491:(guide, conductor), was the highest rank in the Almogavar force. The Adalid required wisdom, courage, intelligence and loyalty in order to guide the army on appropriate routes and to avoid danger, as well as knowledge of the land to secure places for shelter, with adequate water, firewood and grazing, and to know how to track the steps of the enemy. Among these functions were to prepare and organise expeditions and sole authority to make all decisions about raids, and he had a status similar to that of a knight (lower nobility). To appoint an Adalid, twelve Adalids or, in their absence, other authorised officials met and swore in the name of the king that the candidate had the necessary talents to perform this duty. After this oath, the king or other official presented him with a sword and
439:
captive; and that is how they live. And they endure harsh living conditions which others could not endure. They could well spend two days without eating if necessary, eating herbs of the fields with no problem. And the adalids (leaders) who lead them know the country and roads. And they do not wear more than a tunic or shirt, be it summer or winter, and they wear leather breeches on their legs and leather sandals on their feet. And they wear a good knife and a good shoulder strap and a flint steel in their belt. And they each carry a good lance and two spears, as well as a leather shoulder bag, where they carry their food. And they are very strong and very quick, for escape and for pursuit, and they are
Catalans and Aragonese and Serrans.
1347:
537:
this: first to come to the
Adalids and show them for what reasons have to deserve to be so, then they should call twelve Almocadenes and make them swear to tell truth if that who wants to be a man Almocadén itself having four things: the first war to be knowing and guiding those with him they belonged; second, it endeavored to undertake the facts and strive to yours: the third to be light, as this is something that should be much the peon to achieve what any soon to take, and for knowing as well garrison when it was great need, the fourth is to be loyal to be a friend of his master and campaigns he leads. And this should be taken into account by the leader of peons.
383:, the Christian shepherds in order to continue to survive, these shepherds had to organize themselves into bands of outlaws and penetrate the enemy domain in search of what their people needed to survive. During these raids, which usually lasted only a few days, the Almogavars could live off the land and sleep way out in the open. The knowledge required to be able to perform in this struggle was gained in their former life as shepherds, since the majority of them had grown up among the wildest mountains, where the harshness of the climate made it so that the land did not provide many resources and they had to take full advantage of the few that were present.
33:
1256:
communities as prisoners, hid them in caves and demanded ransom or sold them far away as captives. Often these
Almogavars were acting not in their own territory, but in the neighboring one, to better ensure their impunity and further complicate the chase. To do so, they found moral justifications based on the suspicions against the Moors of the Murcian kingdom, accused of helping fellow Granadians in raids on Christian territory. At a popular level, in addition, the distinction between enemy Moors and Moors who were not was not very clear. Almogavars practicing this crime of kidnapping or
1109:. The mission of the Almogavar scouts was to observe possible entries of enemies and warn of this fact by smoke signals during the day and fire by night. These signals were transmitted from one scout to another, so that, after a little while the whole country could be warned. Other monitoring points were located on the main roads, where the mission was to stand guard against the numerous robberies of foot traffic. They also guarded mountain passes and river fords, especially the Cañaveral del Segura ford, near
612:
weapons of galleys", each one with a specific mission and that could be coordinated in the battlefield. They always retained their autonomy and were a permanent militia, because their modus vivendi consisted of making raids in enemy border territory. For this reason, they always carried light arms in order to move swiftly during the raids. These could easily last 2 or 3 days before getting to villages with decent booty. For this reason, their long marches proved their endurance, speed, and frugality.
673:
403:. They had full beards and dressed poorly, only in a short gown (both in summer and winter); they wore a thick leather belt and leather sandals. In addition, they always carried a good piece of flint with them that they struck their weapons with before going into battle, which gave off enormous sparks, which, together with their terrible cries, terrorized their enemies. Endowed with great valor and ferocity, those from the Crown of Aragon entered into combat to the cry of "
459:
living not in villages but in remote areas such as forests and mountains, as well as the description of their weapons, only refers to
Almogavars of the time indicated, and probably earlier centuries. The last Almogavars, those who from the second half of the 15th century to the 16th had the border of Granada as their sphere of influence, were residents of the towns there, very knowledgeable about the terrain, who rampaged against the Granadan territory.
415:
616:
their armor and shields from a distance, but especially fatally wounding the horses. They also got into the enemy formation to cut the hocks of the animals with their heavy knives, or impaled them with spears. In the melee they did not hesitate to use their heavy knives or maces to disembowel horses, and when the agonized mounts collapsed they rushed at the horsemen with their knives to kill them.
1136:
2134:
532:, 'the captain', 'he who leads'. He was of a lower rank and a captain of autonomous Almogavar groups; for this he was required to be knowledgeable about war and about leading his group, to have motivation, to know how to motivate his peers and to be light, to be faster and to be able to hide easily in addition to being fair, as set forth in Title XII, Act V of the entries (the Partidas):
387:
easier to make a living through attacks lasting a few days than by working hard for the whole year. This way of life went on being adopted by the inhabitants of the areas that bordered the Muslim territories as the
Christian kingdoms advanced toward the south. Also, the presence of Islamic Almogavars fighting alongside Catholic Almogavars is documented too.
558:(pawns) in Castile, these were of the lowest rank and the people who formed the bulk of the army. As the Law VI, Title VII established, of the codes (the Partidas), to be elected an Adalid it was necessary to have earlier been an Almogavar on horseback, and to be this, previously to be an Almocaden, and to be an Almocaden, previously an Almogavar.
1156:"They call Adalid in Spanish to the guides and heads of country people, who came to take land of enemies and these people called Almogavars formerly was rated the post of Adalid; were chosen by their Almogavars (...) on the trail they knew footprints of any wild animal or person so quickly and do not stop to conjecture; solving for signs (...) ".
1276:
prisoners robbed and sold by
Almogavars which belonged to three Catalan knights. In June, the king commanded that some Saracens be released, and returned their cows, mares and all other livestock that belonged to them, which were stolen by Almogavars. These criminal practices made Almogavars to fall into great disrepute.
607:
Their mission consisted of exploring the land where the army was advancing, standing at forefront and flanks, harassing the enemy, attacking their garrisons by surprise and intercepting their convoys. They preferred to fight in open order, but if they were in trouble they could form a compact mass to
541:
The
Almocaden was an Almogavar of demonstrated experience who was accepted as a leader by the Almogavars of his group. Just like the two previous grades, it also seems to be mounted on a horse, although we only have the reference of two Almocadenes on horse, and we are not sure it has always been the
536:
They now call
Almocadenes those who formerly were usually called leaders of the peons, and these are very advantageous in war; in places they can go in among the soldiers and accomplish things that those on horseback could not do. And so when he has there any peon that wants to be Almocadén has to do
1255:
When these activities were illegal in peacetime, some
Almogavars from Orihuela soon discovered that it was much safer to make raids in their own territory, where there were also Moors; the Islamic communities at the time of the conquest had accepted Christian domain. Almogavars took members of these
1015:
At 1235, the rich men and
Hidalgos (low nobility) Adalids and Almogavars (who were on the border of this kingdom) gathered in Andujar and entered into Cordoba lands, where they captured some Moors, who told them how the Cordoba city was very neglected, where no one was controlling or distrusting the
926:
The Aragonese Almogavars also distinguished themselves in the war against Castile (1296–1304), where they participated in considerable numbers, but in the 14th century their numbers dropped drastically because of the end of major wars of expansion and because a large number of them went to take part
873:, leading off the Catalan Revenge, a war of extermination and systematic looting against the civilian population of the Byzantine Empire between 1305 and 1307 in revenge and retaliation for the murder of Roger de Flor and the attempted annihilation of the company while it was stationed at Gallipoli.
615:
In the Europe of those times armoured heavy cavalry was the dominant shock force, so their tactics proved to be an innovation. The Almogavars were uncomfortable riding, and always fought afoot. Acting as light infantry, the first thing they did was throw their spears at the knights, piercing through
611:
Almogavars acted as light infantry and could act in collaboration with the heavy cavalry, but unlike other medieval infantry troops they did not require the support of them. In the mercenary companies, besides Almogavars, there were units of "knights, infantry, archers, scudars, and men guarding the
799:
had much more control over his captains than the enemies did. His crews were made up of specialized troops, instead of the more generic types used by his enemies. His archers were used initially, while his oarsmen Almogavars stayed under cover. These Almogavars were much more agile than the heavily
586:
When they were carrying out border incursions, the Almogavars usually fought in small, autonomous groups of five to fifteen men since they counted on surprise. In times of open warfare, the groups were made more numerous and we find mention of twenty or thirty comrades per group. Also, very rarely,
1067:
Besides the looting, they were engaged in other activities. When groups of bandits from Granada were detected going into in Christian territory, Almogavars hid by the roads they used or by their water sources, in order to surprise them as they passed by these places. Grateful municipalities across
1047:
and Zenetes coming from North Africa, which especially affected the western area of the border, caused the destruction of entire towns and the enslaving of its inhabitants, which led the survivors, without hope and with their lives broken, to join Almogavar groups commanded by Almocadenes, turning
1023:
They arrived in Cordoba on the night of 23 December 1235, with great daring and skill stealth mounted a scale, clambering disguised as Moors seizing the Puerta del Colodro. The first to climb the wall was Álvaro Colodro, then following his comrades. Such was the success achieved, other towers that
962:
The presence of Almogavars in Castile, despite being somewhat unknown, is well documented. They had as important a role in the conquest of Andalucia as at the border of Granada. In addition to the aforementioned role in the groups of Alfonso X, they are also mentioned in ballad 374 of said author.
598:
They were born during the violence of the frontier between the Islamic and the Christian world, and actually were often the cause of the frontier tensions. The frontier with the Saracen, not very attractive for people who wished for a life of quiet work, was a refuge for adventurers, of people who
566:
The Almogavars were considered one of the best infantries of their era. In an age where the cavalry was the favored weapon of armies and where the model of the chivalric ideal was a continuing myth, the Almogavars used the terrain to their advantage, fought at night and always went on foot without
462:
Their basic characteristics were lifelong dedication to war, not just as a profession but as a way of life, perfectly adapted to the conditions of the border with the Saracens, remuneration based on looting and the sale or rescue of prisoners, frugality and resistance to fatigue, light weapons and
438:
These people who are called Almogavars live for nothing more than the profession of arms. They don't live in the cities or the villages, but rather in the mountains and forests, and fight every day against the Saracens: and enter the Saracens' land for a day or two, pillaging and taking Saracens
1092:
Almogavars also used to work for intelligence services and surveillance, which depended on the municipalities or the royal officers, and were vital to the defense of the border with the Saracens. The surveillance of the border was based on two fixed networks of lookouts in the mountains with good
386:
But after many generations of leading this new kind of life that they had been pushed into by the invaders, it seems clear that a genuine warrior spirit formed in these shepherd communities, so that they ended up not knowing how to live by any other means than making war. In addition, it was much
1275:
Some Almogavar groups also committed abuses against the Christian population of the neighboring kingdoms, as in May 1296 when a Christian boy of five along with some Saracens had been captured by Almogavars in Murcia and sold as a Moorish captive. Also in May, James II ordered the return of some
942:(1353, 1354 and 1367), and yet again against Castile (1356–1369), but in the latter they no longer made up the bulk of the infantry but rather were special units for dangerous and explorers' raids. In 1384–1385 some small groups of 30 to 100 Almogavars participated in the war against the Earl of
857:
to drive back Turks took place in 1303 and 1304, and began with a series of great military victories that drove them back from Philadelphia to Cyzicus and in doing so brought great destruction to the Anatolian landscape. When the Almogavars insisted in receiving the agreed payment, the Byzantine
590:
It also must be emphasized that they were not exactly an army, but formed a very hard way of life, and they did not usually have any jobs: They took everything from their raids; so in times of peace, they were a great nuisance for any leader. The primary activity of these groups was to carry out
1244:
The end of the great wars of expansion in the Iberian Peninsula, with only the Kingdom of Granada resisting, meant the gradual decrease in the number of Almogavars. While the Granadian border offered good opportunities of profit, penetrating it was not as profitable as before, since most of the
458:
However, one has to keep in mind that these descriptions are not complete and that the description of the Almogavars, as much in clothing as in arms or way of life, differs more or less depending on place and time. Thus, the previous description of the Almogavars, which describes them as people
1231:
There are abundant references to the existence of Almogavars in the Kingdom of Portugal, who played an important role in the African campaigns in which they were immersed in the 15th and 16th centuries, where Almogavars and Almocadenes guarded the borders of the Portuguese possessions in North
579:; considering this and their military effectiveness, the Almogavars were a key part of his plan. In the year he wrote his chronicle (1315), the Almogavars were at the height of their fame, and had achieved renown throughout the Mediterranean for their exploits in Tunisia, Sicily, and in the
1084:
had already begun and before the Crown of Aragon also declared war on Granada, the roads of the kingdom of Murcia were so full of Almogavars that Pedro López de Ayala, who ruled the kingdom, advised against the move of the ambassadors of the king of Granada returning from the court of
1148:
Adalids played an important role in this conflict, as were those who knew the territory better and how to combat Granadians because they were familiar with them. They commanded hosts of Hidalgos (noblemen) from Oviedo. They are also described by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza in "War of
800:
armored knights with swords, as his enemies often used, especially on the moving deck of a galley at sea. Roger used trickery to disguise the size of his force. In addition, he sometimes kept some of his galleys hidden, to attack the rear of the enemy after the battle had started.
1019:
Before this very favorable news, they gather, Martin Ruiz de Argote, Domingo Munoz, Diego Munoz, Diego Martinez el Adalid, Pedro Ruiz de Tafur, Alvaro Colodro and Benito Banos, and agree to assault the suburbs of Cordoba, giving warning to Don Alvar Perez of Castro.
329:
From there he was passing downstream and captured the seat of Tahuste next to the banks of the Ebro; which he won through the bravery and great strength of Don Bachalla. And soon after began to set people talking about war and training hard for it, they called them
1339:. This cyclops is represented by a wild blacksmith who feeds on human flesh. He also has no knees, so he can not bend, and long legs like masts of a ship. He faces a young hero named Dedaliya. This tradition, in various versions, is usually called by the title of
963:
There, it is told how a group of Almogavars achieved nothing in their brawls until they decided to hold a vigil in the chapel of Alcazar, after which they came out on horseback and won victory with good booty, offering the Virgin a cloth of purple and gold.
495:. Then he stood on a shield and the king or his representative unsheathed the sword and placed it in his hand. The adalids lifted their new colleague high, facing eastwards, and he made a pattern in the air with his sword, in the form of the cross and said:
1673:"Joan Martínez Omar, Adalid del Rey (...) fuera Moro (...) este Adalid veniera con el Rey quando venció al Rey Alobasen cerca de Tarifa, et le guió la hueste por buenos logares, el Rey fiaba mucho dél (...) manguer que oviese seido de la ley de los Moros"
1245:
captured Moors ended up being slaves and their price did not justify the risk of crossing the border to catch them. Moreover, in peacetime royal officials closely watched these activities, so it was very difficult to sell those captives as slaves.
788:
against King Peter the Great of Aragon. This crusade was declared based on King Peter's intervention in Sicilian affairs against the papal will. Most of the conflict took place in Catalonia, although the first episode took place in the frontier of
1079:
When Almogavars deployed throughout the border, it was very difficult for any potential enemy to pass, unless it was a large contingent of troops or someone who knew the area very well and passed through fields at night. In April 1309, when the
227:
engaged in looting and surprise attacks. The first documented historical reference appeared in the chronicle "Akhbar muluk Al-Andalus" or "Chronicle of the Moor Rasis", the history of the kings of Al-Andalus, written between 887 and 955 by
803:
Roger was also infamous for the ruthless sackings and the devastation of his actions, often driven only by greed and personal advantage. On the other side, his reputation alone possibly caused some enemies to lose heart during a battle.
42:, in which the war cries used by the Almogavars are described: "the Almogavars shout: Rise Iron! , Rise! ... What do we say? The battle was so strong and cruel, but in the end, all the Franks rose up in one cry: Aragon! , Aragon!."
260:
And the city of Saraqusta was the chamber of the Almojarifes for a long time, and was the choice of the warriors. And when they fought the city of Saraqusta, and fought all the alcalles (Moorish chiefs) and Almogavars, they chose for
1116:
Sometimes municipalities required services of Almogavars to track Granadian robbers, that they knew well how to spot because they knew how to be quiet when they entered a Christian land; they used to replace iron horseshoes with
748:, studying how to take the capital to end the rebellion, "two Almogavars from Lorca came at midnight and knocked on the door" to alert him that, from Lorca, they had spotted a large contingent of Moors who headed towards Murcia.
1624:«Et la cibdad de Zaragoza fue mui grand tiempo camara de los Almojarifes, et fue escogida de los guerreadores. Et quando combatian la cibdad de Zaragoza, y se combatian todos los alcalles et Almogavares, et para si la escogian.»
913:
The culminating achievement of the Almogavars was the foundation of Aragonese rule over the duchy of Athens. Although the duchy eventually fell, even today the King of Spain still holds the title of 'Duke of Athens and
599:
enjoyed living with risks and who lived by the fist and by looting enemy territory. During the wars they joined the army, most of the time without a salary, but in exchange for rights on the loot, and being fed.
1821:"las cosas que han de ir a bien, siempre han de ir, y subir de un grado a otro mejor. Así como se hace del buen peón un buen Almocadén, y del buen Almocadón buen almogávar de caballo, y de aquel, el buen Adalid"
511:
Initially this was a lifelong responsibility, but from the end of the 14th century it became hereditary, which brought the Adalid still closer to the lower ranks of the nobility. They went mounted on horses.
881:
After a period of internal conflict, the Great Company left the line and moved to Greece where it was hired by the Duke of Athens, who didn't pay what they agreed to; so the Almogavars marched against the
858:
Emperor refused. In 1305, Roger de Flor and his lieutenants were assassinated by orders of the Emperor while meeting to discuss terms on their compensation. This assassination may have been instigated by
772:
and Sicily. The Almogavars formed the most effective element of his army. Their discipline, ferocity and the force with which they hurled their javelins made them formidable against heavy cavalry of the
310:
Even though there were no contemporary chronicles of the events of the 11th and 12th centuries, the first time that any Christian Almogavars are mentioned is in a testimony by Jerónimo Zurita in his
591:
small raids in enemy territory with the objective of taking livestock and captives and then selling them. In times of war, the kings and local nobles encouraged these activities, which yielded the
1335:
the word "Catalan" means "ugly and wicked man." Likewise, "Catalan" or "Katallani" is designated in Albanian folklore as a monster with one eye, reminiscent in many ways the Cyclops
1252:(mountain crossbowmen) and head hunters, who held mainly defensive functions against frequent attacks from Granada. On the other, it meant drift of some Almogavars to banditry.
777:
armies. They fought against cavalry by attacking the enemies' horses instead of the knights themselves. Once a knight was on the ground he was an easy victim of an Almogavar.
1232:
Africa. Their military rank, exactly the same as their Castilian and Aragonese counterparts, is collected in Alfonsine Ordinances, and the Chronicle of King Manuel states "
307:
were the first Christians to adopt those strategies and fight like those groups of Saracens known as Almogavars, which eventually led to them being known by the same name.
1039:
Almogavars had a relevant presence at the border of Granada, where their ranks were made up of neighbors of the border localities and adventurers looking for booty in the
1722:
1548:
1128:
Almogavars were also a source of friction with the Crown of Castile, because of frequent Granadian reprisals after a raid of Valencian Almogavars, exercised against
399:
that fought on foot, with light arms and baggage, generally with a pair of javelins, one short spear ("ascona muntera" in Catalan, meaning "a hunting spear") and a
141:. At first, these troops were formed by farmers and shepherds originating from the countryside, woods and frontier mountain areas. Later, they were employed as
571:
gave them as much importance as the crossbowmen and heavy armoured knights. According to his view, the only way to effectively combat Islam and recover the
2154:
696:
Almogavars played an important role in the advance of the Crown of Aragon against the Islamic States, participating moreover in countless raids, in the
850:. Both kings of Aragon and Sicily agreed with this strategy as a viable alternative to having the Almogavar army standing unemployed in their realms.
946:. Shortly after, they defended the Principality of Catalonia against the invasion attempt of the Armagnac count in 1390, and the next attempt of the
503:
He then did the same facing the other cardinal points of the earth. The ceremony concluded, the adalid sheathed his sword and the king said to him:
2149:
1397:
VI is called "Almogávares". The first Spanish paratrooper unit was founded on 17 October 1953 and named after Almogavar commander Roger de Flor.
1346:
2180:
1477:
1064:, who after an attack in 1293 where the North Africans kidnapped over 200 captives to sell them as slaves, enlisted in the Almogavar ranks.
927:
in the expedition of Peter the Great to Sicily, from which many never returned but instead continued fighting in Italy, having enrolled in
1526:
1363:
In addition to having been rescued from the past to be represented in numerous parades, Almogavars have inspired some works of fiction:
1686:
2218:
2199:
1974:
1124:
Free activities of Almogavars originated numerous diplomatic conflicts with Granada, because they didn't respect the signed peace.
2000:
1382:
575:
was to start the war from the Spanish border, defeat the Moors of Al-Andalus, go to North Africa, and gradually moving up to the
479:, among which were fitness and endurance, as well as agility. Also in this legal code is found the codification of their ranks.
32:
1730:
1841:
680:
704:(1229–1232) and in the conquest of Valencia (1233–1245). In 1232, Almogovar armies took the strategic enclaves of Ares and
1331:
first published in 1915, includes the Catalans with the Turks as the greatest oppressors of the Bulgarian nation, while in
1289:
Almogavars were also known as "Catalans" in Byzantine Empire territories. The presence of the company left its mark on the
1541:
697:
372:
1394:
1351:
1612:
229:
82:
1024:
reached up to the Martos door, stayed Ajarquía conquered, until 29 June 1236 Córdoba surrenders to Ferdinand III.
839:
658:
639:
118:
2096:. Antonio Rubió y Lluch; Eusebi Ayensa; Curial Edicions Catalanes; Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2001
1219:
against aristocratic opposition led by the Marquis of Villena in his advocacy of the rights of the daughter of
1132:
border populations, because Almogavars from Valencia or Murcia had caused damage to the neighboring territory.
1053:
950:
count from 1396 up to 1397. In the 15th century, there were still groups of Almogavars in the Italian wars of
419:
1704:
1316:, the following saying was popularized: "I will flee from the Turks to fall into the hands of the Catalans".
938:(1309), in the campaigns of Granada (1330–1334), against the king of Mallorca (1343–1344), in expeditions to
951:
928:
895:
380:
1675:. Crónica de Alfonso XI, en Crónicas de los Reyes de Castilla, BAE, t. LXVI, Madrid 1953, vol. I, page 343a
1419:
819:
1204:
1165:
The first Almogavars acting here were those of the Crown of Aragon, especially those under the reign of
499:-I, N, challenge all the enemies of the faith in the name of God and of my Lord and King and of his land
38:
2234:
Morris, Paul N., ' "We Have Met Devils!" The Almogavars of James I and Peter III of Catalonia-Aragon',
1297:
and Greece. Devastation caused by Almogavars troops has created a negative connotation in some places.
1188:
Once they conquered Granada, veteran Almogavars embarked to conquer African coastal places, shelter of
705:
672:
1323:, the expressions "Catalan" or "Aragonese" and "son of Catalan" mean "evil man, soulless, torturer".
1049:
899:
472:
348:
134:
906:. They then divided the wives and possessions of the Frenchmen by lot, and summoned a prince of the
657:(1276–1285) led 15,000 of them in his expedition to Tunisia and Sicily, and they also fought in the
2260:
1249:
1220:
1208:
1166:
1098:
1048:
their new life into a continuous feeling of revenge. This was the case of many of the neighbors of
891:
793:
and Aragon. The Almogavars were at the service of King commanded by King Peter or Roger of Lauria.
757:
701:
676:
654:
643:
315:
292:
130:
122:
74:
1617:
1437:
1401:
1086:
1040:
972:
835:
713:
352:
284:
58:
2211:
The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon
113:
Almogavars were lightly clad, quick-moving frontiersmen and foot-soldiers. They hailed from the
1894:
Diccionario militar, etimológico, histórico, tecnológico, con dos vocabularios francés y alemán
1248:
This had several implications. On the one hand, the figure of Almogavars was transmuted to the
2214:
2195:
2176:
1970:
1837:
1473:
1432:
1216:
1200:
1093:
visibility, in the administration of Orihuela and another in Valencia procurement "beyond the
1034:
1008:
859:
781:
733:
725:
662:
635:
288:
276:
114:
1522:
1467:
1043:. Other times, the reason leading them to become Almogavars was revenge. The brutal raids of
646:
origins) are the best known because of their deeds and international protection, both in the
1374:
1125:
907:
887:
847:
765:
761:
739:
721:
693:
647:
304:
126:
66:
50:
1658:
Ruiz-Domènec, José Enrique (April 2010). "D'on van sorgir els almogàvers? 11 abril 2011".
1442:
1313:
1189:
1170:
1121:
horseshoes, which left some footprints and often unique pieces of this clothing material.
883:
865:
This betrayal resulted in the surviving Almogavars, who resisted for two years a siege in
831:
827:
813:
796:
774:
669:, participating in the battle of the pass of the Panizas (Coll de Panissars, in Catalan).
666:
631:
625:
580:
318:
reinforcing the fortress of El Castellar around 1105–1110 with visions of the conquest of
201:, 'the pilgrim', as in 'adjunct '). Another theory holds that it comes from the adjective
174:
103:
2061:"mandarao correr os Almogaures da banda da Serra contra Arzilla, para azederem os Mouros"
1293:
and the popular legend of the different regions where they went, including as far as the
275:
was also used during the last centuries of the Reconquista (reconquest of Spain), at the
991:
and Arenas. To the north of the castle of this locality exists a zone that was known as
2107:
1212:
1178:
1129:
1057:
843:
785:
476:
444:
427:
414:
138:
99:
2254:
2145:
2140:
1110:
976:
823:
520:
An intermediate grade between the Adalid and the Almocaden is documented in Castile.
356:
1834:
The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History
708:, opening the doors to the conquest of Valencia. After several failed attempts, in
408:
396:
146:
934:
The vacuum left never refilled, but yet were so remarkable in the crusade against
862:
merchants, who were conspiring to keep their own position of influence and power.
2001:
Nobleza del Andaluzia... Gonçalo Argote de Molina dedico i ofrecio esta historia.
2239:
1523:"The Siete Partidas: A Repository of Medieval Military and Tactical Instruction"
1418:
Almogavars appear as a unit capable of being recruited by Portugal and Spain in
1369:
1081:
1044:
943:
724:
which would unleash a series of tensions that ended with the signing of the new
592:
568:
404:
376:
249:
107:
2094:
El record dels Catalans en la tradició popular, històrica i literària de Grècia
1135:
1412:
1336:
1324:
935:
854:
716:
and an important almogavar contingent managed to seize the fortified place of
252:, cites the existence of some troops called Almogavars present in the city of
220:
736:
went to this kingdom to the aid of his son-in-law, he says in his Chronicle (
608:
fight off repeated cavalry charges, as happened against the Moors in Alcoll.
1377:, a Navy officer describes to his children the Almogavars as model soldiers.
980:
915:
866:
572:
253:
207:, which translates as 'prideful' or 'haughty'. Similarly the names of their
142:
971:
This place was for many years a place of raids by Almogavars of Aragonese,
822:
ended the war in southern Italy. 4,000 Almogavars, under the leadership of
334:, in 'el Castellar' who were on the frontier against the Moors of Zaragoza.
2083:
M. T. Ferrer i Mallol, La frontera amb l'Islam en el segle XIV, pp. 50-53.
1320:
1290:
1181:
recounted some of these battles, such as the occupation of the island of
1094:
1073:
939:
745:
400:
360:
343:, cap. XLI «De las guerras que el emperador don Alonso hizo a los moros»
319:
280:
17:
1405:
1387:
1332:
1305:
1294:
1174:
1118:
1089:, saying that they would surely be captured, even if they had a guide.
1061:
903:
790:
717:
492:
245:
224:
133:. In the Crown of Castile, the inner organization was managed by King
1301:
1182:
1069:
988:
984:
894:
and all his knights were defeated and slain by the Almogavars at the
870:
769:
729:
576:
150:
1373:, based on a semi-autobiographical script by the then head of state
1264:. Almogavars were so often dedicated to this activity that the word
720:, a town located in territory reserved for Castile according to the
587:
some Almogavars participated in corsair operations against Granada.
2165:
1390:, there is a unit called "Byzantine Almogavar" based on Almogavars.
1260:, consisting of taking a free person to sell as slave, were called
1211:, requested the rapid advent of "those Almogavares". Also hosts of
650:, as well as the Catalan Company, an Almogavar unit of great fame.
2139:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1645:
moros que entran a fazer mal e daño a los nuestros regnos (...)".
1345:
1134:
1102:
671:
471:
The requirements the Almogavars had to meet were compiled by King
413:
1703:
Antonio de Bofarull (ed. y trad. al castellano), Ramón Muntaner,
248:
describes the territories of Al-Andalus, and upon arrival at the
1106:
947:
709:
219:
The term was first used in the 10th century in the territory of
93:
2175:] (in Spanish). Sabiñanigo: ARA Cultural. pp. 1–728.
432:
Llibre del rei en Pere d'Aragó e dels seus antecessors passats
1786:
Els almogàvers a la frontera amb els sarrains en el segle XIV
1542:"Puntualizaciones acerca de la naturaleza de los Almogavares"
161:
There are several theories as to where this name comes from:
1404:
feasts, since the founding of the Company of Almogávares of
2025:"Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares" Guillermo Rocafort
426:
This is the famous description of an Almogavar, written by
1113:, where the guerrillas or armies used to cross the river.
434:(Book of King Peter of Aragon and of his past ancestors):
1139:
Kingdom of Granada, at whose borders the Almogavars acted
363:
identified as Almogavars, to help the Castilian monarch.
1461:
1459:
1400:
Almogavars are one of them most popular units of the
1234:
They sent Almogavars to run (...) to attack the Moors
752:
War in Sicily and crusade against the Crown of Aragon
449:
Libre del rei en Pere e dels seus antecessors passats
2243:
Moreno Echavarría, José María, '"Los almogávares"',
202:
190:
178:
162:
1969: ; ed. 62 ; Barcelona ; 1998 ;
208:
2164:
842:. This company was organized to fight against the
266:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Razi, Ajbàr mulùk Al-Andalus
1881:"Organització i defensa d'un territori fronterer"
1832:Kagay, Donald J.; Villalon, L. J. Andrew (1999).
1809:"Organització i defensa d'un territori fronterer"
1472:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 94.
1215:Almogavars intervened in the early reign of the
1869:Organització i defensa d'un territori fronterer
1857:Organització i defensa d'un territori fronterer
1622:
1154:
1013:
1011:by the Almogavars is told by Argote de Molina:
567:wearing armor, which gave them great mobility.
534:
436:
324:
258:
1836:. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 152.
1268:eventually ended up becoming synonymous with
1007:The beginning of the conquest of the city of
379:("Reconquest") and the military campaigns of
314:, which places the Almogavars in the time of
8:
2158:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1600:
196:
184:
168:
2073:TORRES FONTES, J: "Murcia Medieval... p. 80
516:Almogavar a llom cavall (mounted Almogavar)
1926:
1914:
1774:Los fronterizos murcianos en la Edad Media
1588:
1576:
395:They were characterized as being infantry
27:Medieval soldiers from the Crown of Aragon
1798:Ley VI. Título XII. Partidas de Alfonso X
2192:La compañía de los almogávares en Grecia
2049:Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares.
1469:Reconquest and crusade in medieval Spain
1359:Almogavar legacy in contemporary culture
373:Muslim invasion of the Iberian peninsula
279:, for designating the groups of Moorish
31:
1896:. Madrid: Depósito de la Guerra, p. 40.
1455:
1310:the revenge of the Catalans fall on you
287:on the border towns of the kingdoms of
2013:Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares
1988:Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares
1939:Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares
1883:. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol. p. 260
1871:. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol. p. 263
1859:. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol. p. 238
1811:. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol. p. 242
1648:Carta de Juan I de Castilla. 1385-I-24
1508:Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares
1494:Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares
1415:group, evokes Almogavars in its music.
1101:, i.e., in the area close to the line
110:, during the 13th and 14th centuries.
2194:(in Spanish), Madrid: Liber Factory,
1961:
1959:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1717:
1715:
1687:"El precio de la 'venganza catalana'"
1564:
1554:from the original on 18 January 2022.
1529:from the original on 18 January 2022.
244:. In his chronicle, the historian of
7:
1892:Almirante y Torroella, José (1869).
1753:La compañía de almogávares en Grecia
979:ancestry, especially in places like
507:-From henceforth you are an Adalid.
223:, to refer to small armed groups of
86:
2108:"Official page of the Spanish army"
2037:"Discurso das noticias de Portugal"
1173:made several raids on the coast of
782:Crusade against the Crown of Aragon
692:The Catalan, Aragonese, and later,
663:crusade against the Crown of Aragon
351:, loyal to his friendship with the
197:
185:
169:
1967:Diccionari d'Història de Catalunya
1352:6th Airborne Brigade "Almogávares"
1285:Negative connotation of Almogavars
931:armies or in the Catalan Company.
869:and concentrated on the region of
418:Painting of an Almogavar warrior.
25:
1510:. Guillermo Rocafort. p. 35.
1496:. Guillermo Rocafort. p. 31.
1308:, a popular saying included: may
327:Taking Tahuste. Almogavar guards.
2132:
958:Presence in the Crown of Castile
728:. When the Moorish rebellion in
653:They formed a numerous host, as
232:, known among Arabs by the name
106:used in the later phases of the
2213:, University of Chicago Press,
2163:Bolea Robles, Chusé L. (2010).
1709:, Barcelona, Jaime Jepús, 1860.
1082:war between Castile and Granada
886:, under the rule of the French
620:Presence in the Crown of Aragon
283:that launched attacks from the
256:for the first time in history:
1466:Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2004).
1280:Cultural and linguistic legacy
681:Battle of the Col de Panissars
562:Historic military significance
467:Requirements and military rank
407:Let's kill, let's kill", "for
240:) and among Christians as the
1:
2051:Guillermo Rocafort. pp. 35–36
1953:. Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana.
1685:Arroyo, F. (8 October 2005).
698:battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
2015:. Guillermo Rocafort. p. 114
1383:Assassin's Creed Revelations
683:. 1866. Bartomeu Ribó Térriz
189:, 'the carrier of news') or
98:) is the name of a class of
94:
1990:. Guillermo Rocafort. p. 81
1941:. Guillermo Rocafort. p. 32
1788:. María Teresa Ferrer. p. 2
1386:, a video game produced by
780:Between 1284 and 1285, the
679:with his Almogavars in the
463:hierarchical organization.
203:
191:
179:
177:for 'the raider'),
163:
39:Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner
2277:
2190:Boya Balet, Ángel (2014),
1097:" on the former border of
1076:, rewarded this activity.
1032:
853:The Almogavar campaign in
811:
665:, under the leadership of
623:
430:in his chronicle entitled
411:!" and "Aragon! Aragon!".
230:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Razi
215:Saracen origin of the term
102:soldier originated in the
2063:. Crónica del Rey Manuel.
2039:. Manoel de Faria y Souza
1367:In the 1942 Spanish film
1312:, while in the region of
840:Andronicus II Palaeologus
659:Principality of Catalonia
359:in 1177, with a group of
119:Principality of Catalonia
1343:, Daedalus and Catalan.
1300:In the Greek regions of
826:("Roger Blum", a former
732:took place in 1264, and
2209:Fancy, Hussein (2016),
2155:Encyclopædia Britannica
1613:Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada
952:Alfonso the Magnanimous
896:Battle of the Cephissus
744:) that while he was in
702:crusade against Majorca
648:Mediterranean expansion
595:of the booty obtained.
1626:
1420:Medieval II: Total War
1355:
1341:Daedalus dhe Katallani
1227:Almogavars in Portugal
1158:
1140:
1026:
890:. In March 1310, Duke
834:in the service of the
820:Peace of Caltabellotta
768:for the possession of
684:
630:The Almogavars of the
539:
454:
423:
346:
269:
78:
70:
62:
54:
43:
2167:Almugávares. Via Sus!
1776:. Juan Torres Fontes.
1349:
1205:battle of Aljubarrota
1138:
1054:Alcala de los Gazules
675:
420:José Moreno Carbonero
417:
35:
2173:Almogavars. Via Sus!
1951:La Venjança catalana
1411:Lurte, an Aragonese
1190:pirates and corsairs
1068:the border, such as
993:Campo de Almogavares
367:Socioeconomic origin
299:Christian adaptation
211:derive from Arabic.
135:Alfonso X of Castile
2245:Círculo de Lectores
1540:F, Maíllo Salgado.
1395:Paratrooper Brigade
1250:Ballestero de monte
1167:Peter III the Great
1099:kingdom of Valencia
1003:Conquest of Cordoba
910:to rule over them.
892:Walter V of Brienne
836:Emperor of the East
758:Peter III of Aragon
714:calatravian knights
655:Peter III of Aragon
487:From the Arab word
316:Alfonso I of Aragon
131:Kingdom of Portugal
123:Kingdom of Valencia
1751:Ángel Boya Balet,
1637:"(...)almogavares
1618:De rebus Hispaniae
1438:Battle of Halmyros
1402:Moros y Cristianos
1356:
1141:
1041:kingdom of Granada
997:Land of Almogavars
756:On 30 March 1282,
685:
424:
375:, the wars of the
355:, went to besiege
353:kingdom of Castile
349:Alfonso the Chaste
285:kingdom of Granada
44:
2182:978-84-613-8317-7
1733:on 28 August 2010
1601:Bolea Robles 2010
1479:978-0-8122-1889-3
1433:Kingdom of Murcia
1217:Catholic Monarchs
1035:Border of Granada
1029:Border of Granada
726:Treaty of Almizra
712:, a coalition of
634:(originally from
115:Kingdom of Aragon
92:
83:Andalusian Arabic
36:Page 114r of the
16:(Redirected from
2268:
2223:
2204:
2186:
2170:
2159:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1729:. Archived from
1719:
1710:
1706:Crónica catalana
1701:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1521:Jurg, Gassmann.
1518:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1375:Francisco Franco
1203:, coming to the
888:House of Brienne
848:Byzantine Empire
846:, defending the
784:was declared by
766:Sicilian Vespers
762:Charles of Anjou
740:Llibre dels Fets
722:Treaty of Cazola
554:(countrymen) or
552:hombres de campo
452:
357:al-madinat Kunka
344:
341:Anales de Aragón
312:Annals of Aragón
267:
206:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
182:
172:
171:
166:
127:Crown of Castile
97:
91:romanized:
90:
88:
21:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2250:
2231:
2229:Further reading
2221:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2162:
2148:, ed. (1911). "
2144:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1927:Boya Balet 2014
1925:
1921:
1915:Boya Balet 2014
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1589:Boya Balet 2014
1587:
1583:
1577:Boya Balet 2014
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1443:Desperta Ferro!
1429:
1361:
1350:Guindom of the
1287:
1282:
1242:
1229:
1198:
1196:Other conflicts
1171:Roger de Lauria
1163:
1146:
1037:
1031:
1005:
969:
967:Kingdom of Jaen
960:
924:
908:house of Aragon
884:Duchy of Athens
879:
877:Duchy of Athens
832:Catalan Company
816:
814:Catalan Company
810:
808:Catalan Company
797:Roger of Lauria
754:
700:(1212), in the
690:
677:Peter the Great
667:Roger of Lauria
632:Crown of Aragon
628:
626:Crown of Aragon
622:
605:
581:Catalan Company
564:
548:
526:
518:
485:
483:Adalid (leader)
469:
453:
443:
393:
371:Because of the
369:
345:
338:
301:
277:Granadan border
268:
265:
217:
159:
104:Crown of Aragon
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2160:
2146:Chisholm, Hugh
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2099:
2085:
2076:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1992:
1980:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1905:Ríu, 1988: 432
1898:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1842:
1824:
1813:
1801:
1790:
1778:
1757:
1755:(1987), p. 21.
1744:
1725:Bernat Desclot
1711:
1696:
1677:
1665:
1650:
1628:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1532:
1513:
1499:
1485:
1478:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1398:
1391:
1378:
1360:
1357:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1241:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1197:
1194:
1179:Ramon Muntaner
1162:
1159:
1145:
1142:
1058:Medina-Sidonia
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1004:
1001:
968:
965:
959:
956:
923:
920:
878:
875:
830:), formed the
828:Knight Templar
812:Main article:
809:
806:
786:Pope Martin IV
753:
750:
689:
686:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
604:
601:
563:
560:
547:
544:
525:
522:
517:
514:
484:
481:
477:Siete Partidas
468:
465:
445:Bernat Desclot
441:
428:Bernat Desclot
392:
389:
368:
365:
336:
300:
297:
263:
238:The Chronicler
216:
213:
209:military ranks
158:
155:
145:in Italy, the
139:Siete Partidas
100:light infantry
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:9780226329642
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2201:9788499496412
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2141:public domain
2130:
2129:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977: ; p. 31
1976:
1975:84-297-3521-6
1972:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:, p. 19.
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:(Awake iron!)
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Ivan M. Vazov
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
921:
919:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
876:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Roger de Flor
821:
818:In 1302, the
815:
807:
805:
801:
798:
794:
792:
787:
783:
778:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:waged war on
759:
751:
749:
747:
743:
741:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
627:
619:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
596:
594:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
561:
559:
557:
553:
545:
543:
538:
533:
531:
523:
521:
515:
513:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
490:
482:
480:
478:
474:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:, cap. LXXIX.
450:
446:
440:
435:
433:
429:
421:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
361:foot soldiers
358:
354:
350:
342:
335:
333:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
214:
212:
210:
205:
193:
181:
176:
165:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
96:
84:
81:; originally
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
2244:
2235:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2166:
2153:
2126:Bibliography
2111:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1929:, p. 29
1922:
1917:, p. 27
1910:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1752:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1724:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1596:
1591:, p. 18
1584:
1579:, p. 17
1572:
1567:, p. 58
1560:
1535:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1468:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1340:
1328:
1327:in the poem
1318:
1309:
1299:
1288:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1199:
1187:
1164:
1161:North Africa
1155:
1150:
1147:
1123:
1115:
1091:
1078:
1066:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1016:Christians.
1014:
1006:
996:
992:
970:
961:
933:
925:
912:
880:
864:
852:
817:
802:
795:
779:
755:
737:
691:
652:
629:
614:
610:
606:
597:
593:King's fifth
589:
585:
565:
555:
551:
550:Also called
549:
540:
535:
529:
528:From Arabic
527:
519:
510:
506:
505:
502:
498:
497:
488:
486:
470:
461:
457:
455:
448:
437:
431:
425:
409:Saint George
397:shock troops
394:
385:
370:
347:
340:
331:
326:
325:
311:
309:
302:
272:
270:
259:
241:
237:
233:
218:
160:
147:Frankokratia
112:
95:al-mughā́wir
46:
45:
37:
29:
2238:v. 4 (2000)
2236:Anistoriton
2150:Almogávares
1169:and led by
1144:Granada war
1045:Benimerines
922:Late period
661:during the
569:Ramon Llull
530:al-muqaddem
405:Awake iron!
391:Description
377:Reconquista
339:J. Zurita,
250:Ebro Valley
180:al-mukhābir
164:al-mughāwir
143:mercenaries
108:Reconquista
79:almogávares
63:almugávares
55:almogávares
2261:Almogavars
1843:0851156452
1737:19 January
1565:Fancy 2016
1450:References
1413:folk metal
1393:In Spain,
1337:Polyphemus
900:Orchomenus
855:Asia Minor
764:after the
381:Al Andalus
332:almogavars
242:Moor Rasis
234:Al-Tarikhi
221:Al-Andalus
192:al-mujāwir
75:Portuguese
71:almogàvers
47:Almogavars
2113:5 January
2027:. p. 100.
1723:"Crònica
1662:(102): 6.
1354:(Obverse)
1314:Parnassus
1266:Almogavar
1262:Collerats
1258:"collera"
1126:Valencian
981:Pegalajar
973:Navarrese
916:Neopatria
867:Gallipoli
694:Valencian
644:Valencian
636:Aragonese
573:Holy Land
546:Almogavar
524:Almocaden
473:Alfonso X
305:Aragonese
273:Almogavar
271:The word
254:Saraqusta
157:Etymology
59:Aragonese
18:Almogàver
2255:Category
1549:Archived
1527:Archived
1427:See also
1408:in 1955.
1329:Pirates,
1321:Bulgaria
1291:folklore
1270:Collerat
1221:Henry IV
1209:Portugal
1207:against
1087:James II
1074:Orihuela
944:Ampurias
940:Sardinia
746:Orihuela
688:Conquest
442:—
401:falchion
337:—
320:Zaragoza
293:Valencia
264:—
225:Saracens
149:and the
129:and the
2143::
1691:El País
1660:Sàpiens
1641:tierra
1406:Villena
1388:Ubisoft
1333:Albania
1306:Boeotia
1295:Balkans
1240:Decline
1213:Murcian
1175:Tunisia
1149:Granada
1130:Murcian
1119:esparto
1062:Lebrija
1009:Cordoba
936:Almeria
904:Boeotia
860:Genoese
791:Navarre
775:Angevin
734:James I
718:Villena
706:Morella
640:Catalan
603:Tactics
493:baldric
475:in the
281:bandits
246:Qurtuba
198:المجاور
186:المخابر
170:المغوار
137:in the
87:المغاور
67:Catalan
51:Spanish
2217:
2198:
2179:
2137:
1973:
1840:
1621:(1243)
1476:
1302:Attica
1201:John I
1183:Djerba
1070:Murcia
989:Huelma
985:Cambil
977:Basque
929:Guelph
871:Thrace
770:Naples
730:Murcia
577:Levant
556:peones
542:case.
422:. 1898
289:Murcia
175:Arabic
151:Levant
125:, the
121:, the
117:, the
2171:[
1552:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1111:Cieza
1103:Busot
1095:Júcar
1050:Vejer
898:, or
844:Turks
489:dalid
261:them.
204:gabar
2215:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2115:2012
1971:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1739:2014
1474:ISBN
1370:Raza
1304:and
1107:Biar
1060:and
975:and
948:Foix
710:1240
642:and
303:The
291:and
2152:".
1380:In
1319:In
1236:".
1072:or
999:).
918:'.
902:in
2257::
1958:^
1760:^
1714:^
1689:.
1643:de
1639:de
1615::
1547:.
1525:.
1458:^
1272:.
1223:.
1192:.
1185:.
1177:.
1105:–
1056:,
1052:,
987:,
983:,
954:.
838:,
638:,
583:.
447:,
322::
295:.
173:;
153:.
89:,
85::
77::
73:;
69::
65:;
61::
57:;
53::
2247:.
2224:.
2205:.
2185:.
2117:.
1846:.
1741:.
1727:"
1693:.
1482:.
1422:.
1151::
995:(
742:"
738:"
236:(
195:(
183:(
167:(
49:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
