388:
31:
651:. These seminal compounds appear to contain chemicals which decrease female remating, and enhance the number of eggs laid by the female. The prespermatophoric ejaculate also likely contains nutritive compounds, which contribute to the health of future offspring and the female herself. While instances of remating are low in almond moths, it is most likely to occur in instances where the female received only seminal compounds and no spermatophore. The spermatophore contains two different kinds of
629:. Once a male has approached, the female will assume an acceptance posture. This is marked by tensing of the abdominal muscles, which raises the abdomen, spreads the wings, and retracts the ovipositor. To commence copulation, the female remains mostly stationary while the male goes through a series of movements known as "fronting-up", which ensures genital contact. Fronting-up involves the male positioning himself first in front of the female and rapidly flapping his wings, which contain many
74:
48:
434:
around 200 eggs at a time. The timing and number of eggs oviposited has been shown to vary based on several factors, including temperature, humidity, access to water, and type of food source. Low temperatures delay oviposition, and low humidity or lack of access to water seems to reduce the number of
659:
in the female moth by filling her reproductive tract, and thus prolonging the time period before she can remate. Male moths living in a population with high larval density produce higher ratios of apyrene to eupyrene sperm, presumably due to the fact that high larval population density increases the
604:
are correlated with several outcomes that benefit male moths. First, a large spermatophore decreases the likelihood that the recipient female will remate, and if she does, a large spermatophore ensures a better chance of paternity for the first male moth. Mating decreases lifespan for both male and
448:
The almond moth thrives best in warm, humid environments. The ideal temperature range for development is 30–32 degrees
Celsius (86–90 degrees Fahrenheit), and the ideal humidity range is 70-80%. In optimal conditions, it takes about three and a half days for eggs to hatch, and the larvae go through
400:
Larval almond moths are hatched onto a variety of dry food products, which then serve as their primary food source. Although the moth infests several different kinds of food, the larvae develop most rapidly on wheat-based products. Moreover, cracked or ground seed and grain products are more ideal
646:
In the almond moth, mating lasts between 1.5 and 2 hours. Female moths will mate with both virgin and mated males, but when given a choice in a laboratory setting, females preferentially copulated with mated males. During mating, males first deliver a volume of seminal compounds followed by the
688:
The almond moth is commonly regarded as a pest because it can be found in various kinds of dry food products including, but not limited to: dried fruits, wheat products, flours, nuts, and seeds. A variety of means by which to control the spread of almond moths have been explored. While
1181:"A Comparison of Two Parasitoids, Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichnemonidae), and a Predator Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Supressing Residual Populations of the Almond Moth, Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)"
600:; most males will remate multiple times, but only around 20% of females will remate. Although the amount of sperm produced by males decreases across subsequent copulations, this appears to have no effect on the number of eggs laid and offspring hatched by the female. However, larger
680:). Even so, successful mating between the species is highly unlikely since they are mechanically isolated from one another. The male sex pheromone serves as a key species recognition signal. This, in addition to other mechanical barriers to insemination, make copulation rare.
1254:
Brower, John H.; Press, John W. (1990-06-01). "Interaction of Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and
Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Suppressing Stored-Product Moth Populations in Small Inshell·Peanut Storages".
1218:
Haines, C. P. (December 1981). "Laboratory studies on the role of an egg predator, Blattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) (Acari: Ascidae), in relation to the natural control of
Ephestia Cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Warehouses".
379:, its habitat is often some kind of dry food product which is stored in a warehouse or similar industrial environment. Most commonly, they are found in dried fruits, but they have also been found in nuts, beans, flour, and other grains.
697:, these products can present harmful consequences for the environment and for the humans who consume the foods on which the almond moth feeds. Thus, the exploration of natural enemies of the almond moth (including various kinds of
582:
does not directly kill the infected moth which houses it, because its primary means of spreading are through the moth's reproduction. Only moths who live to adulthood will be able to reproduce and thus spread the bacteria further.
335:
Adult almond months are predominantly light brown in color, with smaller hind wings that are typically gray. When extended, its wingspan ranges from 14 to 22 mm. The back edges of the wings are lined with a short fringe.
387:
637:
in contact. The female will either assume an acceptance posture, which essentially means that she remains immobile, or a rejection posture, which can involve movement away from the male or flapping of wings.
1670:
Grant, G. G.; Smithwick, E. B.; Brady, U. E. (1975-06-01). "Courtship behavior of phycitid moths. II. Behavioral and pheromonal isolation of Plodia interpunctella and Cadra cautella in the laboratory".
1380:
McNamara, Kathryn B.; Jones, Therésa M.; Elgar, Mark A. (2007-06-01). "No cost of male mating experience on female reproductive success in the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae)".
30:
1423:
McNamara, Kathryn B.; Elgar, Mark A.; Jones, Therésa M. (2009). "Large spermatophores reduce female receptivity and increase male paternity success in the almond moth, Cadra cautella".
1001:
Leonard LeCato, G. (1976). "Yield, development, and weight of Cadra cautella (Walker) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) on twenty-one diets derived from natural products".
1547:
McNamara, Kathryn B.; McKenzie, Julia L.; Elgar, Mark A.; Jones, Therésa M. (2012-08-01). "A female preference for experienced males in the almond moth, Cadra cautella".
457:
stages lasts around seven days in optimal temperature and humidity. Adult females live on average for ten days and adult males live for an average of six to seven days.
1071:
McNamara, Kathryn B.; Elgar, Mark A.; Jones, Therésa M. (2008-07-01). "A longevity cost of re-mating but no benefits of polyandry in the almond moth, Cadra cautella".
359:, it has spread to many regions around the globe due to its tendency to infest dry goods that are shipped internationally. For example, it has been transported across
435:
eggs oviposited by any given female. Preferred food source upon which to oviposit may vary with the strain of almond moth. Typically, females will oviposit at night.
1979:
1739:
2041:
1458:
Gothilf, S.; Shaaya, E.; Levski, S. (1993-01-12). "Effect of sex, age and mating on attraction of Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lep., Phycitidae) to stored food".
966:
Burges, H. D.; Haskins, K. P. F. (May 1965). "Life-cycle of the tropical warehouse moth, Cadra cautella (Wlk.), at controlled temperatures and humidities".
1600:
McNamara, Kathryn B.; Elgar, Mark A.; Jones, Therésa M. (2008). "Seminal compounds, female receptivity and fitness in the almond moth, Cadra cautella".
621:. Female moths will start by taking on some variation of a calling posture, which typically involves a bowed abdomen, spread wings, and the release of
1635:
McNamara, Kathryn B.; Elgar, Mark A.; Jones, Therésa M. (2010-01-01). "Adult
Responses to Larval Population Size in the Almond Moth, Cadra cautella".
655:: eupyrene sperm, which contains genetic material, and apyrene sperm, which is sterile. The presence of apyrene sperm is thought to produce a larger
1953:
299:
Other common names, particularly in nonbiological literature, are dried currant moth and fig moth, which invite confusion with the close relatives
401:
for larvae than whole seeds or grains because the larvae are unable to penetrate shells or hulls, which makes feeding more difficult. The
1992:
1914:
905:
630:
1723:
2135:
2130:
2120:
1114:
Mullen, M. A.; Arbogast, R. T. (1977-10-01). "Influence of
Substrate on Oviposition by Two Species of Stored-Product Moths".
539:
inside. These parasites will kill the larva inside and later emerge from the egg themselves. Other kinds of wasps, including
1149:
Steele, R. W. (April 1970). "Copulation and
Oviposition Behaviour of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)".
1325:"Regulation of Wolbachia Density in the Mediterranean Flour Moth, Ephestia kuehniella, and the Almond Moth, Cadra cautella"
2028:
185:
536:
2125:
1849:
1816:
487:
which will feed on almond moth eggs throughout its life cycle, and has been considered as a mechanism for controlling
1932:
633:. Eventually, the male will make a complete rotation so that they are facing in opposite directions with only their
929:
2046:
1945:
312:
1031:
Gordon, D. M.; Stewart, R. K. (1988). "Demographic
Characteristics of the Stored-Products Moth Cadra cautella".
289:
73:
656:
324:
1756:
950:
837:"Wolbachia Infections and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in the Almond Moth and the Mediterranean Flour Moth"
519:
417:
Adult almond moths do not eat during their short lifespan but will drink water if they have access to it.
1854:
634:
479:
168:
1997:
823:
2056:
1888:
1803:
713:
Because of its wide distribution and accidental introductions, it has become known under a number of
618:
1794:
597:
2020:
942:
Clarke, John
Frederick Gates (1986): Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago.
617:
by attracting a male through the adoption of several positions which indicate her receptivity for
2115:
1617:
1582:
1508:"Some Aspects of the Courtship Behaviour of Ephestia Cautella (walker) (lepidoptera: Phycitidae)"
1483:
1440:
1405:
1362:
1200:
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923:
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68:
1984:
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227:
1940:
1927:
1808:
1524:
1507:
1471:
815:
714:
541:
1821:
672:
The almond moth often takes part in courtship with other species, especially with the
311:(dried fruit moth). Like the raisin moth, the almond moth has achieved an essentially
2109:
1648:
1162:
1014:
648:
601:
406:
1831:
1621:
1586:
1487:
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870:
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509:
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which feeds preferentially on the eggs and early larval stages of the almond moth.
402:
1613:
1436:
900:. Subramanyam, Bhadriraju., Hagstrum, David W., 1944-. New York: M. Dekker. 1996.
2033:
2015:
1966:
1788:
1715:
694:
524:
500:
488:
344:
247:
125:
38:
1779:
1738:
Savela, Markku (2009): Markku Savela's
Lepidoptera and some other life forms –
347:
is 12–15 mm long and identifiable by the pattern of spots along its back.
1560:
1393:
1232:
1084:
979:
702:
626:
504:
273:
255:
1919:
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558:
474:
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360:
270:
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135:
105:
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and do not eat, but may drink if water is available. The mating system is
2069:
1867:
1862:
1841:
1773:
1127:
698:
563:
320:
1706:
Schöller, Matthias; Flinn, Paul W. (2000). "Parasitoids and Predators".
1569:
1204:
1180:
47:
1958:
1341:
1324:
853:
836:
277:
1971:
535:, and they will puncture the eggs of almond moths and leave their own
450:
355:
Almond moths are found around the world. Although it thrives best in
243:
115:
95:
60:
1750:
1684:
1052:
1906:
1323:
Ikeda, Takashi; Ishikawa, Hajime; Sasaki, Tetsuhiko (2003-02-01).
652:
575:
386:
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316:
231:
145:
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532:
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239:
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56:
1893:
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574:
is transmitted from mother to offspring, as it resides in the
1292:"Mass Production of Egg Parasites of the Genus Trichogramma"
296:, which are also common pantry pests in the same subfamily.
705:) has been pursued as a means to control infestations.
315:
due to inadvertent transport with food products in its
409:; larvae will also eat eggs and other smaller larvae.
1026:
1024:
1179:
Press, J. W.; Cline, L. D.; Flaherty, B. R. (1982).
1066:
1064:
1062:
549:
parasitize almond moth larvae in the later instars.
527:
and, as such, are known to parasitize almond moths.
1763:
898:
Integrated management of insects in stored products
507:of the almond moth. Several parasites of the genus
835:Sasaki, Tetsuhiko; Ishikawa, Hajime (1999-10-01).
1708:Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM
1174:
1172:
961:
959:
1744:. Version of 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
453:over a period ranging from 17 to 37 days. The
327:; however, many females will only mate once.
8:
1185:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1751:
1710:. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 229–271.
817:Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins
319:form. Adults live for about 10 days after
46:
29:
20:
1568:
1523:
1506:Barrer, P. M.; Hill, R. J. (1977-11-01).
1340:
1307:
852:
523:are common among organisms in the order
808:
613:In almond moths, females will initiate
343:are mostly gray with darker heads. The
1501:
1499:
1497:
921:
499:A variety of species within the order
375:As almond moths exists primarily as a
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
693:and other chemical agents may reduce
7:
2057:e2e46777-0a5a-4e2b-bcb9-c2c1431989ba
1946:efde5b37-a02b-44f6-b9e7-ac225b033865
944:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1549:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1382:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1151:Journal of Stored Products Research
1073:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1003:Journal of Stored Products Research
430:Generally, adult female moths will
1525:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1977.tb00110.x
1472:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1993.tb01180.x
1221:Bulletin of Entomological Research
968:Bulletin of Entomological Research
605:female moths relative to virgins.
14:
280:may be confused with the related
1649:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01714.x
1512:Australian Journal of Entomology
262:), and more specifically to the
72:
566:which infects several types of
1257:Journal of Economic Entomology
331:Description and identification
1:
1614:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.018
1460:Journal of Applied Entomology
1437:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.007
570:, including the almond moth.
226:) is a small, stored-product
203:
1163:10.1016/0022-474X(70)90013-5
1015:10.1016/0022-474x(76)90021-7
515:T. evanescens, T. cacoeciae,
1716:10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4_9
1673:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2152:
1561:10.1007/s00265-012-1366-8
1394:10.1007/s00265-006-0347-1
1233:10.1017/s0007485300010075
1085:10.1007/s00265-008-0573-9
1033:Journal of Animal Ecology
980:10.1017/s0007485300049877
733:Wileman & South, 1918
596:Almond moths are largely
313:cosmopolitan distribution
200:
193:
174:
167:
69:Scientific classification
67:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
1290:Flanders, S. E. (1930).
1116:Environmental Entomology
642:Factors affecting mating
609:Female/male interactions
290:Mediterranean flour moth
55:Caterpillar (below) and
2136:Insect pests of millets
2131:Moths described in 1863
1312:– via CAB Direct.
1309:10.3733/hilg.v04n16p465
730:Cryptoblabes formosella
684:Interaction with humans
269:of the huge snout moth
218:tropical warehouse moth
2121:Household pest insects
928:: CS1 maint: others (
786:Nephopterix passulella
778:Nephopteryx desuetella
592:Lifetime mating habits
578:of its host. As such,
392:
230:. Almond moths infest
1269:10.1093/jee/83.3.1096
770:Ephestia rotundatella
678:Plodia interpunctella
480:Blattisocius tarsalis
390:
286:Plodia interpunctella
1941:Fauna Europaea (new)
668:Interspecific mating
491:of the almond moth.
294:Ephestia kuehniella)
250:. It belongs to the
754:Ephestia passulella
547:Venturia canescens,
2126:Cosmopolitan moths
1342:10.2108/zsj.20.153
1329:Zoological Science
1128:10.1093/ee/6.5.641
854:10.2108/zsj.16.739
841:Zoological Science
625:from the female's
471:Xylocoris flavipes
393:
305:(raisin moth) and
2103:
2102:
2078:Open Tree of Life
1757:Taxon identifiers
798:
794:Pempelia cautella
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
746:Ephestia irakella
742:
738:Ephestia cautella
734:
726:
662:sperm competition
657:refractory period
391:almond moth larva
357:tropical climates
302:Cadra figulilella
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1602:Animal Behaviour
1597:
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1572:
1555:(8): 1141–1147.
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1466:(1–5): 139–144.
1455:
1449:
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1425:Animal Behaviour
1420:
1414:
1413:
1388:(8): 1177–1184.
1377:
1371:
1370:
1344:
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1314:
1313:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1263:(3): 1096–1101.
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1167:
1166:
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1111:
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1079:(9): 1433–1440.
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762:Ephestia pelopis
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732:
724:
722:Cadra defectella
351:Geographic range
180:
160:C. cautella
77:
76:
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33:
21:
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1302:(16): 465–501.
1289:
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715:junior synonyms
711:
686:
674:Indian mealmoth
670:
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555:
531:are very small
497:
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308:Cadra calidella
282:Indian mealmoth
189:
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71:
17:
16:Species of moth
12:
11:
5:
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2147:
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1928:Fauna Europaea
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1822:Cadra_cautella
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1809:Cadra_cautella
1800:
1795:Cadra cautella
1785:
1769:
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1765:Cadra cautella
1761:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1741:Cadra cautella
1731:
1724:
1698:
1679:(6): 827–832.
1662:
1627:
1608:(3): 771–777.
1592:
1539:
1518:(3): 301–312.
1493:
1450:
1431:(4): 931–936.
1415:
1372:
1335:(2): 153–157.
1315:
1282:
1246:
1227:(4): 557–574.
1210:
1191:(4): 725–728.
1168:
1157:(3): 229–245.
1141:
1122:(5): 641–642.
1106:
1058:
1039:(2): 627–644.
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1643:(1): 39–46.
1640:
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1570:11343/283316
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1036:
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1009:(1): 43–47.
1006:
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824:PDF fulltext
822:: 105–109 .
819:
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811:
797:Walker, 1863
793:
785:
781:Walker, 1866
777:
773:Turati, 1930
769:
765:Turner, 1947
761:
753:
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737:
729:
725:Walker, 1864
721:
712:
687:
677:
671:
645:
631:scent scales
612:
595:
579:
571:
557:
556:
546:
540:
529:Trichogramma
528:
520:T. brassicae
518:
514:
513:, including
510:Trichogramma
508:
498:
489:infestations
478:
470:
469:
447:
439:Life history
429:
416:
403:caterpillars
399:
383:Food sources
374:
354:
339:Almond moth
338:
334:
306:
300:
298:
293:
285:
248:dried fruits
242:, and other
222:
221:
217:
213:
211:
201:
177:
175:
159:
158:
146:
24:Almond moth
18:
2016:NatureServe
1967:iNaturalist
1829:AfroMoths:
1789:Wikispecies
749:Amsel, 1959
695:infestation
525:Lepidoptera
501:Hymenoptera
426:Oviposition
367:shipments.
345:caterpillar
256:snout moths
214:almond moth
126:Lepidoptera
59:(above) in
39:Caterpillar
2110:Categories
803:References
691:pesticides
660:threat of
627:ovipositor
623:pheromones
619:copulation
598:polygynous
444:Life cycle
325:polygamous
274:Phycitinae
106:Arthropoda
2116:Phycitini
1693:0008-4301
1657:1439-0310
1579:0340-5443
1534:1440-6055
1480:1439-0418
1402:0340-5443
1351:0289-0003
1296:Hilgardia
1277:0022-0493
1241:1475-2670
1197:0022-8567
1136:0046-225X
1093:0340-5443
988:1475-2670
953:(214 MB!)
949:: 1–485.
924:cite book
863:0289-0003
703:parasites
699:predators
635:genitalia
615:courtship
580:Wolbachia
572:Wolbachia
559:Wolbachia
505:parasites
495:Parasites
466:Predators
361:Polynesia
288:) or the
271:subfamily
267:Phycitini
260:Pyralidae
154:Species:
136:Pyralidae
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
41:and moth
2021:2.745160
1993:LepIndex
1985:10870518
1863:BugGuide
1839:BioLib:
1832:CADRCAUT
1780:Q2893450
1774:Wikidata
1637:Ethology
1622:53144161
1587:17669452
1488:84481614
1445:53148391
1410:43892095
1359:12655178
1205:25084352
1101:37093852
916:32853462
871:85734865
709:Synonyms
564:bacteria
553:Diseases
475:true bug
432:oviposit
321:eclosion
195:Synonyms
132:Family:
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
2093:8010787
1959:1873890
1868:1196652
1367:8806495
576:ovaries
537:progeny
461:Enemies
451:instars
371:Habitat
278:species
276:. This
188:, 1863)
142:Genus:
122:Order:
116:Insecta
112:Class:
2090:uBio:
2083:288020
2054:NZOR:
1972:215616
1933:441809
1920:305494
1907:EPHECA
1894:361516
1722:
1691:
1655:
1620:
1585:
1577:
1532:
1486:
1478:
1443:
1408:
1400:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1275:
1239:
1203:
1195:
1134:
1099:
1091:
1051:
986:
914:
904:
869:
861:
587:Mating
413:Adults
396:Larvae
341:larvae
317:larval
252:family
244:grains
186:Walker
63:husks
61:peanut
2070:26354
2047:12985
2005:LoB:
1980:IRMNG
1915:EUNIS
1881:695BW
1855:50158
1842:50473
1618:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1484:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1201:JSTOR
1097:S2CID
1049:JSTOR
867:S2CID
653:sperm
533:wasps
455:pupal
449:five
365:copra
363:with
264:tribe
232:flour
147:Cadra
2042:NCBI
2008:5661
1998:9368
1954:GBIF
1902:EPPO
1850:BOLD
1720:ISBN
1689:ISSN
1653:ISSN
1575:ISSN
1530:ISSN
1476:ISSN
1398:ISSN
1355:PMID
1347:ISSN
1273:ISSN
1237:ISSN
1193:ISSN
1132:ISSN
1089:ISSN
1053:4929
984:ISSN
930:link
912:OCLC
902:ISBN
859:ISSN
701:and
545:and
517:and
503:are
485:mite
405:are
377:pest
240:oats
236:bran
228:pest
212:The
204:text
57:pupa
2029:NBN
1889:EoL
1876:CoL
1817:AFD
1804:ADW
1712:doi
1681:doi
1645:doi
1641:116
1610:doi
1565:hdl
1557:doi
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1468:doi
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1433:doi
1390:doi
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947:416
849:doi
254:of
216:or
2112::
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1969::
1956::
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932:)
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676:(
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184:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
