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slopes. In the summer, pigs were left in the middle pastures while the rest of the animals were moved to the high alpine pasture. At the end of
September the animals were moved back to the lower pastures and cattle were stabled in the following month. Sheep and goats were stabled in December, unless the winter was mild, then they remained at the middle pastures with the pigs.
73:
43:
322:
In the valleys along the edge of the Alps, cattle production with associated transhumance was generally the rule. However, in the inner alpine valleys the climate was drier which allowed farming even at higher elevations. These areas tended to be mixed between farming and animal husbandry, with the
269:
in the west. In these communities on the edge of the Alps, transhumance included both the vertical movement of cattle to the alpine pastures as well as horizontal movement to the cattle markets. In the communities located in the central Alps, the herds were more diverse. Generally there were large
512:
specialities, handmade using traditional methods and tools. Alpine pastures amount to 35 percent of Swiss farmland and 13 percent of the entire country. The total population of mountain farmers has decreased to about 43,000 (in 1980) from 160,000 (in 1910). The farmers that are involved in mountain
330:
In the regions where breeding dominated, the farms were relatively large and isolated from each other. Where both breeding and farming were mixed, the plots were generally smaller and common fields were shared between the community. During the Middle Ages many fields were converted into meadows,
138:). Transhumance is a traditional practice that has shaped much of the landscape in the Alps, as without it, most areas below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) would be forests. While tourism and industry contribute today much to Alpine economy, seasonal migration to high pastures is still practiced in
286:
and citizens of nearby cities. The investors would purchase the cattle and then rent the beasts out to small farmers or to herders for the summer. The smaller alpine communities generally did not want "foreign" cattle pastured in their alpine pastures, which led to conflicts between the alpine
326:
However, in both regions the yearly movement was generally similar. Throughout the year, most of the population of the village remained on the valley floor and farmed the surrounding land for grains and hay. In the spring the herdsmen took the animals up to the middle pastures on the mountain
249:, with a document referring to a summer pasture from 1204. Along the edge of the Alps, starting around 1300 in west and central Switzerland and a little later in eastern Switzerland, cattle production became the primary agricultural activity. A number of specialized cattle markets grew up in
581:
Lauber S., Herzog F., Seidl I., Böni R., Bürgi M., Gmür P., Hofer G., Mann S., Raaflaub M., Schick M., Schneider M., Wunderli R. (eds.) (2013) Zukunft der
Schweizer Alpwirtschaft. Fakten, Analysen und Denkanstösse aus dem Forschungsprogramm AlpFUTUR. Birmensdorf, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL;
339:
period. They were cultivated for 2 to 5 years, then used as a meadow (and fertilized by the animals) for 3 to 10 years before going back under cultivation. However, in the mountain valleys, the fields near the communities were cultivated every year (sometimes producing two crops a year in
281:
and the wars of this era. Cattle production was much less manpower-intensive than farming, which was ideal with the reduced population. However, cattle production is much more capital- and especially land-intensive. Cattle production became an investment opportunity for
162:, except in their most frequented tourist centers. In some places, cattle are taken care of by local farmer families who move to higher places. In others, this job is for herdsmen who are employees of the cooperative owning the pastures.
462:
also records many traditional tales about mythological creatures such as dwarves (Barbegazi, etc.) inhabiting the Alpine pastures, either helpful or causing mischief; in particular, this is to punish the cruelty or discourtesy of a bad
650:) from an early time (at least since the Roman era), and it is impossible to say for certain whether this is the true etymology, or whether the word has an unrelated pre-Roman or even pre-Celtic origin. Friedrich von Tschudi,
662:
in dialectal usage does not refer to the mountain ranges as a whole, but exclusively to the high pastures, while "people are completely indifferent towards the barren parts of the high mountains ( the 'wild' mountain)"
366:("hay milk"), based on their special diet of natural meadow grasses. The use of hay milk in cheese production contributes to the distinctive flavour that determines more than 30 Alpine cheeses, including
1113:
165:
Most Alpine pastures are below 2,400 m (7,900 ft); all are below 2,800 m (9,200 ft). The higher regions not suitable for transhumance are known as the
1105:
360:
Alpine transhumance has a strong impact on the production of cheese in the Alps. It ensures that cows, sheep and goats produce high-quality aromatic milk, the so-called
721:
1010:
1084:
508:, about 380,000 cattle including 130,000 milk cows as well as 200,000 sheep are in summer on high pastures. Milk from cows here is usually made into local
1055:
929:
866:
891:
817:
763:
988:
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had over 12,000 sites where 70,000 farmers took care of about 500,000 cattle. Alpine pastures amount to a quarter of the farmland.
968:
562:
725:
1144:
1134:
394:
1007:
527:
211:
945:"Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission - Nationalagentur für das Immaterielle Kulturerbe - Österreichisches Verzeichnis"
1149:
608:
635:
787:, 1 February 2007. Calibrated C-14 dates (between 1030 BCE and 1685 BCE) for remnants of wooden shelters in the
547:
84:
291:
and ownership of the alpine meadows led to several wars within what is now
Switzerland, including the pivotal
239:
582:
Zürich-Reckenholz, Forschungsanstalt
Agroscope. 200 S. (in German, French and Italian, see www.alpfutur.ch)
509:
1139:
944:
784:
409:. Members of the association include dairymen who will inform tourists about artisan cheese production.
344:) while the outer fields and alpine pastures were more often allowed to lie fallow or used as a meadow.
417:
522:
292:
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While the inhabitants of the Alps had practised transhumance for thousands of years, during the
207:
1073:
887:
813:
759:
235:
38:, between 1280 (far left) and 1830 (foreground left) meters, highlighted by the afternoon sun.
691:
is marked as "rural, especially Swiss and West-Austrian". Variant forms of the word, such as
665:
ist gegen die unwirtlichen Teile des
Hochgebirges (den 'wilden' Berg) vollkommen gleichgültig
788:
532:
300:
296:
274:
266:
246:
227:
89:
443:"" ("high-pasture grandfather") is such a person, despising and despised by the villagers.
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1014:
684:
250:
190:
120:
57:
35:
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herds of sheep with much smaller cattle herds and other animals such as pigs and goats.
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The transhumance system in the Alps has remained virtually unchanged since at least the
1043:
1037:
748:
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459:
406:
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722:""Temporary Residences (mayen, alpage, remointse and mazot)" (valdherens-tourisme.ch)"
30:
1129:
1123:
494:
430:
422:
332:
194:
1078:
402:
100:
214:) term for "mountain". In French, the corresponding word for "alpine pasture" is
77:
881:
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922:
916:
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371:
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farming communities and the neighboring cities and monasteries. Conflicts over
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159:
1048:
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farming only make up about 15% of the total farming population in
Switzerland.
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is an association of farmers which aims at contributing to the maintenance of
398:
367:
254:
17:
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Transhumance contributes a great deal to traditional Alpine culture, such as
455:
375:
226:
Evidence survives of a transhumance economy in the Alps dating to the later
166:
112:
72:
46:
785:
Almen und Salz, Hallstatts bronzezeitliche
Dachsteinalmen (Zwischenbericht)
592:
498:
277:
it became increasingly important as the population decreased following the
860:
854:
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because of the prevalence of the breeding. In the north the fields were
231:
147:
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animals being kept mainly for fertilizer and plowing rather than food.
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50:
1101:
Research programme on Swiss summer farms (in German, French, Italian)
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42:
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29:
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Some people spent the winters isolated in the high pastures. In
258:
104:
1116:, by Alexis Marie Adams, National Geographic, April 23, 2020.
493:
had 1,384 sites hosting 48,000 cattle, about half of them in
652:
Landwirthschaftliches
Lesebuch für die Schweizerische Jugend
671:
develops in the late 15th century out of the oblique cases
467:. In many cases, the stories tell about curses on specific
295:(1315), which started due to a long-simmering feud between
1077:
1100:
1092:
1033:
The Alps-Agriculture in the 19th & 20th
Centuries
774:, and dairying" (emphasis added) around 3500–2500 BCE
230:(c. 3000 BC), with evidence for pastures above the
642:. The word was etymologized as meaning "white" (PIE
115:
between the valleys in winter and the high mountain
603:) is among the highest, with buildings at 2,435 m (
747:
1114:What you can learn by following the herd in Italy
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
754:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
471:, appearances of the devil or spirits of earlier
1106:Swiss Federal Statistical Office map of land use
923:
917:
911:
130:from the term for "seasonal mountain pasture",
1028:
1026:
198:) is originally identical to the name of the
8:
132:
124:
1088:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 721.
607:) and pastures reaching as high as 2,800 m.
405:and the diversity of local products in the
189:(meaning "seasonal mountain pasture", from
943:scharf.net internetdienstleistungen GmbH.
791:at elevations between 1,600 m and 2,070 m.
801:
799:
797:
629:(feminine); see Wolfgang Pfeifer (ed.)
83:
71:
56:
41:
844:The Alps-Agriculture in the Middle Ages
631:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen
574:
378:. The chief shepherd in charge of the
76:Bringing livestock to summer pasture,
969:"High on the Alpine Pasture, Austria"
633:(1995, 7th ed. 2004, s.v. "Alp") and
238:(17th to 11th centuries BCE) in the
7:
1056:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
930:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
867:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
310:declared Alpine transhumance in the
1093:AINSA - Verein für alpine Forschung
1074:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort
687:form, while the more conservative
25:
397:(Bregenz Forest cheese trail) in
314:as intangible cultural heritage.
880:Barker, Graeme (July 11, 1985).
806:Barker, Graeme (July 11, 1985).
1008:Swiss Federal Statistics Office
563:Pre-Christian Alpine traditions
989:"The Taste of Alpine Pastures"
1:
883:Prehistoric Farming in Europe
809:Prehistoric Farming in Europe
770:discussed "...mixed farming,
750:Prehistoric Farming in Europe
425:depicting Alpine transhumance
126:Alpwirtschaft, Almwirtschaft
27:Seasonal moving of livestock
528:List of valleys of the Alps
386:production is known as the
49:cow on high pasture in the
1166:
497:and the other half in the
896:– via Google Books.
822:– via Google Books.
658:) states explicitly that
636:Schweizerisches Idiotikon
318:Agriculture near the Alps
548:Livestock transportation
395:Käsestraße Bregenzerwald
382:and responsible for the
1085:Encyclopædia Britannica
746:Barker, Graeme (1985).
403:small scale agriculture
240:Northern Limestone Alps
1109:(in German and French)
426:
357:
133:
125:
107:, that is, a seasonal
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81:
69:
54:
39:
1020:accessed 2 April 2009
420:
355:
206:) itself, probably a
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75:
60:
45:
33:
772:mobile stock keeping
707:, etc. are found in
667:). The variant form
413:Culture and folklore
103:as practiced in the
88:Transhumance in the
1145:Ecology of the Alps
1135:History of the Alps
605:Remointse de Bréona
523:History of the Alps
293:Battle of Morgarten
97:Alpine transhumance
1013:2012-10-12 at the
427:
358:
94:
82:
70:
55:
40:
1150:Economy of Europe
949:unesco.scharf.net
348:Cheese production
265:in the south and
234:reported for the
212:pre-Indo-European
34:Five alps around
16:(Redirected from
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789:Dachsteingebirge
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724:. Archived from
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683:as the unmarked
654:(1863, cited in
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533:Animal husbandry
301:Einsiedeln Abbey
275:Late Middle Ages
247:High Middle Ages
228:Neolithic period
177:The German word
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886:. CUP Archive.
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685:Standard German
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312:Bregenz Forest
289:grazing rights
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1140:Transhumance
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992:. Retrieved
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972:. Retrieved
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952:. Retrieved
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101:transhumance
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1096:(in German)
1079:"Alp"
1018:(in German)
679:now treats
591:The alp of
543:Pastoralism
506:Switzerland
284:monasteries
279:Black Death
160:Switzerland
119:in summer (
111:of grazing
1124:Categories
994:2018-08-16
974:2018-08-16
954:2018-08-16
732:2014-02-28
569:References
479:Statistics
399:Vorarlberg
335:without a
267:Villeneuve
255:Bellinzona
236:Bronze Age
195:alpa, alba
80:(Jun 2004)
62:Almabtrieb
656:Idiotikon
483:In 1997,
456:Schwingen
433:'s novel
376:Sura Kees
208:pre-Roman
173:Etymology
167:High Alps
113:livestock
78:Schwägalp
47:Braunvieh
1076:(1911).
1011:Archived
709:toponymy
646:, Latin
517:See also
372:Bergkäse
363:Heumilch
356:Bergkäse
232:treeline
202:(German
148:Slovenia
134:Alp, Alm
117:pastures
66:Kufstein
36:Tierfehd
1050:Italian
924:Italian
861:Italian
701:arpette
597:Evolène
553:Droving
491:Bavaria
485:Austria
475:, etc.
452:Alphorn
441:Alp-Öhi
439:, the "
368:Alpkäse
333:rotated
222:History
144:Austria
140:Bavaria
109:droving
51:Engadin
1044:French
1038:German
918:French
912:German
890:
855:French
849:German
816:
762:
644:*albh-
601:Valais
593:Bréona
510:cheese
499:Allgäu
473:Sennen
421:Swiss
384:cheese
342:Ticino
337:fallow
308:UNESCO
297:Schwyz
263:Varese
216:alpage
156:France
121:German
68:(2005)
53:(2007)
677:Duden
673:alben
660:Alpen
648:albus
640:I.193
538:Lyoba
448:Yodel
436:Heidi
251:Arona
204:Alpen
152:Italy
1130:Alps
1047:and
1035:in
921:and
909:in
888:ISBN
858:and
846:in
814:ISBN
760:ISBN
705:aulp
697:arpe
693:alpe
469:Alps
465:Senn
393:The
388:Senn
374:and
299:and
261:and
259:Como
200:Alps
158:and
105:Alps
756:120
689:Alp
681:Alm
669:Alm
627:Alm
623:Alb
619:Alp
504:In
454:or
380:Alp
186:Alm
183:or
180:Alp
99:is
1126::
1082:.
1041:,
1025:^
947:.
915:,
852:,
828:^
796:^
758:.
703:,
699:,
695:,
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621:,
599:,
501:.
458:.
450:,
390:.
370:,
303:.
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242:.
218:.
169:.
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142:,
64:,
1059:.
997:.
977:.
957:.
933:.
870:.
768:.
735:.
711:.
663:(
595:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
