Alpine regiments of the Roman army

827:("light troops", probably a local militia) were stationed there. But these forces were mainly for security against external threats, not internal unrest. Strabo reports that the Alpine tribes as a whole adapted easily to Roman rule and did not rebel after the initial conquest. The Raeti and Vindelici were obliged to pay taxes to Rome. But it was not, apparently, organised as a full Roman province initially, but as a military canton under an equestrian officer. The latter, presumably reporting to the governor of Germania Superior, is attested in 2 inscriptions as "prefect (or procurator) of the Raeti, Vindelici and the Poenine Valley". It was apparently not before emperor 20: 2471:

time, although there is some evidence of continued recruitment of Britons. Only those regiments that remained stationed in or near their eponymous province probably retained their original ethnic identity after AD 100 i.e.. only 6 of the 22 Alpine regiments. Against that, there is evidence that at least a few regiments maintained special links with their original home province and recruited preferentially from it into the 2nd century e.g.

893:(NE Italy), in the territory of the Veneti, who were Roman allies. The Romans, who by this time considered Cisalpine Gaul their own sphere of influence, immediately despatched envoys to protest. When this diplomacy did not have the desired effect, the Romans despatched two armies to the region. The Norici backed down, surrendering to the Romans without a fight. They were obliged to hand over their weapons and to return home. Their 480: 460: 28: 2428: 433: 720:, who initially resisted Augustus' imperialism but eventually submitted and became the emperor's ally and personal friend. His territory, together with that of the other Alpine tribes, was annexed to the Roman empire in 15 BC - although Cottius, and his son after him, were accorded the unusual privilege of continuing to govern the region, with the title of 143: 284:, Austria) in the south of the region, while Illyrian evidence is very scarce. In contrast, over 800 secure Celtic attestations are known. The evidence suggests that, as in the western Alps, the non-Celtic elements were either displaced or assimilated, while their native languages had virtually disappeared by the time of the Roman conquest. 500: 2723:

dates that the regiment was based in a province, but it may have been there much longer. The datable epigraphic record is very incomplete. For example, most of the regiments below are believed by inference to have been established before 37 AD, but only one is actually attested at that time, with the

398:

When he assumed sole control of the Roman empire in 30 BC, the emperor Augustus was faced with a pressing strategic anomaly. Although Rome had subjugated all Gaul up to the Rhine and much of Illyricum, the Alpine region which separated these possessions from Italy and from each other remained outside

2711:

Auxiliary regiments were mostly stationed in one province long-term, although there could be short-term re-deployments to suit operational requirements. During the early Julio-Claudian era, regiments were often stationed in their native or neighbouring provinces, The Flavian era (69-96) saw a lot of

330:

culture in the eastern Alps in broadly the same period as that region was infiltrated by the Celts (c. 400 - 200 BC). Some scholars thus regard La Tène as a specifically Celtic culture, although most recent experts reject the linking of material culture to ethnic groups. In any event, by the time of

1052:

Some 22 regiments with Alpine names survived into the early 2nd century, two of them amalgamated with other units and two renamed. Of these, 6 were still stationed in the Alpine provinces (Raetia or Noricum) or in the neighbouring Germania Superior. The rest were stationed in far-flung parts of the

908:

as a useful buffer-state covering Italy's northeastern flank and a critical source of raw minerals and, above all, of Noric steel. The Norici saw the Romans as potential protectors in the event of major invasion by the powerful Germanic peoples across the Danube. Although there was no formal treaty

2679:, stamped with the regiment's name. These show the forts where a regiment may have been based, but are rarely datable. (3) votive stone altars or tablets, and tombstones. These can indicate the addressee's origin if they are found in provinces away from the regiment's base. A minority are datable. 2507:

units attested in the 2nd century. In a few cases there is dispute as to whether it really is two distinct regiments, as opposed to the same regiment moving from one province to another or two detachments of the same regiment in different provinces at the same time. But in most cases, there is no

2470:

recorded as stationed in Britain in 122 would probably have contained mainly British recruits by that time, and very few, if any, Raeti. Conversely, the several "British" regiments stationed in Dacia in mid 2nd century would probably have been recruited mainly from the Danubian provinces by that

2449:

During the early Julio-Claudian period (Augustus/Tiberius, 30 BC to AD 37), the available evidence suggests that auxiliary regiments were predominantly recruited from their original home province, maintaining the ethnic identity of the unit. In the later Julio-Claudian period (37-68), regimental

2751:(legionary fortress) of the legion they were attached to. Although inscriptions, especially the regiment's tile- and brick-stamps, can attest which forts the regiment occupied, most are not datable and so it is rarely possible to reconstruct a precise sequence or chronology of forts occupied. 256:

regiments alongside the Celtic-speaking Vindelici, and by the union of the territories of both peoples to form the Raetia et Vindelicia province. This assimilation was probably the result of the great migrations of Gallic tribes across the Alps, which, according to Livy, started in c. 600 BC,

2483:

Only regiments for which inscription evidence exists are entered. Regiments whose existence can be inferred from sequence gaps, but are not attested in the epigraphic record, are not included. Cohorts whose name was changed are entered under their latest name (their old name is entered as a

360:

fire, causing the iron to absorb carbon from the charcoal. This technique had been developed empirically, as there is no evidence that ancient iron producers understood the chemistry involved. The rudimentary methods of carburisation used rendered the quality of the iron ore critical to the

2655:

at all, and never denote a specific unit. Knowledge of the auxilia is therefore dependent on inscriptions found bearing the regiment's name. Many of these are not datable (even roughly) and so are of limited value. The datable epigraphic record is thus very patchy and incomplete.

399:

Roman control and in the hands of independent mountain tribes. These were warlike and troublesome, alternately attacking and robbing transient Roman troops and supply convoys or exacting exorbitant tolls from them for the privilege of using the key Alpine mountain passes e.g. the

539:("I pacified the Alps all the way from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian seas, without waging an unjust war on any tribe"). Although the latter claim is questionable, there is no doubt about the comprehensive and permanent nature of Augustus' subjugation of all the mountain tribes. 2746:

in frontier provinces or even beyond the empire's settled borders, to keep watch on barbarian activity. A regiment would usually garrison a fort alone, but sometimes shared with another regiment if it was a larger fort. More rarely, regiments appear to have been housed in the

2712:

changes in auxiliary deployment in what appears a deliberate policy of deploying regiments away from their original home province. After that, deployments generally became much more settled, with most units remaining in the same province throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries.

2611:

could only enlist in the auxilia. Citizenship carried a number of tax and other privileges and was highly sought-after. It could also be earned by serving the minimum 25-year term in the auxilia. In 212 all free inhabitants of the empire were granted full Roman citizenship.

674:

was completed in 51 BC. After centuries of raiding the Po Valley and decades of exacting tolls and exorbitant prices for supplies from transient Roman troops and travelers, interspersed with brigandage, the Salassi were finally subjugated in 25 BC by Augustus' general

781:. According to Livy, their original Etruscan culture had been lost as a result of living in the harsh Alpine environment (as opposed to the plains of the Po). During the centuries of Roman rule, the Raeti became Latin speakers, as evidenced by the survival of 2702:

in brackets. Regiments in 400 AD were very different from those of the Principate. They were probably much smaller (frontier cohorts may have as small as 50-strong) and their armour and weapons may have differed significantly from their forebears'.

2592:

to all the regiment's current members, but not to subsequent recruits to the regiment. The regiment, however, would retain the prestigious title in perpetuity. Until 212, only a minority of the empire's inhabitants (inc. all Italians) held full

948:

peninsula, by then Roman territory. The reasons for this foray are unclear. The Norici may have been alarmed by, and/or taking advantage of, the imminent Roman operations against their Raetian neighbours. They were driven out of Istria by the

523:("Alpine star") in Latin. These were either a regimental symbol, or a national symbol of the Montani. The crescent moon-and-star motif between the flowers may be either a regimental emblem or a religious symbol. Date: 1st century, probably 165:

There is some debate about the linguistic affiliation of the many known Alpine tribes. The names of most can plausibly be derived from Celtic stem-words implying a predominant Celtic element. Non-Celtic elements also existed, however. The

425:

in 43 BC. That Rome's overland communications with its transalpine territories should be thus held to ransom was no longer tolerable, especially as Augustus was intent on advancing the Roman sphere of control as far as the Danube river.

866:, a Celtic-speaking tribe (not to be confused with the Taurini on the other side of the Alps). Strabo reports that the Norici, in common with the Vindelici, frequently raided their neighbours and killed all their male-born captives. 2675:: these are very useful as, if complete, they contain a precise date and the province in which the regiment was serving at the time (as well the name, origin and rank of the recipient). (2) tiles or bricks, used in building work on 2503:(lit. "1st cohort of Raeti"). A few regiments had no number. A confusing aspect of auxiliary unit nomenclature is that in some cases, more than one regiment can appear in the record with the same number and name e.g. there are two 558:("conquered Alpine tribes"), including the Raeti and Vindelici. However, the names of tribes in the eastern Alps are not included, leading to the suggestion that the subjugation of the latter was achieved with much less bloodshed. 305:

from the lower Po valley, could understand the "wild men of the mountains" through which they passed even when the latter spoke among themselves. In addition, the ancient authors often refer to the people of the eastern Alps as

2520:

The explanation for duplicated names is that where more than one series of cohorts was raised from the same original tribe, numbering would start from 1 again, especially if the second series was raised by a different emperor.

126:(reigned from 69 to 79 AD). These and the 20 surviving Julio-Claudian units are recorded at least until the mid 2nd century, but by that time only around a quarter were still based in the Alpine provinces or in neighbouring 381:, a major production and trading centre was established, where a large number of specialised blacksmiths crafted a range of metal products, especially weapons. The finished products were mostly exported southwards, to 1068:

At least 14 regiments survived into the early 3rd century although the evidence for that period is so limited that the possibility cannot be excluded that several more regiments also survived to that time.

2143:

NOTE TO TABLE 2: The following cohorts can be inferred from the numeration, but are unattested: III RAETORUM, II and III VINDELICORUM. All were evidently disbanded or destroyed in action in the early 1st

2450:

recruitment appears to become more mixed, with home recruits balanced by an increase in local recruits from the province in which the unit was stationed and also levies from the main recruiting areas of

873:, with its capital at an uncertain location called Noreia. The kingdom was in reality a loose confederation whose main purpose was military defence. The Norici are first mentioned by the ancient writer 679:. The latter deported and sold into temporary slavery 44,000 Salassi, probably most of the tribe. Their territory became the core of the Alpes Graiae province, set up by 7 BC, with a new Roman colony, 800:(Augsburg, Ger). The Vindelici were a probably a Celtic-speaking people as their name and those of affiliated tribes have convincing Celtic derivations. They were described by the Roman geographer 507:(ranker) of the Alpine infantry regiment Cohors I Montanorum, who died in his 25th year of service (i.e. in the final year of the minimum term for an auxiliary and just before qualifying for 3746: 356:

to at least 1.5% carbon content. The main Roman method of achieving this was to repeatedly reheat the wrought iron to a temperature of over 800 C (i.e. to "white heat") and hammer it in a

708:(1,850m). The latter was accessible for a longer period in the year than the other western passes, due to its relatively low altitude. This was the most likely route followed by the 276:

respectively. But little trace of the non-Celtic tribes has remained in the placenames, personal names and inscriptions of Noricum. The Veneti are convincingly attested only in the

961:

before Claudius has led to dispute about when Noricum was annexed. Some scholars hold that annexation immediately followed the Roman occupation in 16 BC. Others suggest that the

741:

The subjugation of the coastal Ligures and the annexation of the Alpes Maritimae took place in 14 BC, closely following the occupation of the central Alps in 15 BC (see below).

97:' forces during the period 25–14 BC. The term "Alpine" is used geographically in this context and does not necessarily imply that the regiments in question were specialised in 264:

The same process of Celtisation appears to have taken place in the eastern Alps. Before the immigration of the Celts (from c. 400 BC onwards), this region was dominated by

429:

A secondary strategic aim of annexing the Alpine regions was to seize control of their substantial mineral wealth, which included gold and the prized iron ore of Noricum.

3756: 3751: 921:(although, in the event, he was heavily defeated). After finally crushing the Teutones in 101 BC, the Romans established a major trading colony within the leading Noric 595:

appears to be a generic term for natives of the northwestern Alps i.e. the western part of Raetia and the Alpes Graiae (those of the eastern Alps appear to be called

2569:

units were only introduced sometime after AD 81, either by doubling the strength of existing units or by raising new ones. In addition, some regiments were denoted

322:

variety, which is characterised by advanced metal-working techniques and of elaborate metal artwork. Indeed, the eponymous La Tène site is in the Alpine region, on

331:

the Roman conquest, the entire Alpine region was predominantly La Tène, including patterns of settlement (mainly hillforts) and funerary rites (mostly cremation).

318:

Although the Alpine tribes are described as "wild" or "savage" by the classical authors, their material culture was sophisticated, as it was predominantly of the

105:

period (27 BC – AD 68), when the regiments were still largely composed of Alpine recruits, it is likely that they were especially adept at mountain operations.

726:

i.e. Roman governor. In 8 BC, Cottius showed his gratitude for this reprieve from dynastic oblivion by erecting a triumphal arch to Augustus in his capital,

377:

Celtic people of Noricum empirically discovered that their ore made superior steel around 500 BC and established a major steel-making industry around it. At

240:

are one of the tribes classified as Raetian by Strabo. Their original language was therefore probably Raetian. But from the available inscriptions, the

515:, the same ethnic name as the regiment's, meaning a native of the eastern Alps, most likely the origin of the deceased. Note (top corners) the Alpine 122:(i.e., before AD 37). Of these, six regiments disappeared, either destroyed in action or disbanded, by AD 68. A further two regiments were raised by 150:. By 400 BC, they had overrun much of the rest of the Po plain. Raetian survived in the Alps. Note the small area where Latin was originally spoken 134:

area). The rest were scattered all over the empire and would probably have long since lost their ethnic Alpine identity through local recruitment.

352:

produced in the Greco-Roman world generally contained only minimal traces of carbon and was too soft for tools and weapons. It thus needed to be

2636:

cohorts with a lower number than VII were also in existence by that date, and so were almost certainly founded in the Augustus/Tiberius period.

217:

There is substantial evidence, however, that the non-Celtic elements had been largely assimilated by Celtic influences by the time of Augustus.

2628:

70), and of these most from the 2nd century. However, the foundation period can be inferred from other evidence e.g. numeration sequence e.g.

914: 984:(literally, "mountain people"), apparently a generic term for tribes inhabiting the eastern Alps, both from eastern Raetia and Noricum. 969:, until both were annexed under Claudius. But even if the latter is true, there is a consensus that Roman troops were stationed in the 301:

during the centuries of Roman rule: Livy states that Hannibal's guides for his crossing of the western Alps in 218 BC, who were Gallic

3741: 3726: 2588:

for short) was normally awarded by the emperor for valour to an auxiliary regiment as a whole. The award would include the grant of

408: 118:

is recorded. About 26 Alpine regiments were raised in the Julio-Claudian period, the great majority under Augustus or his successor

202:, the earliest extant writer on Roman history (c. 130 BC), draws a clear distinction between "Celts" (i.e. Gauls) and Ligures. The 2411:

Single undatable inscription. May be one of the I MONTANORUM units after a number change or a merger of both I MONTANORUM units.

869:

From 200 BC onwards, it appears that the tribes of Noricum were gradually united in a native kingdom, known to the Romans as the

2850:("bright"). In addition, Strabo lists 5 other tribes as affiliated to the Vindelici. All but one have plausible Celtic origins: 2327:

Was the same unit as I MONTANORUM C.R. according to some scholars, but Holder and Spaul agree that the two were separate units.

812: 2760: 2692:. Although the great majority of units listed do not have Principate-era names, some 60 of the latter are survive, mostly 1330: 568: 412: 365:(an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), but also to contain very little, or preferably zero 252:

states that their language (Raetian) had become much corrupted. Celtisation is also implied by the establishment of joint

3721: 1285: 716:

when he led his army across the Alps in 218 BC. This area formed the Alpes Cottiae province, named after the local king

676: 909:

of military alliance, the Norici could count on Roman military support, as demonstrated in 113 BC, when a vast host of

576:

cohorts were originally raised from the many small tribes that inhabited the western Alps, i.e. the later provinces of

491:, king of the Taurini, in 8 BC, to celebrate his appointment as Roman governor over the local Ligurian tribes of the 929:(Carinthia, Austria), which may have been the site of Noreia. At the same time, the royal house and nobility of the 1215: 954: 550:(Alpes-Maritimes, France) to commemorate his conquest of the Alps. The inscription on the monument, transcribed by 537:

Alpes a regione ea, quae proxima est Hadriatico mari, ad Tuscum pacari feci, nullae genti bello per iniuriam inlato

535:

In the period 25-14 BC, therefore, Augustus' generals subdued the entire Alpine region. In Augustus' own words:

858:, which was either the name of a single tribe that became generalised to denote all the tribes in the eastern ( 815:

in a single campaign in 15 BC. The region was garrisoned, on its western edge, by at least one Roman legion at

160: 1027:

As mountain people, the Alpine tribes supplied predominantly infantry: all the regiments in this article are

3611: 3460:

Marcu, The fort at Râșnov (Cumidava) and the Cohors Vindelicorum, Acta Musei Napocensis, 55, 2018 I: 205-226

2472: 2381: 221: 195: 761:, a collective name given to a group of central Alpine tribes, which occupied southern Switzerland and the 2660: 102: 862:) Alps or, according to Pliny the Elder, an alternative name for the most prominent of these tribes, the 804:

as a fierce people that frequently raided their neighbours and routinely put all male captives to death.

1644: 1038:

In total, some 20 regiments were raised from the Alpine provinces in the early Julio-Claudian era (i.e.

616: 422: 90: 2620:

This is in most cases conjectural, as most auxiliary regiments were founded in the Julio-Claudian era (

2553:, which meant they were nominally double-strength. In practice, they contained 720 (or 768) men for an 1958: 957:, Publius Silius Nerva, to whom they submitted. Lack of inscription evidence for the Roman province of 705: 472: 2698:(frontier units). In the tables above, a regiment whose name appears in this document is qualified by 1367: 1314: 2526: 2107: 1651: 797: 245: 114: 1235: 607:

peoples of NW Italy, SE Gaul and the western Alps, including inhabitants of the eponymous region of

146:

Linguistic map of Italy c. 500 BC. Gallic tribes (in dark blue) had already colonised the region of

19: 843:, Switz.) was separated to join the Alpes Graiae. Raetia was governed by an equestrian procurator. 183: 2732:

Auxiliary regiments were normally attached, for operational purposes, to a particular legion. The

2688:, dating to c. 400, which is a Roman government manual detailing all the military commands of the 1319: 900:

For the 200 years between this stand-off and the time of Augustus, relations between Rome and the

3592: 2684: 2668: 2599: 1602: 1073: 689: 543: 1963: 1419: 933:

grew wealthy on the proceeds of the same exports. The increasing wealth and Romanisation of the

777:. Prior to Roman annexation, their territory comprised central and SW Switzerland and North and 319: 2508:

doubt two separate regiments are involved. They can usually be distinguished by whether one is

1778: 1182: 1065:), and would, by this time, probably have lost their ethnic identity through local recruitment. 973:

from 16 BC. After its organisation as a province, it was governed by an equestrian procurator.

807:

Both the Raeti and Vindelici were subdued by Augustus' stepsons and senior military commanders

2782:

Many of the known names of Alpine tribes have plausible Celtic derivations. Examples include:

2664: 2594: 2589: 2385: 2319: 2269: 2231: 2218: 2213: 2132: 2061: 2044: 1941: 1896: 1762: 1756: 1686: 1562: 1532: 1406: 1303: 1271: 1219: 1159: 877:(c. 130 BC). In 186 BC occurred the Norici's first recorded interaction with Rome. A group of 789:, in a small part of the Raeti's ancestral homeland (most of which is today German-speaking). 659: 528: 323: 281: 241: 179: 127: 2624:

68), while the vast majority of datable auxiliary records date from the Flavian era onwards (

1092:, were based in their original home province of Raetia. The other two were based in the East. 904:

were peaceful and marked by increasing cooperation in security and trade. The Romans saw the

700:

The Taurini controlled the main Roman route from Italy to Gaul through the western Alps, the

3633: 2738: 2363: 2127: 2076: 966: 918: 786: 782: 694: 671: 444:'s victory over the tribes of the western Alps. Erected 7 BC. In foreground, the village of 288: 229: 225: 175: 98: 2577:, "arrow") meaning they contained a much higher number of archers than ordinary regiments. 3644: 3588: 3581: 2689: 2546:

with a cavalry contingent attached: 480 infantry plus 120 cavalry for a total of 600 men.

2538: 2367: 2355: 2049: 1996: 1816: 1401: 1078: 1049:

A further 6 units were raised under Claudius (41-54) and a couple under Vespasian (69-79).

766: 762: 584: 551: 449: 437: 265: 211: 109: 1008:

cohorts existed by AD 54. A further 2 cohorts were raised after the civil war of 68–9. 4

1012:

cohorts were operational by AD 68. 1 ala and 1 cohort of Norici were probably raised by

244:

is believed to be Celtic, with some residual non Indo-European elements - a parallel to

2451: 2054: 2031: 2001: 1908: 1773: 1680: 1224: 1164: 965:

was allowed to remain in existence for c. 60 years as a Roman client-state, as was the

882: 620: 298: 66: 3735: 2647:

The literary evidence for auxiliary regiments is almost non-existent. Unlike for the

926: 840: 820: 734:, Piedmont, Italy), which still stands. After the death of Cottius' son, the emperor 667: 581: 508: 492: 404: 378: 353: 293: 257:

continued until c. 400 BC and ended in the occupation and Celtisation of much of the

792:

The Vindelici occupied the northern part of Raetia (i.e. Germany south of the river

479: 2819: 2648: 2604: 1023:

The following conclusions may be drawn from the Tables of Alpine regiments, below:

913:

invaded Noricum. In response to a desperate appeal by the Norici, the Roman consul

731: 651: 577: 484: 349: 70: 831:(ruled 41–54), that the district became a full province with the official name of 1570:

Single undatable inscription. Probably destroyed in action or disbanded ante 68.

1540:

Single undatable inscription. Probably destroyed in action or disbanded ante 68.

1004:

cohorts were raised by Augustus and survived as amalgamated units after AD 70. 8

3622: 3568: 2743: 2676: 2287: 2225: 2122: 1769: 1628: 859: 778: 738:(ruled 54–68) appointed a regular equestrian procurator to govern the province. 701: 647: 464: 336: 112:, the Alpine provinces predominantly supplied infantry; only one Alpine cavalry 459: 27: 3603: 2810:"("bull"), although in the case of the Taurini this could equally derive from 2438: 1948: 1825: 1820: 1639: 1241: 1058: 1054: 816: 722: 635:(non-citizens) i.e. the inhabitants of the Alpes Cottiae and Alpes Maritimae. 468: 366: 277: 74: 44: 36: 765:

and of their neighbours to the North, the Vindelici. The Raeti, according to

2875: 2859: 2791: 2783: 2694: 2427: 1900: 1865: 1728: 1231: 1177: 1077:, a Roman government manual which includes all the military commands of the 1062: 950: 770: 547: 516: 445: 432: 362: 258: 171: 142: 123: 86: 1656:

Distinct unit ac. to Holder. Same unit as I RAETORUM EQ. CR. ac. to Spaul.

1607:

Distinct unit ac. to Holder. Same unit as I RAETORUM EQ. CR. ac. to Spaul.

503:

Tombstone of Marius son of Ructicnus. The inscription states that he was a

411:

extortionate fees for supplies and forced the escaping murderer of Caesar

2867: 2799: 2632:

is attested in the year 38 AD. From this it can be inferred that all the

2496: 2455: 2374: 2351: 2314: 2264: 2071: 2008: 1992: 1786: 1782: 1449: 1347: 1173: 1013: 910: 890: 874: 863: 828: 808: 713: 709: 441: 417: 382: 374: 369:, whose presence would compromise the steel's hardness. The ore mined in 357: 327: 248:

in Spain. The Raeti themselves appear to have undergone assimilation, as

237: 233: 199: 147: 119: 94: 3640: 3629: 3599: 2851: 2803: 2672: 2652: 2433: 2118: 2065: 1954: 1693: 1462: 958: 717: 639: 608: 604: 488: 400: 370: 341: 207: 191: 187: 82: 59: 48: 32: 2445:) was the base of at least one Roman legion in the period 15 - 100 AD 658:(Great St Bernard Pass - 2,473m). As the shortest route from Italy to 3618: 3559: 2644:

This gives the earliest and latest datable record for each regiment.

2532: 2530:(literally "wing") was a purely cavalry regiment of 480 horse. (2) a 2459: 2442: 2235: 1937: 1861: 1832: 1721: 1635: 1594: 1413: 1358: 1354: 945: 855: 801: 793: 588: 453: 345: 203: 78: 40: 1362: 1279:

Single inscription pre-68. May have changed name to II ALPINORUM EQ

499: 2441:(Windisch, Canton Aargau, Switz.). Vindonissa (in or just outside 2426: 2359: 1453: 1310: 1245: 1186: 774: 758: 684: 663: 498: 478: 458: 431: 273: 269: 167: 141: 131: 26: 18: 2715:

The tables display the available evidence for each regiment. The

666:

region, this pass became strategically vital to the Romans after

3577: 735: 302: 249: 63: 2826:("strong", "brave") and the personal name of king Cottius from 937:

is demonstrated by the launch of its own coinage around 60 BC.

340:("Noric steel"), celebrated in Roman times, from the region of 2742:(legion commander). Auxiliary regiments were mostly housed in 1042:

37). Of these, 6 were either destroyed in action or disbanded

627:

cohorts, therefore, would have been recruited from the Alpine

373:(S. Noricum) fulfills both criteria to an unusual degree. The 348:

content (the higher the content, the stronger the metal). The

23:

Roman infantry helmet (Imperial Gallic type). Late 1st century

2536:("cohort") was a purely infantry regiment of 480 foot. (3) a 261:

and of the Alpine regions through which the migrants passed.

2814:, the Italic for "bull". The chief town in the Val di Susa, 2671:

soldiers who completed the minimum 25 years' service in the

1792:

Was II RAETORUM ET VINDELICORUM until renamed after c. 100.

1425:

Was I LIGURUM until merged with a Spanish unit after AD 70.

1251:

There were 2 cohorts of this name & no., acc. to Holder

2524:

There were three basic types of auxiliary regiment. (1) an

940:

The long record of friendly relations between Rome and the

326:, Switzerland. La Tène gradually replaced the pre-existing 232:, by that time. For example, Strabo describes one tribe in 3418:

Data from Spaul (2000) 276-91 and Holder (1980) and (1982)

3384:

Data from Spaul (2000) 262-71 and Holder (1980) and (1982)

93:. They were annexed, or at least occupied, by the emperor 917:

rushed an army to the Alps and attacked the Germans near

2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 642:, warlike mountaineers who controlled the valley of the 2491:

Most regiments carried a number and a name (normally a

889:(hillfort) near the site of the future Roman colony of 361:

production of good steel. The ore needed to be rich in

334:

One especially important feature of Alpine culture was

210:, two of the tribes on Pliny's list, are classified as 2918: 2916: 2914: 2659:

The epigraphic record includes: (1) inscriptions from

885:(northern Italy). The intruders set about building an 623:, and would have been recruited into the legions. The 407:

on one occasion by hurling rocks on his army, charged

3438: 3436: 839:

in the later 1st century), while the Poenine Valley (

344:(Austria). The strength of iron is determined by its 62:

units of the army that were originally raised in the

3685:

Mining and Metsallurgy in the Greek and Roman Worlds

3426: 3424: 3098: 3096: 85:. All these regions were inhabited by predominantly 35:(ruled 117–138 AD), showing the Alpine provinces of 3478:

Data from Spaul (2000) and Holder (1980) and (1982)

2651:, ancient Roman historians only rarely mention the 1099:

TRES ALPES REGIMENTS: Summary of available evidence

220:In the western Alps, the Ligures probably spoke an 198:but with an important pre-Indo-European substrate. 178:, a non Indo-European tongue apparently related to 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 1000:AD 37, 3 cohorts in the first, 4 in the second. 2 3747:Military units and formations of the Roman Empire 944:was broken in 16 BC, when the Norici invaded the 3140: 3138: 2736:(commander) of the regiment would report to the 2466:generally becomes predominant. For example, the 2151:NORICUM REGIMENTS: Summary of available evidence 1474:RAETIAN REGIMENTS: Summary of available evidence 3164: 3162: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 769:, were Etruscans driven into the Alps from the 1071:The names of 4 Alpine regiments appear in the 687:, Italy) as its capital. It was governed by a 511:). His heir, who erected the stone, is named 174:by the classical authors, and probably spoke 8: 3703:Auxiliary Deployment in the Reign of Hadrian 3281: 3279: 3203: 3201: 471:across the Alps from Italy to Gaul, via the 3672:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Placenames 2948: 2946: 2944: 1081:, dating to around AD 400. 2 of these, the 819:from c. AD 15 until c. 100 AD (in today's 3664:Cambridge Ancient History (1996): Vol X, 2437:(bathhouse) of the legionary fortress at 619:. The latter, however, were by this time 3757:Auxiliary equitata units of ancient Rome 3752:Auxiliary infantry units of ancient Rome 3697:Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army 3128: 3126: 2512:or not, or has a c.R. title or not e.g. 2147: 1470: 1095: 1031:save for a single cavalry regiment, the 495:(which he had previously ruled as king) 483:Triumphal arch dedicated to Augustus at 2901: 2772: 2282:in early 3rd century. Awarded title of 421:per man to allow his army to cross the 2384:(102-5) and in the suppression of the 2027:I Vindelicorum equitata milliaria c.R. 2549:A minority of regiments were denoted 823:). In addition, auxiliary forces and 7: 2663:, which were bronze certificates of 2462:. Finally, after AD 70, recruitment 881:(believed to be Norici) appeared in 757:cohorts were originally composed of 638:Prominent among the Alpini were the 603:in its broad sense included all the 546:("Victory Monument of the Alps") at 385:, a Roman colony founded in 180 BC. 2603:, a second-class status. Since the 1461:Was II LIGURUM until merged with a 611:, which Augustus designated the IX 475:, which lies in the left background 2846:probably derives from Celtic root 2561:and 1,040 (800 inf/240 cav) for a 56:Alpine regiments of the Roman army 14: 3727:List of Roman auxiliary regiments 2780:Etymology of Alpine tribal names: 2682:A final and unique record is the 2373:MS: Cezava (98); Ravna (98-103); 2275:PI: Ocseny; Dunaszekcso (215-40) 1020:cohorts were levied by Augustus. 745:Central Alps: Raeti and Vindelici 236:(SE Gaul) as "Celtoligures". The 2238:); Burungum (Worringen) (160-7) 847:Eastern Alps: Norici and Montani 562:Western Alps: Alpini and Ligures 268:and Illyrian tribes such as the 31:The Roman empire in the time of 3691:Iron and Steel in Ancient Times 2988:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 542:In 7 BC, Augustus erected the 487:, Piedmont, Italy. Erected by 297:of the Alps until replaced by 1: 3670:Faliyeyev, Alexander (2007): 3216:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 2840:Etymology of Vindelici names: 2761:Alpinorum auxiliary regiments 2724:rest not attested before 75. 1434:II gemina Ligurum et Corsorum 1331:Cohors III Alpinorum equitata 615:(administrative district) of 467:, through which ran the main 3722:Auxiliaries (Roman military) 3677:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003): 2475:units stationed in Britain. 2418:Explanation of Table rubrics 2112:Germ. Superior 134 - 3rd c.; 1286:Cohors II Alpinorum equitata 681:Augusta Praetoria Salassorum 677:Aulus Terentius Varro Murena 440:, a monument to the emperor 155:Ethno-linguistic affiliation 16:Classical era military units 2866:("fight" or "armed host"); 2790:("fight" or "armed host"); 1977:VIII Raetorum equitata c.R. 1227:144; Pann Inf 148 - c. 215 854:units were named after the 796:) and whose chief town was 287:Overall, it is likely that 3773: 2380:Probably took part in the 967:Odrysian kingdom of Thrace 403:, who reportedly ambushed 158: 108:As would be expected from 2563:cohors equitata milliaria 2423:Ethnic origin of regiment 897:was razed to the ground. 3742:Military of ancient Rome 3348:CAH X 171 (footnote 114) 2607:admitted only citizens, 2597:. The rest were denoted 2370:159 - early 3rd century 1549:Raetorum et Vindelicorum 587:and the western part of 254:Raetorum et Vindelicorum 161:Ancient peoples of Italy 3689:Buchwald, Vagn (2005): 3679:The Complete Roman Army 3612:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 2661:Roman military diplomas 2397:II Montanorum milliaria 1386:I Ligurum et Hispanorum 556:Alpinae gentes devictae 3658:Alfoldy, Geza (1974): 3532:Mattingly (2006) 168-9 3469:Holder (1980) 111, 224 3375:Holder (1980) 111, 223 2938:Pliny the Elder III.20 2822:), prob. derives from 2584:("of Roman citizens", 2446: 2105:Germ. Superior 74–116; 996:regiments were raised 662:province in the Upper 532: 496: 476: 456: 228:similarities but also 222:Indo-European language 196:Indo-European language 151: 91:Celtic-speaking tribes 51: 24: 3701:Holder, Paul (2003): 3695:Holder, Paul (1980): 3541:Goldsworthy (2005) 97 2961:Polybius I.17; XII.28 2806:probably derive from 2430: 1922:VII Raetorum equitata 980:cohorts derives from 915:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo 835:(shortened to simply 502: 482: 462: 435: 423:Great St Bernard Pass 415:to pay a toll of one 159:Further information: 145: 30: 22: 3707:Spaul, John (2000): 3442:Spaul (2000) 276-278 3072:e.g. Livy XXXIX.54.5 2922:Faliyeyev Dictionary 2580:The honorific title 2386:Second Jewish revolt 2249:I Noricorum equitata 2114:Dacia early 3rd c.- 1801:IV Raetorum equitata 1422:(early 2nd century) 1200:I Alpinorum equitata 1144:I Alpinorum peditata 988:The Alpine regiments 833:Raetia et Vindelicia 798:Augusta Vindelicorum 182:(and written in the 3666:The Augustan Empire 3430:Holder (1980) 223-4 3111:Buchwald (2005) 115 3102:Buchwald (2005) 124 3054:Alfoldy (1974) 24-5 3036:Alfoldy (1974) 18-9 2630:Cohors VII Raetorum 2495:tribal name in the 2153: 1665:I Raetorum eq. c.R. 1616:I Raetorum equitata 1525:Augustus (ante 14) 1476: 1101: 3683:Healy, F. (1978): 3593:Naturalis Historia 2717:provinces deployed 2707:Provinces deployed 2685:Notitia Dignitatum 2499:plural case) e.g. 2447: 2177:Provinces deployed 2148: 1500:Provinces deployed 1471: 1465:unit after AD 70. 1264:Augustus/Tiberius 1123:Provinces deployed 1096: 1074:Notitia Dignitatum 1053:empire (including 706:Col de Montgenèvre 652:Val d'Aosta, Italy 533: 497: 477: 473:Col de Montgenèvre 457: 152: 138:The Alpine peoples 101:. However, in the 52: 25: 3523:Holder (1980) 123 3409:Holder (1980) 111 3393:Holder (1980) 223 3366:Holder (1980) 112 3330:Alfoldy (1974) 44 3312:Alfoldy (1974) 30 3294:Alfoldy (1974) 27 3177:Holder (1980) 129 3081:Alfoldy (1974) 15 3045:Alfoldy (1974) 21 3027:Alfoldy (1974) 14 2886:("exalted ones"). 2874:("kinsmen"); and 2749:castra legionaria 2719:rubric gives the 2665:Roman citizenship 2595:Roman citizenship 2590:Roman citizenship 2501:cohors I Raetorum 2468:cohors V Raetorum 2415: 2414: 2382:Conquest of Dacia 2336:I Montanorum c.R. 2320:Pannonia Inferior 2278:Only attested as 2270:Pannonia Inferior 2232:Colonia Agrippina 2219:Germania Inferior 2214:Germania Superior 2180:(minimum periods) 2145: 2140: 2139: 2062:Colonia Agrippina 2045:Germania Inferior 1897:Germania Inferior 1763:Germania Superior 1687:Germania Inferior 1563:Germania Superior 1533:Germania Superior 1503:(minimum periods) 1469: 1468: 1407:Germania Superior 1304:Pannonia Superior 1272:Germania Superior 1220:Pannonia Inferior 1160:Pannonia Superior 1148:Augustus/Tiberius 1126:(minimum periods) 879:Galli transalpini 660:Germania Superior 509:Roman citizenship 308:Galli transalpini 242:Lepontic language 184:Etruscan alphabet 170:are described as 128:Germania Superior 3764: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3514:Spaul (2000) 296 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3496:Spaul (2000) 293 3494: 3488: 3487:Spaul (2000) 298 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3451:Spaul (2000) 280 3449: 3443: 3440: 3431: 3428: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3133: 3130: 3121: 3120:Healy (1978) 236 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3091: 3090:Healy (1978) 231 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2939: 2936: 2923: 2920: 2909: 2906: 2887: 2882:("hillfort") or 2837: 2831: 2798:("valley"). The 2777: 2739:legatus legionis 2728:Forts garrisoned 2582:civium Romanorum 2559:cohors milliaria 2364:Syria Palaestina 2154: 2142: 2128:Grosskrotzenburg 1741:II Raetorum c.R. 1477: 1368:Baratsföldpuszta 1315:Baratsföldpuszta 1169:Pannonia c. 210 1102: 787:Romance language 672:conquest of Gaul 519:flowers, called 314:Material culture 190:, including the 99:mountain warfare 87:Rhaetian peoples 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3732: 3731: 3718: 3713: 3655: 3589:Pliny the Elder 3582:Ab Urbe Condita 3556: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303:Livy XXXIX.54-5 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063:Livy XXI.29, 32 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2942: 2937: 2926: 2921: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2838: 2834: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2757: 2730: 2709: 2690:late Roman army 2642: 2618: 2539:cohors equitata 2518:I Raetorum c.R. 2481: 2431:Remains of the 2425: 2420: 2368:Moesia Superior 2356:Moesia Superior 2341: 2318: 2304: 2268: 2254: 2234:; Burgunatium ( 2229: 2217: 2203: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2131: 2126: 2113: 2111: 2108:Maur. Tingitana 2106: 2095: 2090:IV Vindelicorum 2075: 2069: 2053: 2050:Moesia Superior 2048: 2034: 2000: 1982: 1962: 1952: 1927: 1904: 1886: 1851: 1824: 1806: 1785: 1776: 1754: 1746: 1711: 1678: 1670: 1643: 1631: 1621: 1598: 1584: 1554: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1439: 1417: 1405: 1402:Alpes Maritimae 1391: 1365: 1337: 1318: 1292: 1239: 1223: 1205: 1181: 1168: 1163: 1149: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1079:late Roman army 990: 849: 825:leves armaturae 767:Pliny the Elder 747: 656:saltus Poeninus 585:Alpes Maritimae 564: 552:Pliny the Elder 544:Tropaeum Alpium 452:, France) near 450:Alpes-Maritimes 438:Tropaeum Alpium 396: 391: 337:chalybs Noricus 316: 291:Celtic was the 163: 157: 140: 110:mountain people 17: 12: 11: 5: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3638: 3627: 3616: 3608: 3597: 3586: 3575: 3566: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3411: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3237:Dio LIV.22.3-4 3230: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3168:Alfoldy (1974) 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3009:Lejeune (1971) 3002: 2993: 2981: 2963: 2954: 2940: 2924: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2832: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2729: 2726: 2708: 2705: 2641: 2638: 2617: 2616:Period founded 2614: 2480: 2477: 2452:Gallia Belgica 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2378: 2371: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2276: 2273: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2222: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2130:(3rd century); 2125:(2nd century); 2115: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094:Julio-Claudian 2092: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2058: 2055:Dacia Superior 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032:Julio-Claudian 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2005: 2002:Dacia Superior 1990: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1945: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1909:Great Chesters 1905: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1829: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1416:(1st century); 1410: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1307: 1302:Illyricum 60; 1300: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1236:Szazholombatta 1228: 1225:Dacia Superior 1213: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1170: 1165:Dacia Superior 1157: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1094: 1093: 1069: 1066: 1050: 1047: 1036: 992:Two series of 989: 986: 963:regnum Noricum 902:regnum Noricum 883:Cisalpine Gaul 871:regnum Noricum 848: 845: 746: 743: 621:Roman citizens 563: 560: 413:Decimus Brutus 395: 392: 390: 389:Roman conquest 387: 324:Lake Neuchâtel 315: 312: 156: 153: 139: 136: 103:Julio-Claudian 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3769: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572:Roman History 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3505:Holder (1980) 3502: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3255:Strabo IV.6.9 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144:Strabo IV.6.7 3141: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 3000:Strabo IV.6.3 2997: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2979:Strabo IV.6.8 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:ala milliaria 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2479:Regiment name 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253:Claudius/Nero 2252: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216:ante c. 70 AD 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202:Claudius/Nero 2201: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1768:GS: ante 100: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757:Alex. Severus 1752: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1033:ala Noricorum 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 987: 985: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 927:Magdalensberg 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 846: 844: 842: 841:Canton Valais 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 821:canton Aargau 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 744: 742: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 691: 686: 682: 678: 673: 669: 668:Julius Caesar 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:Duria Bautica 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 583: 582:Alpes Cottiae 579: 575: 571: 570: 561: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 530: 526: 522: 521:stella Alpina 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 494: 493:Alpes Cottiae 490: 486: 481: 474: 470: 466: 461: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 427: 424: 420: 419: 414: 410: 406: 405:Julius Caesar 402: 393: 388: 386: 384: 380: 379:Magdalensberg 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338: 332: 329: 325: 321: 313: 311: 309: 304: 300: 296: 295: 294:lingua franca 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224:with strong 223: 218: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 162: 154: 149: 144: 137: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 29: 21: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3632: 3621: 3610: 3602: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3414: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3339:Dio LIV.20.2 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3228:Dio LIV.24.2 3224: 3217: 3212: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3153: 3149: 3116: 3107: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2957: 2904: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2863: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830:("crooked"). 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2795: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2748: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2658: 2646: 2643: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2608: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557:, 800 for a 2554: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2467: 2463: 2448: 2432: 2396: 2393: 2335: 2332: 2299:I Montanorum 2298: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2248: 2245: 2197: 2194: 2179: 2150: 2141: 2102:3rd century 2089: 2086: 2026: 2023: 1981:Augustus/Tib 1976: 1973: 1959:Königsfelden 1942:Germania Sup 1926:Augustus/Tib 1921: 1918: 1885:Augustus/Tib 1880: 1877: 1864:? ante 122; 1850:Augustus/Tib 1845: 1842: 1805:Augustus/Tib 1800: 1797: 1745:Augustus/Tib 1740: 1737: 1710:Augustus/Tib 1705: 1702: 1664: 1661: 1615: 1612: 1583:Augustus/Tib 1578: 1575: 1548: 1545: 1520: 1517: 1502: 1473: 1433: 1430: 1404:1st century; 1395:1st century 1385: 1382: 1336:Augustus/Tib 1329: 1320:Dunaubogdány 1291:Augustus/Tib 1284: 1259: 1256: 1204:Augustus/Tib 1199: 1196: 1143: 1140: 1125: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1072: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1017: 1010:Vindelicorum 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 981: 977: 976:The name of 975: 970: 962: 941: 939: 934: 930: 922: 905: 901: 899: 894: 886: 878: 870: 868: 851: 850: 836: 832: 824: 806: 791: 773:by invading 755:Vindelicorum 754: 750: 748: 740: 727: 721: 710:Carthaginian 699: 688: 680: 655: 643: 637: 632: 628: 624: 612: 600: 596: 592: 578:Alpes Graiae 573: 567: 565: 555: 554:, listed 45 541: 536: 534: 524: 520: 512: 504: 428: 416: 397: 394:Introduction 350:wrought iron 335: 333: 317: 307: 292: 286: 263: 253: 219: 216: 164: 113: 107: 71:Roman Empire 55: 53: 3637:(c. 100 AD) 3623:Geographica 3574:(c. 130 AD) 3569:Dio Cassius 3565:(c. 150 AD) 3246:CAH X 538-9 3195:Livy XXI.38 2744:Roman forts 2677:Roman forts 2667:awarded to 2288:Gordian III 2286:by emperor 2261:post 240-4 2226:Moguntiacum 2123:Heddernheim 1955:Confluentes 1881:VI Raetorum 1770:Mogontiacum 1706:II Raetorum 1629:Gordian III 1603:Schierenhof 1322:(185, 223) 1244:(144); PS: 1090:VI Raetorum 1016:(41-54). 2 785:, a modern 779:South Tyrol 702:Val di Susa 648:Dora Baltea 631:, who were 465:Val di Susa 246:Celtiberian 214:by Strabo. 58:were those 43:(including 3736:Categories 3626:(c. 10 AD) 3615:(c. 14 AD) 3604:Geographia 3596:(c. 70 AD) 3585:(c. 20 AD) 3548:References 3154:Res Gestae 2858:("rock"); 2734:praefectus 2571:sagittaria 2514:I Raetorum 2505:I Raetorum 2439:Vindonissa 2377:(197-211) 2342:(ante 14) 2305:(ante 14) 2228:(to 70 AD) 2096:(ante 68) 2035:(ante 68) 1997:Moesia Sup 1983:(ante 37) 1964:Niederberg 1949:Vindonissa 1928:(ante 37) 1887:(ante 37) 1852:(ante 37) 1846:V Raetorum 1826:Mauretania 1821:Cappadocia 1817:Moesia Sup 1807:(ante 37) 1747:(ante 37) 1712:(ante 37) 1640:Cappadocia 1585:(ante 37) 1579:I Raetorum 1555:(ante 14) 1440:(ante 14) 1420:Niedenberg 1392:(ante 14) 1353:D: Humac; 1338:(ante 37) 1293:(ante 37) 1206:(ante 37) 1185:(107-67); 1150:(ante 37) 1059:Mauretania 1055:Cappadocia 1018:Montanorum 978:Montanorum 817:Vindonissa 723:praefectus 695:equestrian 690:procurator 654:) and the 531:, Austria 469:Roman road 367:phosphorus 354:carburised 278:Gail River 194:, were an 75:Tres Alpes 45:Vindelicia 37:Tres Alpes 3357:CAH X 565 3321:Appian 13 3285:CAH X 369 3273:CAH X 541 3264:CAH X 539 3207:CAH X 170 3186:CAH X 471 3018:Livy V.34 2990:Ligurians 2952:Livy V.33 2908:CAH X 537 2897:Citations 2876:Brigantii 2860:Catenates 2844:Vindelici 2842:The name 2792:Nantuates 2784:Caturiges 2700:Not. Dig. 2695:limitanei 2669:peregrini 2609:peregrini 2600:peregrini 2567:Milliaria 2551:milliaria 2493:peregrini 2388:in 132-5 2348:197-211? 2290:(240-4). 2198:Noricorum 2149:Table 3: 2079:(c. 211) 2047:ante 100; 1966:(212-22) 1901:Britannia 1866:Britannia 1789:(210-35) 1779:Friedburg 1777:post 100: 1729:Straubing 1681:Antoninus 1669:Vespasian 1632:(238-44) 1620:Vespasian 1472:Table 2: 1350:75-216; 1260:II Alpina 1248:(c. 215) 1232:Carnuntum 1216:Illyricum 1189:(167-79) 1183:Lussonium 1180:(to 107); 1178:Carnuntum 1097:Table 1: 1063:Britannia 994:Alpinorum 955:Illyricum 951:proconsul 852:Noricorum 771:Po Valley 633:peregrini 569:Alpinorum 548:La Turbie 529:Carinthia 527:68. From 517:edelweiss 446:La Turbie 371:Carinthia 363:manganese 282:Carinthia 259:Po Valley 172:Etruscans 124:Vespasian 67:provinces 60:auxiliary 3716:See also 3709:COHORS 2 3674:(online) 3648:(c. 100) 3645:Germania 3607:(c. 140) 2884:brigant- 2868:Vennones 2800:Taurisci 2755:See also 2634:Raetorum 2510:equitata 2497:genitive 2456:Pannonia 2375:Pristina 2366:133–59; 2362:109–33; 2358:98–103; 2352:Pannonia 2340:Augustus 2315:Pannonia 2311:178-203 2303:Augustus 2284:Gordiana 2280:equitata 2265:Pannonia 2255:(54-68) 2204:(54-68) 2186:occupied 2167:Earliest 2157:Regiment 2144:century. 2133:Cumidava 2074:(c. 211) 2072:Tibiscum 2057:110-208 2009:Inlaceni 1995:80–102; 1993:Pannonia 1899:98–127; 1819:94–100; 1787:Saalburg 1783:Butzbach 1671:(69-79) 1647:148-240 1622:(69-79) 1565:ante 68 1553:Augustus 1535:ante 68 1521:Raetorum 1509:occupied 1490:Earliest 1480:Regiment 1463:Corsican 1450:Sardinia 1438:Augustus 1390:Augustus 1348:Dalmatia 1274:ante 68 1174:Poetovio 1132:occupied 1113:Earliest 1105:Regiment 1083:cohortes 1029:cohortes 1014:Claudius 1006:Raetorum 911:Teutones 891:Aquileia 875:Polybius 864:Taurisci 829:Claudius 809:Tiberius 751:Raetorum 714:Hannibal 712:general 605:Ligurian 513:Montanus 442:Augustus 418:denarius 409:Messalla 383:Aquileia 375:Taurisci 358:charcoal 328:Halstatt 280:valley ( 238:Lepontii 234:Provence 212:Illyrian 200:Polybius 180:Etruscan 148:Piedmont 120:Tiberius 95:Augustus 3660:Noricum 3641:Tacitus 3634:Annales 3630:Tacitus 3600:Ptolemy 3563:Celtica 3554:Ancient 3218:Segusio 2878:, from 2862:, from 2854:, from 2852:Licates 2816:Segusio 2804:Taurini 2794:, from 2721:minimum 2673:auxilia 2653:auxilia 2649:legions 2640:Records 2605:legions 2575:sagitta 2486:quondam 2464:in loco 2434:thermae 2354:85–98; 2322:102-78 2272:85-244 2221:70-160 2164:founded 2119:Arzbach 2066:Varadia 2041:208-12 2004:109-79 1944:74-212 1934:212-22 1831:MAUR C: 1765:82-222 1724:107-66 1694:Remagen 1689:98-138 1652:Eumenia 1487:founded 1452:88–96; 1409:116-34 1344:216-21 1306:84-223 1299:223-35 1222:80–143; 1212:c. 215 1162:80–167; 1156:c. 210 1110:founded 1002:Ligurum 982:Montani 959:Noricum 946:Istrian 925:on the 923:oppidum 895:oppidum 887:oppidum 783:Romansh 728:Segusio 718:Cottius 704:to the 650:river, 646:river ( 640:Salassi 629:Ligures 625:Ligurum 609:Liguria 601:Ligures 597:Montani 574:Ligurum 489:Cottius 401:Salassi 342:Noricum 320:La Tène 289:Gaulish 266:Venetic 208:Genauni 192:Taurini 188:Ligures 186:). The 176:Raetian 130:(Upper 83:Noricum 69:of the 49:Noricum 33:Hadrian 3653:Modern 3619:Strabo 3560:Appian 2856:licco- 2848:vindo- 2828:cotto- 2812:tauros 2808:taruo- 2796:nantu- 2573:(from 2544:cohors 2542:was a 2533:cohors 2473:Batavi 2460:Thrace 2443:Raetia 2394:Cohors 2333:Cohors 2317:80-102 2296:Cohors 2267:40-105 2258:c. 40 2246:Cohors 2236:Kalkar 2210:160-7 2189:Notes 2174:record 2172:Latest 2169:record 2162:Period 2087:Cohors 2077:Veczel 2052:100–9; 2024:Cohors 1999:103–7; 1974:Cohors 1938:Raetia 1919:Cohors 1911:(166) 1907:BRIT: 1893:166-9 1878:Cohors 1862:Moesia 1843:Cohors 1833:Timgad 1828:180; 1798:Cohors 1753:222-35 1738:Cohors 1722:Raetia 1703:Cohors 1677:138-61 1662:Cohors 1642:135–8; 1636:Moesia 1613:Cohors 1597:107-66 1595:Raetia 1576:Cohors 1546:Cohors 1518:Cohors 1512:Notes 1497:record 1495:Latest 1492:record 1485:Period 1431:Cohors 1414:Cimiez 1383:Cohors 1359:Salona 1355:Burnum 1257:Cohors 1242:Apulum 1197:Cohors 1141:Cohors 1135:Notes 1120:record 1118:Latest 1115:record 1108:Period 971:regnum 942:regnum 935:regnum 931:regnum 919:Noreia 906:regnum 860:Julian 856:Norici 837:Raetia 813:Drusus 802:Strabo 794:Danube 697:rank. 617:Italia 593:Alpini 589:Raetia 454:Monaco 346:carbon 230:Italic 226:Celtic 204:Breuni 79:Raetia 64:Alpine 47:) and 41:Raetia 3132:CAH X 2880:brig- 2872:veno- 2870:from 2864:catu- 2824:sego- 2788:catu- 2786:from 2767:Notes 2360:Dacia 2184:Forts 2070:DCS: 2007:DCS: 1823:130-8 1774:Worms 1507:Forts 1454:Syria 1311:Mursa 1246:Mursa 1240:DCS: 1187:Mursa 1130:Forts 775:Gauls 763:Tyrol 759:Raeti 685:Aosta 664:Rhine 613:regio 505:miles 299:Latin 274:Istri 270:Carni 168:Raeti 132:Rhine 3578:Livy 2820:Susa 2802:and 2626:post 2622:ante 2586:c.R. 2516:and 2458:and 2230:GI: 2224:GS: 2159:name 2117:GS: 2110:124; 2064:MS: 2060:GI: 2038:100 2018:XXX 1989:179 1953:GS: 1940:38; 1868:118 1858:122 1855:118 1835:180 1813:180 1718:166 1715:107 1692:GI: 1645:Asia 1638:75; 1591:166 1588:107 1482:name 1456:153 1446:153 1418:GS: 1412:AM: 1398:134 1377:XXX 1366:PS: 1309:PS: 1218:60; 1172:PS: 1167:179; 1088:and 1061:and 1044:ante 1040:ante 998:ante 811:and 753:and 749:The 736:Nero 732:Susa 670:' s 572:and 566:The 525:ante 485:Susa 463:The 436:The 303:Boii 272:and 250:Livy 206:and 89:and 81:and 54:The 2527:ala 2488:). 2345:85 2308:80 2207:78 2195:Ala 2099:74 1986:80 1951:38; 1947:R: 1931:38 1903:166 1890:98 1810:94 1750:82 1727:R: 1674:98 1650:C: 1625:75 1601:R: 1443:88 1363:Muć 1341:75 1296:60 1230:PI: 1209:60 1153:80 1046:68. 953:of 693:of 599:). 448:, ( 115:ala 3738:: 3435:^ 3423:^ 3398:^ 3278:^ 3200:^ 3161:^ 3156:26 3137:^ 3125:^ 3095:^ 2966:^ 2943:^ 2927:^ 2913:^ 2565:. 2454:, 2121:, 2011:? 1957:; 1781:, 1772:, 1759:) 1683:) 1370:. 1361:; 1357:; 1313:; 1234:; 1057:, 591:. 580:, 310:. 77:, 73:: 39:, 2818:( 2068:. 1961:; 1755:( 1679:( 1317:; 1238:; 1176:/ 1086:I 1035:. 730:( 683:(

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Knowledge (XXG)

Alpine regiments of the Roman army

Index