178:
17:
381:
fingers (...) A pendulum swing puts me near
Pierrot, when a flash of a surprising glow hits him in the face, exactly in the ear where his hearing aid blackens. He falls into my arms, haggard, disgusted, without reaction". He also noted that Pierre Kohlmann was not killed instantly but the shock seemed to make him lose his mind. During the several days that it took to descend, he did not say a word, finally collapsing just before reaching the entrance, the last victim of the storm that killed four mountaineers.
194:
324:
97:
In a more general case, several effects may be present and if the synoptic wind is opposed to the anabatic wind, additional convergence occurs at the top of the mountain. It is also possible to create a convergence zone behind the mountain when the synoptic wind can divide and go around it to meet
61:
Thunderstorms are formed when air in a layer of the atmosphere is unstable. A parcel of air raised at the base of this layer is then warmer than the environment and rises. In rising, its temperature decreases by adiabatic expansion, and when the relative humidity of water vapor reaches saturation,
380:
About the 1961 disaster, Mazeaud wrote: "Sitting on my stirrups, I use my piton, when I hear a striking ring somewhat resembling the phone. My companions, forty meters below, prick up their ears. Soon, I feel pain in my fingers, sparks run on my hammer. The carabiners on my shoulder stick to my
151:
of the air. French mountaineers say they hear "bees": suddenly, on all surfaces, are small noisy discharges. After this bee-sound, another observation is that the hair stands straight up over the head, and sparks can form between the teeth when one opens one's mouth. These are the results of
50:
114:
Mountain storms have particularities because of the proximity of clouds, the importance of electric fields, their rapidity of appearance, their particular danger. Sudden wind lift of a mass of air can radically change the initial conditions within them.
346:, the author writes "At the beginning of the afternoon, as we approached the summit, the storm burst on us, sparks of sparks were formed above the pompons of our hats and I felt again the panic fear provoked in me by these outbursts of nature. "
610:
92:
when air is stable lower down, and circulation is blocked by the mountain, but the air is unstable at higher altitude. In this case general circulation is forced above this blocking layer and can reach the convective
101:
The uprising serves to not only destabilize the air and form convective clouds, but also to enhance its intensity. As the rising air from the bottom of the slopes is hotter and humid than the surrounding air, the
367:
on July 11, 1961, where seven mountaineers were surprised by a violent storm on the pillar of FrĂȘney, near the summit of Mont Blanc. One hundred and ten hours later, a helicopter landed three survivors at
35:
and paragliders. Despite monitoring weather conditions to prevent accidents, disasters occurring during such phenomena often remain unpredictable and are the subject of novels or other stories.
302:) by Roger Frison-Roche touched on the spectacle of mountain climbing and the experience of high mountain guides in these extreme situations. It was adapted to the cinema in a 1944 film by
76:
at the level of free convection in unstable air, lifting with a synoptic wind that arrives w/ a component perpendicular to the slopes. The air is forced up the slope and into convection;
939:
106:
will be more negative, increasing the vertical extension of the cloud . A simple temperature difference of 2C is enough to greatly aggravate the violence of thunderstorms.
516:
707:
159:
Climbers, not very mobile, can find themselves trapped in a storm. The metal ice axes of climbing equipment can attract lightning, a great danger in these situations.
53:
Formation of a cold front when the air in an uplift is stable or can not reach the top of the obstacle. The air is forced over the front and causes the formation of a
256:
is an essential tool for preventing accidents related to mountain storms but does not prevent them. Climbers must know how to respond to a storm in the mountains.
798:
353:
said: "I have often bivouacked to wait for the good weather, spent nights in the storm ... In a storm, there is nothing to do but sit, wait for it to pass... ".
263:
provides forecasts for every point in its territory, including the mountainous areas. In other countries, similar services and guidance are provided by the
62:
this forms a convective cloud. To form a storm, this layer must be very large and the temperature at the top of the cloud must be below â20C.
177:
1010:
1036:
469:
1058:
991:
1080:
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843:
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264:
1094:
1089:, Paulsen Edition, coll. Guerin, 458 p., Illustrated and enriched with 450 photos and drawings for the most part unpublished
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835:
715:
311:
16:
774:"KERAUNOS - Observatoire Français des Tornades et des Orages Violents - Prévision, suivi et étude des orages en France"
887:
643:
954:
331:
A number of mountaineers in the 20th century wrote autobiographical accounts of being caught in mountain storms.
1109:
260:
224:, bursts and whirlwinds can cause other dangerous situations. Some natural phenomena are increased tenfold by
544:"Les orages â CultureSciences-Physique - Ressources scientifiques pour l'enseignement des sciences physiques"
543:
471:
Contribution d'un code de calcul météorologique méso-échelle à la climatologie des pluies en zone de relief
193:
66:
294:
435:
749:
1005:. International geophysics series. Vol. 99 (Second ed.). Academic Press. p. 807.
443:
400:
272:
153:
124:
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1054:
1032:
1006:
987:
933:
866:
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804:
49:
28:
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in France. France also maintains a Safe
Mountain Foundation and Keraunos, an observatory for
655:
517:"Randonneurs tués dans une coulée de boue en Corse : "On les avait prévenus du risque""
405:
253:
128:
865:. Paris: Arthaud. p. chapitre XII « La grande tragédie du pilier central (1961).
1114:
350:
172:
82:
in an unstable situation where there is weak general circulation and diurnal warming. The
1046:
856:
395:
373:
360:
307:
276:
144:
152:
electrical phenomena, already described in other situations, and known by the name of
1103:
339:
323:
390:
303:
182:
134:
44:
955:"The 1961 drama of the Central Pillar of Freney : Articles : SummitPost"
571:
140:
Mountaineers are the most exposed to these phenomena, in ridges and pass passes.
611:"Effet couronne sur les réseaux électriques aériens | Techniques de l'Ingénieur"
343:
186:
369:
364:
268:
148:
83:
54:
410:
241:
235:
221:
213:
168:
659:
310:; and to a television movie in 1999, directed by Pierre-Antoine Hiroz and
225:
98:
again (ex. Puget Sound
Convergence Zone ) that will promote convection.
209:
644:"Essai d'approche de la spécificité des milieux de la montagne alpine"
32:
27:
pose significant risks because of their consequences, especially for
1001:
Cotton, William R; Bryan, George H; van den Heever, Susan C (2011).
133:
Observable phenomena give an idea of the peculiarities of mountain
1072:
322:
192:
176:
48:
15:
143:
In addition to the common phenomena related to the storm, larger
217:
20:
Cumulonimbus rising above the Black
Mountains (North Carolina).
477:. ThĂšse de J. Vetter. Cemagref. pp. 17â21. Archived from
773:
750:"Conditions montagne générales, alpinisme, cascades, ski"
503:
915:"[Association Pierre Kohlmann] Pierre Kohlmann"
800:
Les horizons lointains: Souvenirs d'une vie d'alpiniste
204:, painted in 1803 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg .
982:
Thillet, Jean-Jacques; Schueller, Dominique (2009).
938:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
736:
597:
1031:. Ăditions du Chemin des CrĂȘtes. p. 208.
147:cause unexpected warning signs related to the
232:torrential floods down slopes at rapid speeds
86:then generate anabatic winds which also rise.
8:
572:"Revue Pyrénéenne : Orages en Montagne"
156:or corona effect also called crown effect.
921:. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02
283:Stories of mountain storms in literature
504:Cotton, Bryan & van den Heever 2011
463:
461:
422:
931:
888:"Il y a 50 ans, la tragĂ©die du FrĂȘney"
548:Science Resources for Teaching Physics
7:
986:. Topo guides. Glénat. p. 192.
637:
635:
633:
631:
430:
428:
426:
363:. This book reports the tragedy on
681:"Petit manuel de météo de montagne"
14:
342:: Surprised during the ascent of
754:www.fondazionemontagnasicura.org
265:Meteorological Service of Canada
797:Bonington, Chris (2013-07-15).
359:(Mountain for a naked man), by
984:Petit manuel de météo montagne
570:Joseph, F. (1 December 1985).
468:Vetter, Julien (5 July 2004).
1:
1087:The Conquerors of the Useless
336:The Conquerors of the useless
737:Thillet & Schueller 2009
598:Thillet & Schueller 2009
440:Glossaire de la météorologie
615:www.techniques-ingenieur.fr
349:The famous British climber
65:Mountains can help trigger
1131:
708:"QUE FAIRE EN CAS D'ORAGE"
648:Revue de géographie alpine
259:In the United States, the
166:
122:
42:
1051:Montagne pour un homme nu
1029:Parapente Vol de distance
894:(in French). 17 July 2011
578:(in French). pp. 4â6
550:(in French). 12 June 2003
357:Montagne pour un homme nu
1053:. Arthaud. p. 304.
1027:Dominique Musto (2014).
1003:Storm and Cloud Dynamics
712:www.clubalpin-tarbes.org
642:Chardon, Michel (1989).
261:National Weather Service
181:Torrential flood in the
803:(in French). Primento.
687:(in French). 2015-09-05
576:French National Library
523:(in French). June 2015
328:
327:Walter Bonatti in 1965
205:
190:
119:Immediate consequences
67:atmospheric convection
58:
25:Mountain thunderstorms
21:
660:10.3406/rga.1989.2727
326:
196:
180:
163:Indirect consequences
52:
19:
417:Notes and references
55:low level jet stream
1069:Mountains of a life
862:Montagnes d'une vie
254:Weather forecasting
959:www.summitpost.org
892:Le Dauphiné Libéré
484:on 29 October 2015
329:
206:
191:
59:
22:
401:Saint Elmo's fire
300:First on the Rope
295:Premier de cordée
228:, in particular:
110:Special phenomena
1122:
1067:Walter Bonatti,
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1016:
1012:978-0-12-0885428
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714:. Archived from
706:Champetier, JL.
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406:Corona discharge
312:Edouard Niermans
154:fire of St. Elmo
129:Corona discharge
84:mountain breezes
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1129:
1125:
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1123:
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1110:Montane ecology
1100:
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1085:Lionel Terray,
1075:, 1997, 401 p.
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1045:
1039:
1038:9-782953-919141
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1021:Further reading
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351:Chris Bonington
321:
319:Autobiographies
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175:
173:Torrential rain
165:
145:electric fields
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125:St. Elmo's fire
121:
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90:dynamic forcing
80:thermal forcing
69:in three ways:
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41:
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5:
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1118:
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1047:Pierre Mazeaud
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993:978-2723463195
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857:Walter Bonatti
848:
830:1971 Arthaud,
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729:
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685:Le Guide Météo
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627:
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436:"Cumulonimbus"
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396:Severe weather
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374:Walter Bonatti
361:Pierre Mazeaud
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347:
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317:
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308:Maurice Baquet
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277:violent storms
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372:; among them
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340:Lionel Terray
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183:canton of Uri
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976:Bibliography
962:. Retrieved
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949:
923:. Retrieved
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896:. Retrieved
891:
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863:
860:
851:
846:, 304 pages.
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814:. Retrieved
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781:. Retrieved
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757:. Retrieved
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720:. Retrieved
716:the original
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689:. Retrieved
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663:. Retrieved
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618:. Retrieved
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580:. Retrieved
575:
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552:. Retrieved
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525:. Retrieved
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511:
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486:. Retrieved
479:the original
470:
448:. Retrieved
444:Météo-France
439:
391:Thunderstorm
379:
376:and Mazeaud.
356:
344:Mount Maudit
335:
330:
304:Louis Daquin
299:
293:
273:Météo France
267:, by the UK
258:
252:
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104:lifted index
103:
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45:Thunderstorm
29:mountaineers
24:
23:
1071:, Arthaud,
202:in the Alps
187:Switzerland
1104:Categories
1095:2911755197
1063:. Mazeaud.
964:2023-09-30
925:2016-10-21
919:archive.is
898:21 October
836:208131343X
816:2016-10-22
783:2016-11-01
759:2016-11-01
722:2016-10-19
691:2016-10-19
665:2016-10-19
620:2016-10-19
582:19 October
554:19 October
527:19 October
488:22 October
450:22 October
370:Courmayeur
365:Mont Blanc
269:Met Office
249:Prevention
242:avalanches
236:landslides
167:See also:
149:ionization
123:See also:
43:See also:
654:: 15â28.
411:Avalanche
271:, and by
214:lightning
200:painting
198:Avalanche
169:Avalanche
39:Formation
1049:(1971).
1041:. Musto.
934:cite web
859:(1997).
385:See also
226:altitude
210:thunder
1115:Storms
1093:
1079:
1057:
1035:
1009:
990:
869:
842:
834:
807:
446:. 2009
135:storms
93:layer.
33:hikers
1073:Paris
521:L'Obs
482:(PDF)
475:(PDF)
306:with
288:Novel
1091:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1007:ISBN
988:ISBN
940:link
900:2016
867:ISBN
840:ISBN
832:ISBN
805:ISBN
584:2016
556:2016
529:2016
490:2016
452:2016
222:hail
218:rain
171:and
127:and
656:doi
338:by
1106::
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