229:, the blood pressure decreased. He proposed that the ergotoxine caused "selective paralysis of motor myoneural junctions" (i.e. those tending to increase the blood pressure) hence revealing that under normal conditions that there was a "mixed response", including a mechanism that would relax smooth muscle and cause a fall in blood pressure. This "mixed response", with the same compound causing either contraction or relaxation, was conceived of as the response of different types of junctions to the same compound.
31:
183:
167:
237:, Professor of Pharmacology at Medical College of Georgia, published a paper concerning adrenergic nervous transmission. In it, he explicitly named the different responses as due to what he called α receptors and β receptors, and that the only sympathetic transmitter was adrenaline. While the latter conclusion was subsequently shown to be incorrect (it is now known to be noradrenaline), his receptor nomenclature and concept of
245:, and thereby promulgate the role played by α and β receptor sites in the adrenaline/noradrenaline cellular mechanism. These concepts would revolutionise advances in pharmacotherapeutic research, allowing the selective design of specific molecules to target medical ailments rather than rely upon traditional research into the efficacy of pre-existing herbal medicines.
254:
197:
By the turn of the 19th century, it was agreed that the stimulation of sympathetic nerves could cause different effects on body tissues, depending on the conditions of stimulation (such as the presence or absence of some toxin). Over the first half of the 20th century, two main proposals were made to
232:
This line of experiments were developed by several groups, including DT Marsh and colleagues, who in
February 1948 showed that a series of compounds structurally related to adrenaline could also show either contracting or relaxing effects, depending on whether or not other toxins were present. This
565:
Epinephrine (adrenaline) reacts with both α- and β-adrenoreceptors, causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. Although α receptors are less sensitive to epinephrine, when activated at pharmacologic doses, they override the vasodilation mediated by β-adrenoreceptors because there are
2780:
Prischich, Davia; Gomila, Alexandre M. J.; Milla-Navarro, Santiago; Sangüesa, Gemma; Diez-Alarcia, Rebeca; Preda, Beatrice; Matera, Carlo; Batlle, Montserrat; Ramírez, Laura; Giralt, Ernest; Hernando, Jordi; Guasch, Eduard; Meana, J. Javier; de la Villa, Pedro; Gorostiza, Pau (2020). "Adrenergic
594:
Smooth muscle behavior is variable depending on anatomical location. Smooth muscle contraction/relaxation is generalized below. One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle. Increased cAMP will promote relaxation in smooth muscle,
578:, resulting in overall dilation with increased sympathetic stimulation. At lower levels of circulating epinephrine (physiologic epinephrine secretion), β-adrenoreceptor stimulation dominates since epinephrine has a higher affinity for the β
224:
explored the effects of adrenaline (which he called adrenine at the time), injected into animals, on blood pressure. Usually, adrenaline would increase the blood pressure of these animals. Although, if the animal had been exposed to
2104:(decreased motility), veins (vasodilation of blood vessels), especially those to skeletal muscle (although this vasodilator effect of norepinephrine is relatively minor and overwhelmed by α adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction)
3668:
Hieble JP, Bylund DB, Clarke DE, Eikenburg DC, Langer SZ, Lefkowitz RJ, Minneman KP, Ruffolo RR (June 1995). "International Union of
Pharmacology. X. Recommendation for nomenclature of alpha 1-adrenoceptors: consensus update".
2360:
receptor. There was a subtype known as C, but it was found to be identical to one of the previously discovered subtypes. To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Before June 1995 α
8881:
3783:
217:, who interpreted many experiments to then propose that there were two neurotransmitter substances, which they called sympathin E (for 'excitation') and sympathin I (for 'inhibition').
570:
receptors than β-adrenoreceptors. The result is that high levels of circulating epinephrine cause vasoconstriction. However, the opposite is true in the coronary arteries, where β
6135:
120:
3590:
Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES (December 2000). "The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system".
8347:
7285:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
3482:
Kamalakkannan G, Petrilli CM, George I, et al. (2008). "Clenbuterol increases lean muscle mass but not endurance in patients with chronic heart failure".
3776:
8217:
2922:
Elliott J (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction".
8607:
8602:
1589:, thus changing the calcium content in a cell. This triggers all other effects, including a prominent slow after depolarizing current (sADP) in neurons.
8638:
7983:
6128:
8598:
7384:
7379:
6091:
233:
again supported the argument that the muscles had two different mechanisms by which they could respond to the same compound. In June of that year,
8622:
8304:
8299:
8294:
7260:
3769:
8678:
7548:
7375:
6073:
6064:
3392:"Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function"
8289:
7235:
6055:
3710:
3525:
3156:
1558:
9047:
7463:
7275:
6745:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6121:
60:
stimulates cells to increase energy production and utilization. The membrane the receptor is bound to in cells is shown with a gray stripe.
3088:
3541:
Santulli G, Lombardi A, Sorriento D, Anastasio A, Del
Giudice C, Formisano P, Béguinot F, Trimarco B, Miele C, Iaccarino G (March 2012).
8276:
6925:
6082:
8181:
7150:
2657:
3008:"Excitatory actions of noradrenaline and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb"
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
7038:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6459:
2756:
2332:
2312:
1260:
156:
2405:
Cannon WB, Rosenbluth A (31 May 1933). "Studies On
Conditions Of Activity In Endocrine Organs XXVI: Sympathin E and Sympathin I".
8632:
8627:
7567:
7562:
6643:
6638:
2327:
8811:
8718:
7572:
6818:
6573:
3258:"Convergence of major physiological stimuli for renin release on the Gs-alpha/cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway"
2307:
8667:
8662:
8196:
7437:
7432:
7280:
7129:
7124:
6100:
3105:
Moro C, Tajouri L, Chess-Williams R (2013). "Adrenoceptor function and expression in bladder urothelium and lamina propria".
1403:
1238:
1112:
928:
9042:
8201:
5091:
3439:
Kline WO, Panaro FJ, Yang H, Bodine SC (2007). "Rapamycin inhibits the growth and muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol".
554:
1480:α receptors have actions in common, but also individual effects. Common (or still receptor unspecified) actions include:
8658:
6998:
6993:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6046:
889:
885:
881:
642:
638:
634:
8192:
6759:
6754:
6215:
6195:
4925:
4475:
4215:
3803:
1762:
1741:
1529:
1414:
1249:
874:
627:
434:
420:
379:
357:
350:
343:
298:
276:
269:
262:
101:
7192:
7187:
7043:
7033:
7028:
7013:
7008:
6981:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6708:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6148:
4380:
2893:"Functional studies of the first selective beta 3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes"
2256:
2076:
2011:
1860:
1357:
1196:
1061:
500:
493:
486:
124:
93:
73:
7229:
7224:
7219:
6989:
6875:
6703:
6685:
6666:
6659:
6178:
2959:"Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat"
2836:"Paroxetine is a direct inhibitor of g protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and increases myocardial contractility"
1783:
receptor, causing less NE release from the presynaptic neuron. This decreases the effect of NE. There are also α
8784:
8653:
8613:
8259:
7183:
7145:
7004:
6793:
6717:
6671:
6161:
4398:
1543:
937:
829:
715:
128:
5046:
3307:"Ghrelin secretion stimulated by {beta}1-adrenergic receptors in cultured ghrelinoma cells and in fasted mice"
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7457:
7452:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7349:
7215:
7099:
7067:
7062:
7024:
7019:
6930:
6654:
1943:
1613:
857:
610:
202:
There were (at least) two different types of neurotransmitters released from sympathetic nerve terminals, or
7170:
7165:
7082:
7077:
6676:
6277:
6272:
4811:
4503:
4493:
4064:
3821:
3737:
2317:
2135:
2040:
effect), and rate of relaxation of the myocardium, by increasing calcium ion sequestration rate (positive
1829:
1820:
1586:
1494:
696:
210:
8715:
7553:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7493:
7448:
7345:
7208:
7203:
7155:
7058:
7053:
6840:
6724:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6282:
6267:
6144:
5010:
4786:
4429:
2052:
1582:
1566:
620:
253:
3860:
2530:
Marsh DT, Pelletier MH, Rose CA (Feb 1948). "The comparative pharmacology of the N-alkyl-arterenols".
123:
have these receptors, and the binding of a catecholamine to the receptor will generally stimulate the
8765:
8423:
7735:
7558:
7543:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7120:
7073:
6750:
6729:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6113:
5669:
3318:
3174:"Abundance and stability of complexes containing inactive G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins"
1995:
1646:
970:
758:
1425:
8588:
7523:
7414:
7198:
7161:
6626:
6255:
5348:
5214:
4690:
4596:
3993:
3899:
1277:
109:
4725:
4705:
2483:"On the action of ergotoxine; with special reference to the existence of sympathetic vasodilators"
1779:
on, for example, norepinephrine (NE). When NE is released into the synapse, it feeds back on the α
8807:
8318:
8142:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7178:
6553:
6526:
6263:
3795:
3464:
2582:
1658:
615:
221:
214:
2892:
3085:
3056:
586:
adrenoreceptor, producing vasodilation followed by decrease of peripheral vascular resistance.
205:
There were (at least) two different types of detector mechanisms for a single neurotransmitter.
182:
30:
8673:
8617:
8263:
7993:
7988:
7443:
7140:
6489:
5779:
5754:
5674:
4552:
4302:
4167:
3706:
3678:
3650:
3599:
3572:
3521:
3499:
3456:
3421:
3346:
3287:
3205:
3152:
3122:
3068:
3057:"Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: biochemical and pharmacological correlations"
3037:
2988:
2939:
2904:
2873:
2855:
2816:
2808:
2762:
2752:
2720:
2712:
2671:
2663:
2653:
2574:
2539:
2512:
2463:
1909:
1883:
1825:
1776:
1399:
1234:
1108:
924:
764:
143:, increases heart rate, mobilizes energy, and diverts blood flow from non-essential organs to
40:
5433:
4760:
4013:
7468:
7390:
7240:
5749:
5313:
5156:
4955:
4533:
4295:
4285:
3846:
3640:
3630:
3562:
3554:
3491:
3448:
3411:
3403:
3336:
3326:
3277:
3269:
3236:
3195:
3185:
3114:
3027:
3019:
2978:
2970:
2931:
2863:
2847:
2798:
2790:
2702:
2566:
2502:
2494:
2453:
2445:
2414:
2291:
1933:
1736:
1721:
1601:
1547:
1513:
1509:
1484:
1407:
1392:
1242:
1227:
1101:
1021:
917:
796:
685:
668:
538:
397:
386:
364:
339:
316:
305:
283:
258:
234:
3543:"Age-related impairment in insulin release: the essential role of β(2)-adrenergic receptor"
3241:
3224:
1682:
blood vessels of ciliary body and (stimulation of dilator pupillae muscles of iris causes
8861:
8648:
8457:
7746:
7428:
7395:
7135:
6432:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
4547:
3855:
3365:
3092:
2159:
2150:
2120:
1966:
1919:
1695:
1578:
1554:
1383:
1221:
1014:
950:
774:
692:
680:
144:
17:
3701:
Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ (2007). "Chapter 11: Noradrenergic transmission".
3322:
545:
binding thus causes a rise in the intracellular concentration of the second messenger (G
8734:
7594:
7422:
6649:
6442:
6437:
6427:
6403:
6373:
6368:
5659:
5328:
5293:
5014:
4770:
4680:
4433:
4298:
4018:
3973:
3645:
3618:
3567:
3542:
3341:
3306:
3282:
3257:
3200:
3173:
3032:
3007:
2983:
2958:
2868:
2835:
2507:
2482:
2458:
2433:
2274:
2182:
2155:
2111:
2025:
1887:
1745:
1699:
1691:
1667:
1574:
1369:
1297:
1212:
1120:
1077:
898:
743:
647:
412:
331:
188:
166:
81:
3416:
3391:
9036:
8789:
8438:
8433:
8428:
7354:
7290:
6358:
5809:
5649:
5333:
5277:
5234:
4895:
4819:
4685:
4624:
4513:
4402:
4314:
4068:
3988:
3983:
3927:
3914:
3727:
2935:
2707:
2690:
2602:
2570:
2418:
2235:
2201:
2089:
1953:
1903:
1866:
1845:
1605:
1597:
1490:
1217:
1141:
1052:
907:
728:
723:
660:
375:
294:
77:
53:
3468:
3452:
3305:
Zhao TJ, Sakata I, Li RL, Liang G, Richardson JA, Brown MS, et al. (Sep 2010).
8711:
7109:
7103:
6713:
6698:
6521:
6288:
5834:
5819:
5764:
5259:
5081:
5026:
5018:
4990:
4950:
4869:
4835:
4650:
4445:
4437:
4418:
4406:
4290:
4159:
4135:
4095:
2586:
2498:
2449:
2225:
2029:
1978:
1926:
1856:
1732:
1637:
1621:
1458:
1365:
1321:
1292:
1287:
1204:
1187:
1150:
1136:
1083:
1069:
1026:
955:
902:
847:
837:
801:
781:
655:
415:. There are two main groups of adrenoreceptors, α and β, with 9 subtypes in total:
408:
327:
89:
3732:
3118:
557:(PKA), which mediates some of the intracellular events following hormone binding.
3761:
3495:
1787:
receptors on the nerve terminal membrane of the post-synaptic adrenergic neuron.
5959:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5814:
5789:
5774:
5759:
5724:
5709:
5689:
5684:
5654:
5634:
5609:
5594:
5539:
5484:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5363:
5358:
5264:
5249:
5219:
5209:
5194:
5165:
5136:
4980:
4970:
4945:
4935:
4900:
4843:
4806:
4735:
4730:
4710:
4675:
4611:
4586:
4576:
4557:
4518:
4388:
4265:
4260:
4220:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4145:
4140:
4115:
4090:
4084:
4049:
4008:
4003:
3968:
3953:
3948:
3894:
3884:
3865:
3826:
2033:
1982:
1915:
1707:
1672:
1373:
1343:
1338:
1307:
1208:
1172:
1087:
1073:
1041:
975:
894:
865:
753:
733:
703:
651:
392:, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of
311:, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of
172:
85:
3742:
3311:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1828:
in the neuronal synapses - presynaptic inhibition of norepinephrine release in
9013:
8929:
8156:
6024:
6014:
6004:
5989:
5984:
5969:
5949:
5944:
5919:
5914:
5899:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5839:
5829:
5824:
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5784:
5744:
5734:
5714:
5664:
5644:
5624:
5619:
5599:
5584:
5579:
5569:
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5534:
5529:
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5489:
5479:
5459:
5438:
5423:
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5393:
5388:
5373:
5368:
5353:
5338:
5323:
5318:
5308:
5298:
5254:
5239:
5229:
5204:
5199:
5180:
5170:
5151:
5146:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5076:
5066:
5061:
5005:
4995:
4985:
4975:
4915:
4905:
4885:
4880:
4865:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4801:
4796:
4745:
4740:
4720:
4715:
4670:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4606:
4591:
4581:
4542:
4528:
4424:
4414:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4330:
4306:
4280:
4270:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4205:
4190:
4163:
4125:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4080:
4076:
4039:
3998:
3978:
3958:
3943:
3909:
3889:
3841:
3836:
3273:
2192:
2172:
2097:
2041:
1961:
1937:
1663:
1449:
1444:
1348:
1328:
1302:
1282:
1271:
1167:
1157:
1131:
1000:
995:
985:
980:
960:
811:
738:
550:
507:
404:
393:
323:
312:
2859:
2812:
2766:
2716:
8722:
8643:
6165:
6019:
6009:
5994:
5974:
5964:
5939:
5909:
5889:
5884:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5804:
5799:
5769:
5739:
5729:
5694:
5679:
5639:
5629:
5614:
5604:
5589:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5519:
5514:
5494:
5464:
5428:
5383:
5378:
5343:
5303:
5244:
5224:
5185:
5131:
5116:
5101:
5071:
5032:
5000:
4965:
4960:
4930:
4875:
4857:
4853:
4823:
4815:
4755:
4695:
4665:
4640:
4601:
4567:
4523:
4461:
4392:
4384:
4365:
4350:
4340:
4335:
4320:
4310:
4275:
4245:
4230:
4225:
4210:
4200:
4179:
4150:
4130:
4119:
4072:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4034:
3963:
3904:
3875:
3831:
3331:
2675:
2270:
2229:
2188:
2116:
2107:
2037:
1877:
1816:
1683:
1465:
1439:
1379:
1312:
1182:
1091:
1046:
1031:
965:
821:
816:
791:
786:
748:
664:
427:
241:, remains. In 1954, he was able to incorporate his findings in a textbook,
147:. These effects together tend to increase physical performance momentarily.
140:
49:
3654:
3603:
3576:
3503:
3460:
3350:
3291:
3209:
3126:
3041:
2877:
2820:
2794:
2578:
2543:
2516:
2467:
1956:– prevent sudden death related to this condition, which is often caused by
396:
activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. The β receptor couples to
315:
activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. The β receptor couples to
3682:
3425:
3072:
3023:
2992:
2943:
2908:
2724:
2691:"Interaction Between α and β-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Cardiovascular Effects"
595:
while promoting increased contractility and pulse rate in cardiac muscle.
8947:
8925:
5904:
5894:
5844:
5719:
5704:
5699:
5509:
5474:
5469:
5443:
5418:
5285:
5175:
5141:
5022:
4920:
4910:
4890:
4861:
4847:
4791:
4765:
4750:
4632:
4562:
4451:
4441:
4325:
4171:
4155:
4099:
3935:
3870:
3190:
2974:
2220:
2176:
2146:
2101:
1991:
1972:
1957:
1835:
1809:
1803:
1501:
1162:
1036:
990:
945:
911:
806:
676:
132:
3635:
239:
two different types of detector mechanisms for a single neurotransmitter
8018:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
5999:
5979:
5954:
5849:
5574:
5499:
4940:
4508:
4456:
4410:
2803:
2280:
2239:
2165:
2139:
2093:
2059:
1799:
1500:
Subtype unspecific α agonists (see actions above) can be used to treat
1387:
1333:
1177:
1095:
1005:
842:
707:
672:
542:
371:
290:
3558:
3520:. United States of America: MCGraw-Hill Education. 2018. p. 148.
3407:
2851:
44:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8856:
8801:
8796:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8593:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8231:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8137:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7978:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7269:
6960:
6783:
6777:
6347:
6342:
6332:
6327:
5269:
4616:
4498:
3919:
2295:
2212:
2129:
1986:
1947:
1715:
1711:
1652:
1632:
1617:
113:
3619:"Short-term tocolytics for preterm delivery - current perspectives"
8996:
8687:
8682:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8445:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8226:
8221:
8211:
8206:
8147:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7299:
7264:
7114:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6920:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6812:
6772:
6767:
6690:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6337:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
3705:(6th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 169–170.
2667:
2048:
1703:
1625:
1508:
secretion). Subtype unspecific α antagonists can be used to treat
1505:
338:
The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are
257:
The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are
226:
88:(adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like
2557:
Ahlquist RP (Jun 1948). "A study of the adrenotropic receptors".
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8369:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8161:
8151:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7418:
7294:
6788:
4700:
2216:
1642:
1609:
136:
8922:
8709:
8257:
6159:
6117:
3765:
2219:– reduce bronchial smooth muscle contraction thus dilating the
8186:
2036:
effect), stroke volume (by enhancing contractility – positive
3752:
3747:
220:
The second hypothesis found support from 1906 to 1913, when
3147:
Fitzpatrick D, Purves D, Augustine G (2004). "Table 20:2".
910:
mixed effects, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) inhibition,
3390:
Large V, Hellström L, Reynisdottir S, et al. (1997).
3095:
M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning
Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
3055:
Schmitz JM, Graham RM, Sagalowsky A, Pettinger WA (1981).
2652:. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. pp. 54, 129–134.
1912:– increase cardiac output thus redistributing blood volume
3061:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2532:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1542:
protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Upon activation, a
3366:"Adrenergic and Cholinergic Receptors in Blood Vessels"
2751:(8th ed.). United Kingdom: Elsevier. p. 179.
2092:
relaxation throughout many areas of the body, e.g. in
1969:– reduce peripheral sympathetic hyper-responsiveness
1899:
Subtype unspecific β agonists can be used to treat:
1675:(although minor relative to the relaxing effect of β
9006:
8940:
8775:
8733:
8579:
8456:
8275:
8128:
7745:
7593:
7586:
7092:
6980:
6973:
6738:
6625:
6616:
6452:
6357:
6254:
6186:
6177:
5452:
5054:
5045:
4779:
4486:
4474:
4027:
3814:
3802:
3743:
2924:
Journal of
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2747:Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2016).
1735:– decrease blood pressure by decreasing peripheral
3617:Haas DM, Benjamin T, Sawyer R, Quinney SK (2014).
2604:Pharmacology in medicine: a collaborative textbook
2601:
3256:Kim SM, Briggs JP, Schnermann J (February 2012).
2891:Nisoli E, Tonello C, Landi M, Carruba MO (1996).
1906:– increase cardiac output acutely in an emergency
1880:– relax penile smooth muscles and ease blood flow
1859:– decrease blood pressure-raising actions of the
3738:Adrenoceptors - IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology
1628:. Other areas of smooth muscle contraction are:
1775:protein. It is a presynaptic receptor, causing
6129:
3777:
3484:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
8:
2650:The adrenergic receptors in the 21st century
2044:effect), which aids in increasing heart rate
131:, which is triggered by experiences such as
3151:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer.
3006:Smith RS, Weitz CJ, Araneda RC (Aug 2009).
370:, which results in increased intracellular
289:, which results in increased intracellular
8937:
8919:
8730:
8706:
8272:
8254:
7590:
6977:
6622:
6183:
6174:
6156:
6136:
6122:
6114:
5051:
4483:
3811:
3784:
3770:
3762:
2208:(see actions above) can be used to treat:
1852:(see actions above) can be used to treat:
411:contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and
330:contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and
3644:
3634:
3566:
3415:
3340:
3330:
3281:
3240:
3199:
3189:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3031:
2982:
2867:
2802:
2706:
2506:
2457:
1946:– reduce heart rate and hence increasing
1748:within the prostate thus easing urination
2434:"On some physiological actions of ergot"
2294:, but are limited by the side effect of
2290:agonists could theoretically be used as
2197:involved in brain - immune communication
1841:decreases peripheral vascular resistance
597:
252:
29:
3623:International Journal of Women's Health
2957:Sagrada A, Fargeas MJ, Bueno L (1987).
2783:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2781:modulation with photochromic ligands".
2397:
2346:
2032:effect), conduction velocity (positive
1565:), which in turn causes an increase in
553:. Downstream effectors of cAMP include
209:The first hypothesis was championed by
7286:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
3242:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ehjsupp.a000770
2695:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
127:(SNS). The SNS is responsible for the
8290:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
3396:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2834:Tesmer JJ, et al. (2012-09-21).
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
1559:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
1538:-adrenoreceptors are members of the G
7:
3262:Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
3225:"How do heart failure patients die?"
3172:Qin K, Sethi PR, Lambert NA (2008).
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
27:Class of G protein-coupled receptors
3086:Circulation & Lung Physiology I
2352:
2350:
2028:by increasing heart rate (positive
852:Typical and atypical antipsychotics
675:& sphincter contraction of the
139:-causing situations. This response
3229:European Heart Journal Supplements
2559:The American Journal of Physiology
1925:Subtype unspecific β antagonists (
671:in the skin, mucosa and abdominal
574:response is greater than that of α
549:inhibits the production of cAMP)
25:
3518:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
3223:Ørn S, Dickstein K (2002-04-01).
2333:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
2313:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2
1577:(DAG). The former interacts with
157:History of catecholamine research
8639:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
2936:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x
2708:10.1097/00005344-198608004-00004
2571:10.1152/ajplegacy.1948.153.3.586
2419:10.1152/ajplegacy.1933.104.3.557
2328:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
485:β receptors are subdivided into
419:α receptors are subdivided into
385:, on the other hand, couples to
304:, on the other hand, couples to
243:Drill's Pharmacology in Medicine
181:
165:
8599:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
6092:Monoamine metabolism modulators
3453:10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2006
2308:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
1940:thus stabilizing heart function
7261:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2499:10.1113/jphysiol.1913.sp001592
2450:10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001148
2407:American Journal of Physiology
2125:uptake of potassium into cells
1:
8679:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
7549:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
6074:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
6047:Receptor/signaling modulators
3748:Theory of receptor activation
3441:Journal of Applied Physiology
3119:10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.011
1886:– enhance mood by increasing
555:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
3703:Rang and Dale's Pharmacology
3496:10.1016/j.healun.2008.01.013
2749:Rang and Dale's pharmacology
2689:Zwieten, Van; A, P. (1986).
407:activity, resulting in e.g.
403:and increases intracellular
326:activity, resulting in e.g.
322:and increases intracellular
9048:G protein-coupled receptors
7464:Prolactin-releasing peptide
6149:G protein-coupled receptors
5157:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4534:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4381:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3847:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3728:Alpha receptors illustrated
1763:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
1742:benign prostate hyperplasia
1530:Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
1516:caused by norepinephrine).
74:G protein-coupled receptors
9064:
6083:Monoamine releasing agents
3012:Journal of Neurophysiology
2257:Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
2254:
2242:smooth muscle contractions
2181:thickened secretions from
2077:Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
2074:
2062:secretion from the stomach
2012:Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
2009:
1975:– reduce number of attacks
1861:sympathetic nervous system
1760:
1527:
356:or β-adrenoreceptors. The
275:or β-adrenoreceptors. The
154:
125:sympathetic nervous system
108:, which are used to treat
18:Alpha-adrenergic receptors
8936:
8918:
8729:
8705:
8271:
8253:
6173:
6155:
6037:
4399:Tricyclic antidepressants
3370:Cardiovascular Physiology
3274:10.1007/s10157-011-0494-1
2648:Perez, Dianne M. (2006).
2487:The Journal of Physiology
2438:The Journal of Physiology
1936:– decrease the output of
1812:release from the pancreas
1771:receptor couples to the G
1608:, including those of the
1382:, promotes relaxation of
619:
614:
609:
606:
603:
600:
582:adrenoreceptor than the α
198:explain this phenomenon:
76:that are targets of many
8785:Calcium-sensing receptor
8654:Methuselah-like proteins
3733:The Adrenergic Receptors
2608:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1929:) can be used to treat:
1679:receptor on bronchioles)
1596:receptor mainly involve
1544:heterotrimeric G protein
129:fight-or-flight response
6931:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
6819:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
4812:Atypical antipsychotics
4065:Atypical antipsychotics
3671:Pharmacological Reviews
3592:Pharmacological Reviews
3332:10.1073/pnas.1011116107
1944:coronary artery disease
1614:gastrointestinal system
1600:contraction. It causes
1557:(PLC). The PLC cleaves
506:. All 3 are coupled to
48:) shown binding
8812:Metabotropic glutamate
5011:Typical antipsychotics
4494:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4430:Typical antipsychotics
2897:Molecular Pharmacology
2795:10.1002/anie.202010553
2320:(Cholinergic receptor)
2318:Acetylcholine receptor
2136:detrusor urinae muscle
2096:(bronchodilation, see
1873:can be used to treat:
1728:can be used to treat:
1587:sarcoplasmic reticulum
1495:gastrointestinal tract
604:Agonist potency order
433:coupled receptor) and
335:
211:Walter Bradford Cannon
61:
6841:Lysophosphatidic acid
6145:Cell surface receptor
6101:Monoamine neurotoxins
3024:10.1152/jn.91093.2008
2053:juxtaglomerular cells
1690:Actions also include
1647:arrector pili muscles
1567:inositol triphosphate
1051:Typical and atypical
256:
33:
9043:Adrenergic receptors
8766:Vomeronasal receptor
7736:Vomeronasal receptor
5670:Dichloroisoprenaline
3753:Desensitization of β
3235:(Suppl D): D59–D65.
3191:10.1096/fj.08-105775
2975:10.1136/gut.28.8.955
2840:ACS Chemical Biology
2481:Dale HH (Jun 1913).
2432:Dale HH (May 1906).
2228:– increase cellular
1996:intraocular pressure
971:Chloroethylclonidine
759:Chloroethylclonidine
561:Roles in circulation
84:(noradrenaline) and
66:adrenergic receptors
8659:Parathyroid hormone
6619:signaling molecules
5349:Phenylpropanolamine
5215:Ethylnorepinephrine
4691:Phenylpropanolamine
4597:Ethylnorepinephrine
3994:Phenylpropanolamine
3900:Ethylnorepinephrine
3793:Adrenergic receptor
3636:10.2147/IJWH.S44048
3323:2010PNAS..10715868Z
2128:relax non-pregnant
1430:-adrenergic agonist
1278:Bitolterol mesylate
1265:-adrenergic agonist
1125:-adrenergic agonist
1094:effects, increased
110:high blood pressure
8808:Glutamate receptor
8193:Protease-activated
3091:2011-07-26 at the
2265:receptor include:
2085:receptor include:
2020:receptor include:
1794:receptor include:
1714:reabsorption from
1659:urethral sphincter
1489:decreased flow of
1274:(Albuterol in USA)
444:coupled receptor)
336:
222:Henry Hallett Dale
215:Arturo Rosenblueth
62:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9021:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8701:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
7582:
7581:
6969:
6968:
6612:
6611:
6111:
6110:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6033:
6032:
5780:Iodocyanopindolol
5755:Hydroxytertatolol
5675:Dihydroalprenolol
5288:
5280:
5272:
5189:
5041:
5040:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4571:
4553:Dihydroergotamine
4470:
4469:
4303:hydroxynefazodone
4168:dihydroergotamine
3938:
3930:
3922:
3879:
3712:978-0-443-06911-6
3559:10.2337/db11-1027
3527:978-1-259-64115-2
3408:10.1172/JCI119854
3158:978-0-87893-725-7
2852:10.1021/cb3003013
2846:(11): 1830–1839.
2600:Drill VA (1954).
2292:weight-loss drugs
1910:circulatory shock
1826:negative feedback
1802:release from the
1777:negative feedback
1706:; secretion from
1473:
1472:
1400:adenylate cyclase
1235:adenylate cyclase
1109:adenylate cyclase
925:adenylate cyclase
695:(PLC) activated,
566:more peripheral α
469:has 3 subtypes: α
451:has 3 subtypes: α
378:contraction. The
297:contraction. The
16:(Redirected from
9055:
8938:
8920:
8731:
8707:
8273:
8255:
7591:
6978:
6876:Lysophospholipid
6623:
6184:
6179:Neurotransmitter
6175:
6157:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6115:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6041:
5750:Hydroxycarteolol
5314:Methoxyphenamine
5286:
5278:
5273:-DOPA (levodopa)
5270:
5187:
5161:-methyldopamine)
5052:
4956:Phenoxybenzamine
4633:
4625:
4620:-DOPA (levodopa)
4617:
4569:
4538:-methyldopamine)
4484:
4296:Phenylpiperazine
4286:Phenoxybenzamine
3936:
3928:
3923:-DOPA (levodopa)
3920:
3877:
3861:Dexisometheptene
3851:-methyldopamine)
3812:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3716:
3687:
3686:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3317:(36): 15868–73.
3302:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3102:
3096:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2806:
2789:(7): 3625–3631.
2777:
2771:
2770:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2645:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2402:
2385:
2354:
2261:Actions of the β
2081:Actions of the β
2016:Actions of the β
1934:heart arrhythmia
1790:Actions of the α
1737:vasoconstriction
1602:vasoconstriction
1592:Actions of the α
1579:calcium channels
1514:vasoconstriction
1510:pheochromocytoma
1485:vasoconstriction
1022:Phenoxybenzamine
1015:Alpha-2 blockers
938:Alpha-2 agonists
860:(H1 antagonists)
797:Phenoxybenzamine
775:Alpha-1 blockers
763:Adrenoswitches (
716:Alpha-1 agonists
669:vasoconstriction
598:
539:adenylyl cyclase
522:also couple to G
340:receptor ligands
259:receptor ligands
235:Raymond Ahlquist
185:
169:
52:(yellow) on its
47:
21:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9018:
9002:
8932:
8906:
8793:
8771:
8725:
8693:
8575:
8452:
8267:
8237:
8124:
7741:
7578:
7184:Cholecystokinin
7088:
6965:
6794:Free fatty acid
6734:
6618:
6617:Metabolites and
6608:
6448:
6353:
6250:
6169:
6151:
6142:
6112:
6107:
6029:
5448:
5037:
4775:
4548:Dexmedetomidine
4479:
4466:
4299:antidepressants
4023:
3856:Desglymidodrine
3807:
3798:
3790:
3756:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3700:
3696:
3694:Further reading
3691:
3690:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3402:(12): 3005–13.
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3113:(1): 211.e1–7.
3104:
3103:
3099:
3093:Wayback Machine
3084:
3080:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2732:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2613:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2304:
2289:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2205:
2183:salivary glands
2160:gluconeogenesis
2151:skeletal muscle
2121:skeletal muscle
2084:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2051:secretion from
2019:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1967:hyperthyroidism
1920:bronchodilation
1897:
1870:
1849:
1815:contraction of
1793:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1725:
1696:gluconeogenesis
1678:
1655:(when pregnant)
1595:
1572:
1564:
1555:phospholipase C
1551:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1512:(they decrease
1504:(they decrease
1478:
1429:
1418:
1411:
1396:
1384:detrusor muscle
1361:
1264:
1253:
1246:
1231:
1222:bronchodilation
1200:
1124:
1105:
1065:
951:Dexmedetomidine
921:
878:
765:photoswitchable
700:
693:phospholipase C
689:
681:urinary bladder
631:
607:Agonist action
592:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
548:
536:
532:
525:
521:
517:
511:
504:
497:
490:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
438:
431:
424:
401:
390:
383:
374:and subsequent
368:
361:
354:
347:
320:
309:
302:
293:and subsequent
287:
280:
273:
266:
251:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
177:
176:
175:
170:
159:
153:
145:skeletal muscle
116:, for example.
105:
97:
72:are a class of
59:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9061:
9059:
9051:
9050:
9045:
9035:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9010:
9008:
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8944:
8942:
8934:
8933:
8923:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8879:
8873:
8868:
8859:
8854:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8805:
8799:
8791:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8740:
8738:
8727:
8726:
8710:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8685:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8611:
8605:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8462:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8281:
8279:
8269:
8268:
8258:
8251:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8229:
8224:
8215:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8190:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8145:
8140:
8138:Adrenomedullin
8134:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7600:
7598:
7588:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7570:
7565:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7530:
7521:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7491:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7426:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7373:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7343:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7258:
7252:
7247:
7238:
7233:
7227:
7222:
7216:Formyl peptide
7213:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7196:
7190:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7168:
7159:
7153:
7148:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7080:
7071:
7065:
7056:
7047:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6986:
6984:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6873:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6816:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6770:
6757:
6748:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6688:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6571:
6565:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6487:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6421:
6415:
6410:
6401:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6286:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6227:
6222:
6213:
6207:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6181:
6171:
6170:
6160:
6153:
6152:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5660:Dexpropranolol
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Norepinephrine
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Levosalbutamol
5291:
5283:
5281:-Phenylalanine
5275:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5015:chlorpromazine
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4851:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4771:Xylometazoline
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Norepinephrine
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4628:-Phenylalanine
4622:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4434:chlorpromazine
4427:
4422:
4396:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4093:
4088:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4019:Xylometazoline
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Norepinephrine
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3931:-Phenylalanine
3925:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3722:External links
3720:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3660:
3609:
3598:(4): 595–638.
3582:
3553:(3): 692–701.
3533:
3526:
3509:
3474:
3431:
3382:
3356:
3297:
3248:
3215:
3164:
3157:
3132:
3097:
3078:
3047:
3018:(2): 1103–14.
2998:
2949:
2914:
2883:
2826:
2772:
2757:
2730:
2681:
2659:978-1588294234
2658:
2611:
2592:
2565:(3): 586–600.
2549:
2522:
2493:(3): 291–300.
2473:
2444:(3): 163–206.
2424:
2413:(3): 557–574.
2396:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2275:adipose tissue
2262:
2255:Main article:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2191:-release from
2185:
2179:
2169:
2162:
2156:glycogenolysis
2153:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2114:
2112:adipose tissue
2105:
2082:
2075:Main article:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2045:
2026:cardiac output
2017:
2010:Main article:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1951:
1941:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:norepinephrine
1881:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1813:
1806:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1761:Main article:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:smooth muscles
1739:
1723:
1700:adipose tissue
1692:glycogenolysis
1688:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:lamina propria
1661:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1593:
1575:diacylglycerol
1570:
1562:
1549:
1539:
1535:
1528:Main article:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1376:
1370:norepinephrine
1363:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1298:Metaproterenol
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:norepinephrine
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1122:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1080:
1078:norepinephrine
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:antipsychotics
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
932:
919:
915:
905:
899:norepinephrine
892:
876:
871:
870:
869:
868:
858:Antihistamines
854:
853:
850:
845:
840:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
770:
769:
768:
761:
756:
751:
746:
744:Xylometazoline
741:
736:
731:
726:
710:
698:
687:
683:
658:
648:Norepinephrine
645:
629:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
605:
602:
591:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
546:
537:are linked to
534:
530:
527:
526:
523:
519:
515:
509:
502:
495:
488:
483:
482:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
436:
429:
422:
413:glycogenolysis
399:
388:
381:
366:
359:
352:
345:
332:glycogenolysis
318:
307:
300:
285:
278:
271:
264:
250:
247:
207:
206:
203:
189:Norepinephrine
187:
180:
179:
178:
171:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
155:Main article:
152:
149:
141:dilates pupils
103:
95:
82:norepinephrine
78:catecholamines
57:
38:adrenoceptor (
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9060:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8917:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8704:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8578:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8455:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8312:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8256:
8252:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:Miscellaneous
7585:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7100:Anaphylatoxin
7098:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6677:Prostaglandin
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6615:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6460:Acetylcholine
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:Serotonergics
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:Dopaminergics
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5810:Levobetaxolol
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Cyanopindolol
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:Orciprenaline
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Hexoprenaline
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Esmirtazapine
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4820:brexpiprazole
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Oxymetazoline
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Apraclonidine
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4473:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4403:amitriptyline
4400:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:triazoledione
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4096:Beta blockers
4094:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:brexpiprazole
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Phenylephrine
3987:
3985:
3984:Oxymetazoline
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3915:Isometheptene
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3677:(2): 267–70.
3676:
3672:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:(4): 457–61.
3489:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3184:(8): 2920–7.
3183:
3179:
3178:FASEB Journal
3175:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:(4): 308–17.
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:9780702053627
2754:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2538:(2): 108–20.
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2391:
2356:There is no α
2353:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2236:preterm birth
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:smooth muscle
2088:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2055:of the kidney
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:heart failure
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:beta blockers
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:heart failure
1902:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1778:
1764:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:blood vessels
1603:
1599:
1598:smooth muscle
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1531:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1491:smooth muscle
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:Beta blockers
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:Beta blockers
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1224:for example)
1223:
1219:
1218:Smooth muscle
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:Beta blockers
1147:
1143:
1142:Noradrenaline
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
941:
939:
933:
930:
927:inactivated,
926:
922:
916:
913:
909:
908:Smooth muscle
906:
904:
900:
896:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
872:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
859:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
776:
771:
766:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Phenylephrine
727:
725:
724:Noradrenaline
722:
721:
720:
719:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:contraction,
662:
661:Smooth muscle
659:
657:
653:
649:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
625:
622:
617:
612:
599:
596:
589:
587:
560:
558:
556:
552:
544:
540:
513:
505:
498:
491:
484:
464:
446:
445:
439:
432:
425:
418:
417:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:
391:
384:
377:
376:smooth muscle
373:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
310:
303:
296:
295:smooth muscle
292:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
255:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
230:
228:
223:
218:
216:
212:
204:
201:
200:
199:
190:
184:
174:
168:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
99:
91:
90:beta blockers
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:adrenoceptors
67:
55:
54:extracellular
51:
46:
42:
32:
19:
8776:
8743:
8716:Metabotropic
8580:
8465:
8418:
8376:
8342:
8313:
8284:
8129:
7754:
7603:
7554:Urotensin-II
7494:Somatostatin
7449:Prokineticin
7346:Melanocortin
7049:
6982:Neuropeptide
6921:Oxoglutarate
6763:
6725:Prostacyclin
6694:
6681:
6634:
6522:GHB receptor
6423:
6366:
6187:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6072:
6063:
6054:
6043:
6042:
5835:Metipranolol
5820:Levomoprolol
5765:Idropranolol
5260:Isoprenaline
5158:
5082:Arformoterol
5027:thioridazine
5019:fluphenazine
4991:Spiroxatrine
4951:Phentolamine
4870:tandospirone
4836:paliperidone
4726:Tasipimidine
4706:Rezatomidine
4651:Medetomidine
4535:
4446:thioridazine
4438:fluphenazine
4419:trimipramine
4407:clomipramine
4291:Phentolamine
4160:acetergamine
4136:Corynanthine
3848:
3792:
3702:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3517:
3512:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3447:(2): 740–7.
3444:
3440:
3434:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:
3364:Klabunde R.
3359:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3268:(1): 17–24.
3265:
3261:
3251:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3149:Neuroscience
3148:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3081:
3067:(2): 400–6.
3064:
3060:
3050:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2969:(8): 955–9.
2966:
2962:
2952:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2748:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2649:
2603:
2595:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2285:
2269:increase of
2260:
2226:hyperkalemia
2200:
2080:
2030:chronotropic
2015:
1979:stage fright
1924:
1898:
1865:
1857:hypertension
1844:
1789:
1766:
1733:hypertension
1720:
1708:sweat glands
1689:
1638:vas deferens
1622:renal artery
1591:
1553:, activates
1533:
1499:
1479:
1456:
1423:
1366:Isoprenaline
1319:
1293:Levalbuterol
1288:Isoprenaline
1258:
1220:relaxation (
1205:Isoprenaline
1188:Vortioxetine
1148:
1137:Isoprenaline
1118:
1084:chronotropic
1070:Isoprenaline
1027:Phentolamine
1012:
956:Medetomidine
935:
934:
903:isoprenaline
856:
855:
848:Trimipramine
838:Clomipramine
827:
826:
802:Phentolamine
782:Acepromazine
772:
713:
712:
656:isoprenaline
593:
564:
528:
409:heart muscle
337:
328:heart muscle
242:
238:
231:
219:
208:
196:
118:
69:
65:
63:
8424:Latrophilin
7559:Vasopressin
7544:Thyrotropin
7121:Angiotensin
7074:Neurotensin
6751:Cannabinoid
6730:Thromboxane
5960:Spirendolol
5935:Propranolol
5930:Propafenone
5925:Pronethalol
5815:Levobunolol
5790:Isoxaprolol
5775:Indopanolol
5760:ICI-118,551
5725:Eugenodilol
5710:Ersentilide
5690:Draquinolol
5685:Diprafenone
5655:Dalbraminol
5635:Cicloprolol
5610:Carpindolol
5595:Butofilolol
5540:Bornaprolol
5485:Alprenoxime
5453:Antagonists
5414:Tulobuterol
5409:Tretoquinol
5404:Terbutaline
5364:Ractopamine
5359:Prenalterol
5265:Isoxsuprine
5250:Indacaterol
5220:Eugenodilol
5210:Etilevodopa
5195:Epinephrine
5186:Droxidopa (
5166:Dipivefrine
5137:Clenbuterol
4981:Setiptiline
4971:Rauwolscine
4946:Pardoprunox
4936:Mirtazapine
4901:Fenmetozole
4844:risperidone
4807:Atipamezole
4780:Antagonists
4736:Tiamenidine
4731:Tetryzoline
4711:Rilmenidine
4676:Naphazoline
4612:Guanoxabenz
4587:Epinephrine
4577:Etilevodopa
4568:Droxidopa (
4558:Dipivefrine
4519:Brimonidine
4389:maprotiline
4266:Pardoprunox
4261:Niguldipine
4221:Mepiprazole
4196:Hydroxyzine
4186:Etoperidone
4176:nicergoline
4146:Domesticine
4141:Dapiprazole
4116:eugenodilol
4091:Benoxathian
4085:risperidone
4050:Anisodamine
4028:Antagonists
4009:Tiamenidine
4004:Tetryzoline
3969:Naphazoline
3954:Methoxamine
3949:Metaraminol
3895:Etilevodopa
3885:Epinephrine
3876:Droxidopa (
3866:Dipivefrine
3827:Amidephrine
2903:(1): 7–14.
2804:2434/778579
2372:was named α
2364:was named α
2164:stimulates
2034:dromotropic
1983:tachycardia
1962:arrhythmias
1916:anaphylaxis
1895:β receptors
1871:antagonists
1838:aggregation
1726:antagonists
1673:bronchioles
1583:endoplasmic
1476:α receptors
1402:activated,
1374:epinephrine
1344:ICI-118,551
1339:Propranolol
1308:Terbutaline
1237:activated,
1209:epinephrine
1173:Propranolol
1111:activated,
1088:dromotropic
1074:epinephrine
1042:Atipamezole
976:Brimonidine
914:activation
895:Epinephrine
866:Hydroxyzine
754:Metaraminol
734:Methoxamine
652:epinephrine
621:Antagonists
363:couples to
282:couples to
173:Epinephrine
86:epinephrine
9037:Categories
9014:Smoothened
9007:Smoothened
8930:Smoothened
8589:Calcitonin
7524:Tachykinin
7421:, but not
7415:Nociceptin
7281:Kisspeptin
7199:Endothelin
7162:Bradykinin
7050:Neuromedin
6627:Eicosanoid
6256:Purinergic
6188:Adrenergic
6025:Xipranolol
6015:Toliprolol
6005:Tiprenolol
5990:Tienoxolol
5985:Tertatolol
5970:Sulfinalol
5950:Soquinolol
5945:Ronactolol
5920:Procinolol
5915:Primidolol
5900:Penbutolol
5880:Pacrinolol
5875:Oxprenolol
5870:Nipradilol
5840:Metoprolol
5830:Mepindolol
5825:Medroxalol
5795:Isamoltane
5785:Iprocrolol
5745:Flusoxolol
5735:Falintolol
5715:Esatenolol
5665:Diacetolol
5645:Cloranolol
5625:Celiprolol
5620:Carvedilol
5600:Capsinolol
5585:Butaxamine
5580:Bupranolol
5570:Bunitrolol
5550:Bucindolol
5545:Brefonalol
5535:Bopindolol
5530:Bisoprolol
5525:Bevantolol
5505:Arotinolol
5490:Amosulalol
5480:Alprenolol
5460:Acebutolol
5439:Zilpaterol
5424:Vilanterol
5399:Solabegron
5394:Salmeterol
5389:Salbutamol
5374:Reproterol
5369:Procaterol
5354:Pirbuterol
5339:Oxyfedrine
5324:Mirabegron
5319:Methyldopa
5309:Melevodopa
5299:Lubabegron
5255:Isoetarine
5240:Higenamine
5230:Formoterol
5205:Etilefrine
5200:Etafedrine
5181:Dopexamine
5171:Dobutamine
5152:Denopamine
5147:Corbadrine
5127:Carmoterol
5122:Carbuterol
5112:Broxaterol
5107:Bitolterol
5097:Bambuterol
5087:Arotinolol
5077:Arbutamine
5067:Alifedrine
5062:Abediterol
5006:Tolazoline
4996:Sunepitron
4986:Spegatrine
4976:Rotigotine
4916:Ketanserin
4906:Fluparoxan
4886:Cirazoline
4881:Buflomedil
4866:ipsapirone
4854:Azapirones
4840:quetiapine
4832:olanzapine
4828:lurasidone
4802:Aptazapine
4797:Amesergide
4746:Tolonidine
4741:Tizanidine
4721:Talipexole
4716:Romifidine
4671:Moxonidine
4661:Methyldopa
4656:Melevodopa
4646:Lofexidine
4607:Guanfacine
4592:Etilefrine
4582:Ergotamine
4543:Detomidine
4529:Corbadrine
4425:Trimazosin
4415:imipramine
4376:Tolazoline
4371:Tiodazosin
4361:Tamsulosin
4356:Talipexole
4346:Spegatrine
4331:Quinazosin
4307:nefazodone
4281:Phendioxan
4271:Pelanserin
4256:Niaprazine
4251:Neldazosin
4241:Naftopidil
4236:Moxisylyte
4206:Ketanserin
4191:Fenspiride
4164:ergotamine
4126:Buflomedil
4112:carvedilol
4108:arotinolol
4104:amosulalol
4081:quetiapine
4077:olanzapine
4040:Ajmalicine
3999:Synephrine
3979:Octopamine
3959:Methyldopa
3944:Melevodopa
3910:Indanidine
3890:Etilefrine
3842:Corbadrine
3837:Cirazoline
3796:modulators
2668:2005008529
2392:References
2279:relax the
2193:mast cells
2173:sphincters
2098:salbutamol
2042:lusitropic
1938:sinus node
1884:depression
1834:increased
1817:sphincters
1808:increased
1798:decreased
1664:urothelium
1450:Mirabegron
1445:Solabegron
1349:Paroxetine
1329:Butoxamine
1303:Salmeterol
1283:Formoterol
1272:Salbutamol
1168:Bisoprolol
1158:Metoprolol
1132:Dobutamine
1098:secretion
1001:Guanfacine
996:Tizanidine
986:Lofexidine
981:Detomidine
961:Romifidine
812:Tamsulosin
739:Cirazoline
706:, rise in
342:to either
261:to either
249:Categories
227:ergotoxine
106:) agonists
102:alpha-2 (α
98:) agonists
8924:Class F:
8723:pheromone
8719:glutamate
8143:Olfactory
7179:Chemokine
6961:Succinate
6746:Bile acid
6554:Melatonin
6527:Histamine
6367:(all but
6359:Serotonin
6264:Adenosine
6166:Rhodopsin
6044:See also:
6020:Xibenolol
6010:Tolamolol
5995:Tilisolol
5975:Talinolol
5965:SR 59230A
5940:Ridazolol
5910:Practolol
5890:Pamatolol
5885:Pafenolol
5865:Nifenalol
5860:Nebivolol
5855:Nadoxolol
5805:Landiolol
5800:Labetalol
5770:Indenolol
5740:Flestolol
5730:Exaprolol
5695:Ecastolol
5680:Dilevalol
5640:Cinamolol
5630:Cetamolol
5615:Carteolol
5605:Carazolol
5590:Butidrine
5565:Bufuralol
5560:Bufetolol
5555:Bucumolol
5520:Betaxolol
5515:Befunolol
5495:Ancarolol
5465:Adaprolol
5429:Xamoterol
5384:Ritodrine
5379:Rimiterol
5344:PF-610355
5304:Mabuterol
5289:-Tyrosine
5245:Ibopamine
5225:Fenoterol
5132:Cimaterol
5117:Buphenine
5102:Befunolol
5072:Amibegron
5033:Yohimbine
5001:Terguride
4966:Piribedil
4961:Piperoxan
4931:Mianserin
4876:BRL-44408
4858:buspirone
4824:clozapine
4816:asenapine
4756:Vatinoxan
4696:Piperoxan
4666:Mivazerol
4641:Ibopamine
4636:-Tyrosine
4602:Guanabenz
4524:Clonidine
4462:Zolertine
4393:mianserin
4385:amoxapine
4366:Terazosin
4351:Spiperone
4341:Silodosin
4336:Quinidine
4321:Piperoxan
4311:trazodone
4276:Perlapine
4246:Nantenine
4231:Monatepil
4226:Metazosin
4211:L-765,314
4201:Indoramin
4180:terguride
4156:Ergolines
4151:Doxazosin
4131:Bunazosin
4120:labetalol
4073:clozapine
4060:Atiprosin
4055:Anisodine
4045:Alfuzosin
4035:Abanoquil
3964:Midodrine
3939:-Tyrosine
3905:Ibopamine
3832:Buspirone
3757:receptors
3629:: 343–9.
2860:1554-8929
2813:1433-7851
2767:903083639
2717:0160-2446
2701:: S21-8.
2271:lipolysis
2238:– reduce
2230:potassium
2189:histamine
2171:contract
2168:secretion
2117:anabolism
2108:lipolysis
2058:increase
2047:increase
2038:inotropic
2024:increase
1994:– reduce
1981:– reduce
1958:ischemias
1890:secretion
1878:impotence
1684:mydriasis
1466:SR 59230A
1440:Amibegron
1406:up (also
1380:lipolysis
1313:Ritodrine
1241:up (also
1183:Nebivolol
1092:inotropic
1082:Positive
1047:Trazodone
1032:Yohimbine
966:Clonidine
901:>>
822:Trazodone
817:Terazosin
792:Doxazosin
787:Alfuzosin
767:agonists)
749:Midodrine
665:mydriasis
654:>>
611:Mechanism
601:Receptor
94:beta-2 (β
50:carazolol
8948:Frizzled
8941:Frizzled
8926:Frizzled
8768:, type 2
8674:Secretin
8614:Glucagon
8319:Cadherin
8277:Adhesion
8264:Secretin
7597:, bitter
7444:Oxytocin
7141:Bombesin
6789:Estrogen
6490:Dopamine
5905:Pindolol
5895:Pargolol
5845:Moprolol
5720:Esprolol
5705:Ericolol
5700:Epanolol
5510:Atenolol
5475:Afurolol
5470:Adimolol
5444:Zinterol
5419:Vibegron
5176:Dopamine
5142:Colterol
5055:Agonists
5023:loxapine
4921:Lisuride
4911:Idazoxan
4891:Efaroxan
4862:gepirone
4848:zotepine
4792:Adimolol
4766:Xylazine
4751:Urapidil
4563:Dopamine
4487:Agonists
4452:Urapidil
4442:loxapine
4326:Prazosin
4172:lisuride
4100:adimolol
3871:Dopamine
3815:Agonists
3655:24707187
3604:11121511
3577:22315324
3547:Diabetes
3504:18374884
3469:14292004
3461:17068216
3351:20713709
3292:22124804
3210:18434433
3127:23200975
3089:Archived
3042:19474170
2878:22882301
2821:33103317
2676:58729119
2579:18882199
2544:18903395
2517:16993202
2468:16992821
2302:See also
2251:receptor
2221:bronchus
2206:agonists
2187:inhibit
2177:GI tract
2147:arteries
2102:GI tract
2071:receptor
2006:receptor
1992:glaucoma
1973:migraine
1850:agonists
1836:platelet
1821:GI-tract
1810:glucagon
1804:pancreas
1757:receptor
1744:– relax
1604:in many
1524:receptor
1502:rhinitis
1436:L-796568
1378:Enhance
1163:Atenolol
1037:Idazoxan
991:Xylazine
946:Agmatine
912:platelet
807:Prazosin
677:GI tract
616:Agonists
590:Subtypes
512:proteins
133:exercise
8737:, sweet
8712:Class C
8644:PACAPR1
8260:Class B
7469:Relaxin
7391:Motilin
7276:Ghrelin
7241:Galanin
6974:Peptide
6162:Class A
6000:Timolol
5980:Tazolol
5955:Sotalol
5850:Nadolol
5575:Bunolol
5500:Arnolol
5434:XP21279
5013:(e.g.,
4941:NAN-190
4856:(e.g.,
4814:(e.g.,
4761:XP21279
4509:Amitraz
4457:WB-4101
4432:(e.g.,
4411:doxepin
4401:(e.g.,
4383:(e.g.,
4301:(e.g.,
4158:(e.g.,
4098:(e.g.,
4067:(e.g.,
4014:XP21279
3683:7568329
3646:3971910
3568:3282797
3426:9399946
3342:2936616
3319:Bibcode
3283:3482793
3201:2493464
3107:Urology
3073:6270306
3033:2724365
2993:2889649
2984:1433140
2944:9280371
2909:8569714
2869:3500392
2725:2427848
2587:1518772
2508:1420444
2459:1465771
2296:tremors
2281:bladder
2240:uterine
2166:insulin
2145:dilate
2140:bladder
2094:bronchi
2060:ghrelin
1819:of the
1800:insulin
1388:bladder
1386:in the
1334:Timolol
1178:Timolol
1096:amylase
1006:Amitraz
843:Doxepin
708:calcium
673:viscera
543:Agonist
514:, but β
151:History
56:site. β
8928:&
8857:GPRC6A
8594:CALCRL
8458:Orphan
7747:Orphan
7738:type 1
7429:Orexin
7417:&
7396:Opioid
7136:Apelin
5190:-DOPS)
4572:-DOPS)
4499:4-NEMD
3880:-DOPS)
3709:
3681:
3653:
3643:
3602:
3575:
3565:
3524:
3502:
3467:
3459:
3424:
3417:508512
3414:
3349:
3339:
3290:
3280:
3208:
3198:
3155:
3125:
3071:
3040:
3030:
2991:
2981:
2942:
2907:
2876:
2866:
2858:
2819:
2811:
2765:
2755:
2723:
2715:
2674:
2666:
2656:
2585:
2577:
2542:
2515:
2505:
2466:
2456:
2232:intake
2213:asthma
2134:relax
2130:uterus
1987:tremor
1950:supply
1948:oxygen
1716:kidney
1653:uterus
1633:ureter
1624:) and
1618:kidney
1573:) and
1413:, see
1248:, see
702:, and
114:asthma
8777:Other
8744:TAS1R
8735:Taste
8633:GLP2R
8628:GLP1R
8581:Other
8446:ELTD1
8419:ADGRL
8377:ADGRG
8343:ADGRE
8314:ADGRC
8285:ADGRB
8266:-like
8148:Opsin
8130:Other
7604:TAS2R
7595:Taste
7423:Sigma
7405:Kappa
7400:Delta
7108:C5a (
7093:Other
6739:Other
6667:FPRL1
6635:CysLT
6453:Other
6404:5-HT2
6374:5-HT1
6369:5-HT3
6168:-like
4504:6-FNE
3822:6-FNE
3465:S2CID
3375:5 May
2583:S2CID
2341:Notes
2049:renin
1767:The α
1704:liver
1698:from
1626:brain
1506:mucus
1368:>
1211:>
1207:>
1076:>
1072:>
931:down
650:>
533:and G
518:and β
477:and α
459:and α
121:cells
119:Many
80:like
8882:RAIG
8790:GABA
8623:GIPR
8370:CD97
8218:SREB
8019:137B
7994:109B
7989:109A
7419:Zeta
7376:MCHR
7156:NMBR
7151:GRPR
7146:BRS3
6784:EBI2
6650:LTB4
6574:TAAR
6424:5-HT
5092:BAAM
4926:mCPP
4787:1-PP
4701:PS75
4216:mCPP
3707:ISBN
3679:PMID
3651:PMID
3600:PMID
3573:PMID
3522:ISBN
3500:PMID
3457:PMID
3422:PMID
3377:2015
3347:PMID
3288:PMID
3206:PMID
3153:ISBN
3123:PMID
3069:PMID
3038:PMID
2989:PMID
2940:PMID
2905:PMID
2874:PMID
2856:ISSN
2817:PMID
2809:ISSN
2763:OCLC
2753:ISBN
2721:PMID
2713:ISSN
2672:OCLC
2664:LCCN
2654:ISBN
2575:PMID
2540:PMID
2513:PMID
2464:PMID
2382:1A/D
2380:or α
2217:COPD
2215:and
2158:and
2142:wall
1985:and
1710:and
1702:and
1694:and
1666:and
1643:hair
1610:skin
1585:and
1561:(PIP
1404:cAMP
1239:cAMP
1113:cAMP
1090:and
929:cAMP
830:TCAs
679:and
551:cAMP
499:and
440:(a G
405:cAMP
394:cAMP
324:cAMP
313:cAMP
213:and
137:fear
112:and
100:and
64:The
45:2rh1
8876:179
8871:158
8866:156
8862:GPR
8649:GPR
8570:157
8565:155
8560:144
8555:143
8550:133
8545:128
8540:126
8535:125
8530:124
8525:123
8520:116
8515:115
8510:114
8505:113
8500:112
8495:111
8490:110
8466:GPR
8348:EMR
8187:RRH
8182:RGR
8177:1SW
8172:1MW
8167:1LW
8119:183
8114:182
8109:177
8104:176
8099:174
8094:173
8089:171
8084:162
8079:161
8074:160
8069:153
8064:152
8059:151
8054:150
8049:149
8044:148
8039:146
8034:142
8029:141
8024:139
8014:135
8009:132
8004:120
7999:119
7984:103
7979:101
7755:GPR
7291:MAS
7236:FSH
7104:C3a
6990:B/W
6926:PAF
6778:119
6764:GPR
6760:CB2
6755:CB1
6716:),
6693:),
6672:OXE
6289:P2Y
6278:A2B
6273:A2A
3641:PMC
3631:doi
3563:PMC
3555:doi
3492:doi
3449:doi
3445:102
3412:PMC
3404:doi
3400:100
3337:PMC
3327:doi
3315:107
3278:PMC
3270:doi
3237:doi
3196:PMC
3186:doi
3115:doi
3065:219
3028:PMC
3020:doi
3016:102
2979:PMC
2971:doi
2963:Gut
2932:doi
2864:PMC
2848:doi
2799:hdl
2791:doi
2703:doi
2567:doi
2563:153
2503:PMC
2495:doi
2454:PMC
2446:doi
2415:doi
2411:104
2376:, α
2368:. α
2273:in
2175:of
2149:to
2138:of
2119:in
2110:in
2100:),
1960:or
1830:CNS
1773:i/o
1581:of
1569:(IP
1493:in
1115:up
704:DAG
473:, α
455:, α
426:(a
135:or
68:or
41:PDB
9039::
8997:10
8853:))
8721:/
8714::
8618:GR
8485:98
8480:97
8475:64
8470:56
8262::
7974:92
7969:88
7964:87
7959:85
7954:84
7949:83
7944:82
7939:81
7934:78
7929:75
7924:68
7919:65
7914:63
7909:62
7904:61
7899:55
7894:52
7889:50
7884:45
7879:44
7874:42
7869:39
7864:37
7859:35
7854:34
7849:33
7844:32
7839:31
7834:27
7829:26
7824:25
7819:23
7814:22
7809:21
7804:20
7799:19
7794:18
7789:17
7784:15
7779:12
7729:60
7724:50
7719:46
7714:45
7709:43
7704:42
7699:41
7694:40
7689:39
7684:38
7679:31
7674:30
7669:20
7664:19
7659:16
7654:14
7649:13
7644:10
7568:1B
7563:1A
7410:Mu
7340:X4
7335:X3
7330:X2
7325:X1
7300:1L
7171:B2
7166:B1
7117:))
7070:))
7005:FF
6780:))
6773:55
6768:18
6762:,
6718:FP
6695:EP
6682:DP
6568:1C
6563:1B
6558:1A
6547:H4
6542:H3
6537:H2
6532:H1
6515:D5
6510:D4
6505:D3
6500:D2
6495:D1
6484:M5
6479:M4
6474:M3
6469:M2
6464:M1
6433:5A
6348:14
6343:13
6338:12
6333:11
6328:10
6283:A3
6268:A1
6246:β3
6241:β2
6236:β1
6216:α2
6196:α1
6164::
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