
1631:
1594:Garlic cultivars
1466:…sphaerocephalon
1324:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1066:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1013:
1001:"New species of
986:
975:
969:
958:
952:
941:
935:
924:
918:
907:
901:
890:
884:
881:A. multibulbosum
873:
867:
861:
846:
840:
829:
825:
819:
814:
808:
805:
796:
788:
779:
778:
776:
775:
769:
763:. Archived from
758:
748:
742:
731:
713:in South Korea.
669:Allium orientale
651:Allium meronense
624:Allium dumetorum
597:A. multibulbosum
568:A. multibulbosum
549:Allium orientale
420:broadleaf garlic
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
342:Kalabotis nigrum
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
292:
278:
270:
262:
260:Allium littoreum
254:
242:
234:
224:
201:
167:
63:
62:
40:
28:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2115:Observation.org
2113:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1819:
1800:
1791:Allyl mercaptan
1768:
1762:
1753:(garlic butter)
1692:
1620:
1589:
1525:
1313:
1224:Onion cultivars
1218:
1182:
1175:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1069:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1011:
998:
994:
989:
983:A. israeliticum
976:
972:
959:
955:
949:A. asclepiadeum
942:
938:
925:
921:
908:
904:
891:
887:
874:
870:
862:
849:
841:
832:
826:
822:
815:
811:
806:
799:
789:
782:
773:
771:
767:
756:
750:
749:
745:
732:
723:
719:
703:
687:
656:A. asclepiadeum
532:
504:
468:
401:Leaves and stem
381:
228:
227:
209:
203:
197:
184:
165:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:wfo-0000756825
2222:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2147:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1893:
1878:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1745:Garlic chutney
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1626:Garlic species
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:…tribracteatum
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Figueres onion
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1125:
1124:External links
1122:
1120:
1119:
1100:
1078:Melanocrommyum
1067:
1051:Melanocrommyum
1040:
1007:Melanocrommyum
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:
970:
953:
936:
919:
902:
885:
868:
847:
830:
820:
809:
797:
780:
753:BSBI List 2007
743:
720:
718:
715:
702:
699:
686:
683:
552:
551:
546:
541:
531:
528:
516:Melanocrommyum
503:
500:
467:
464:
424:Middle Eastern
410:, common name
383:
382:
380:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
334:Canidia magica
331:
323:
315:
307:
295:
283:
273:
268:Allium magicum
265:
257:
248:Allium cyrilli
245:
237:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
181:A. nigrum
178:
176:
172:
171:
168:Melanocrommyum
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
131:Amaryllidaceae
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
47:Allium magicum
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2281:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
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2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
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2017:
2012:
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2004:
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1960:
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1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1888:Allium nigrum
1883:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:Allium nigrum
1855:
1851:
1846:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
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1771:
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1754:
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1738:
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1726:
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1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:…neapolitanum
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Snow Mountain
1609:
1607:
1606:Garlic chives
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:Zwiebelkuchen
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:…siskiyouense
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:…campanulatum
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:…ampeloprasum
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Onion species
1316:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
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1142:
1141:Allium nigrum
1137:
1134:
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1132:Allium nigrum
1128:
1127:
1123:
1109:
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1089:
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1031:on 2016-09-23
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898:A. basalticum
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770:on 2015-06-26
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592:sensu stricto
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569:
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399:
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392:Inflorescence
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350:Molium nigrum
348:
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332:
329:(Haw.) Steud.
327:
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310:Allium odorum
308:
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298:Allium nigrum
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235:(Zucc.) Kunth
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194:
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190:Binomial name
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85:Tracheophytes
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39:
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31:Black garlic
29:
26:
22:
1857:
1811:
1769:constituents
1750:
1740:Garlic bread
1735:Garlic press
1715:Black garlic
1662:
1634:
1521:…yosemitense
1516:…victorialis
1501:…tuolumnense
1406:…cratericola
1346:…aflatunense
1327:
1191:
1177:
1140:
1131:
1113:21 September
1111:. Retrieved
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1083:
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1073:
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1050:
1046:
1033:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1015:
1006:
1002:
992:Bibliography
982:
973:
966:A. orientale
965:
956:
948:
939:
932:A. meronense
931:
922:
915:A. dumetorum
914:
905:
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823:
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792:
772:. Retrieved
765:the original
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596:
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543:
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533:
524:polymorphous
519:
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508:type species
505:
470:
469:
454:(especially
419:
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412:black garlic
411:
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349:
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337:(L.) Salisb.
333:
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232:Allium afrum
231:
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104:
91:
78:
46:
25:
21:Black garlic
2076:NatureServe
2011:iNaturalist
1882:Wikispecies
1758:Garlic soup
1702:Garlic food
1678:…triquetrum
1648:…drummondii
1585:Sogan-dolma
1563:Flammkuchen
1496:…triquetrum
1476:…stipitatum
1436:…platycaule
1421:…fistulosum
1416:…cristophii
1371:…bisceptrum
1366:…atrorubens
1356:…amplectens
1341:…acuminatum
978:WCLSPF 2016
961:WCLSPF 2016
944:WCLSPF 2016
927:WCLSPF 2016
910:WCLSPF 2016
893:WCLSPF 2016
876:WCLSPF 2016
734:WCLSPF 2016
534:Alliances:
530:Subdivision
466:Description
426:species of
369:(L.) Wallr.
137:Subfamily:
121:Asparagales
98:Angiosperms
2248:Categories
2156:kew-296104
2151:Plant List
1730:Garlic oil
1720:Persillade
1643:…canadense
1575:Onion ring
1558:Onion cake
1535:Onion food
1506:…unifolium
1491:…tricoccum
1471:…stellatum
1456:…shevockii
1451:…sanbornii
1431:…monanthum
1386:…caeruleum
1376:…bolanderi
1094:13 October
1035:2016-09-21
774:2014-10-17
717:References
583:sensu lato
514:(Section)
506:It is the
456:Washington
428:wild onion
255:(L.) Nyman
159:Subgenus:
141:Allioideae
1977:242101380
1426:…koreanum
1401:…chinense
1381:…burlewii
1336:…abramsii
1090:: 145–220
1076:L. subg.
1058:Herbertia
1017:Herbertia
739:A. nigrum
689:The name
685:Etymology
646:A. nigrum
611:However,
588:A. nigrum
579:A. nigrum
520:A. nigrum
353:(L.) Haw.
345:(L.) Raf.
175:Species:
68:Kingdom:
2208:18400068
2203:Tropicos
2081:2.156635
2042:11227532
2029:528486-1
1867:Wikidata
1833:Category
1688:…vineale
1683:…ursinum
1601:Elephant
1548:Blooming
1511:…validum
1481:…textile
1446:…punctum
1441:…praecox
1411:…crispum
1396:…cernuum
1289:Scallion
1247:Cocktail
1065:: 26–59.
828:Seattle.
575:variants
512:Subgenus
502:Taxonomy
496:anthesis
225:Synonymy
215:Synonyms
127:Family:
111:Monocots
1990:2855823
1938:1084752
1873:Q161316
1805:Related
1776:Allicin
1668:…roseum
1663:…nigrum
1635:Allium…
1580:Pickled
1361:…anceps
1328:Allium…
1309:Vidalia
1294:Shallot
1194:species
488:ovaries
484:anthers
444:Lebanon
422:, is a
252:magicum
164:Allium
147:Genus:
117:Order:
72:Plantae
2259:Onions
2254:Allium
2164:PLANTS
2133:679985
2120:135709
2107:165640
2055:112120
2016:158184
1964:189347
1912:626472
1899:155867
1896:APDB:
1725:Pistou
1284:Potato
1257:Yellow
1237:Calçot
1204:Garlic
1199:Chives
1192:Allium
1179:Allium
1084:Phyton
1074:Allium
1049:subg.
1047:Allium
1005:sect.
1003:Allium
711:Seosan
691:nigrum
673:Boiss.
642:Bornm.
492:Levant
480:tepals
476:Scapes
460:Oregon
448:Israel
446:, and
436:Cyprus
432:Turkey
302:roseum
152:Allium
2215:WoI:
2140:PFI:
2068:42647
2037:IRMNG
1959:EUNIS
1951:ALLNI
1925:65X6V
1653:…moly
1553:Fried
1299:Sweet
1279:Pearl
1267:White
1214:Onion
1135:photo
1029:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
768:(xls)
757:(xls)
707:Taean
695:Latin
571:Jacq.
522:is a
494:) in
440:Syria
418:, or
377:Zucc.
305:Maire
293:Maire
290:album
280:Jacq.
263:G.Don
250:var.
243:Baker
166:subg.
105:Clade
92:Clade
79:Clade
2218:1089
2177:POWO
2169:ALNI
2143:6925
2102:NCBI
2063:ITIS
2024:IPNI
2003:2326
1998:GRIN
1985:GBIF
1946:EPPO
1907:BOLD
1616:Solo
1304:Tree
1209:Leek
1115:2016
1096:2015
709:and
701:Uses
566:and
458:and
361:Haw.
2226:WFO
2195:843
2190:RHS
2089:NBN
2050:ISC
1972:FNA
1933:EoL
1920:CoL
1262:Red
510:of
462:).
300:f.
288:f.
2250::
2228::
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1106:.
1088:49
1086:.
1082:.
1063:60
1061:.
1055:.
1022:65
1020:.
1014:.
980:,
963:,
946:,
929:,
912:,
895:,
878:,
850:^
833:^
800:^
783:^
759:.
736:,
724:^
635::
627:.
564:L.
559::
442:,
438:,
434:,
414:,
271:L.
206:L.
107::
94::
81::
49:)
1170:e
1163:t
1156:v
1117:.
1098:.
1038:.
866:.
845:.
777:.
693:(
23:.
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