450:
265:. It is therefore one of three warning clouds often recorded by the aviation industry, the other two being towering cumulus and cumulonimbus. Altocumulus generally forms at about 2,000 to 6,100 m (6,600 to 20,000 ft) above ground level, a similar level to altostratus formations, and satellite photography reveals that the two types of cloud can create formations that can stretch for thousands of square miles. Extensive altocumulus formations, particularly if they take the form of undulatus, are often referred to as altocumulus
462:
510:
486:
474:
228:
498:
438:
52:
29:
278:
224:, where the altostratus is starting to fragment, resulting in patches of altocumulus perlucidus between the areas of altostratus. Altocumulus is also commonly found between the warm and cold fronts in a depression, although this is often hidden by lower clouds.
393:
Cloud-based supplementary feature: Mamma caused by localized downdrafts in the cloud layer are occasionally seen with altocumulus. A newly recognized type is the asperitas feature that is characterized by chaotic undulations caused by severe wind
411:
Genitus Mother clouds: Altocumulus stratiformis cumulogenitus or cumulonimbogenitus can form when the middle or upper part of a towering free convective cloud begins to spread horizontally due to a loss of convective lift. It is coded
292:
species (Ac str) is composed of sheets or relatively flat patches of stratocumuliform cloud. The synoptic coding is determined by the predominant variety or occasionally by the genitus mother cloud. Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len
309:(Ac cas), a turreted middle cloud that can achieve significant vertical development and signals increasing air mass instability. It is nevertheless usually classified as middle rather than vertical and is coded C
807:
449:
204:
physical category, characterized by globular masses or rolls in layers or patches – the individual elements being larger and darker than those of
793:
363:(arranged in parallel bands) is sometimes seen with the stratformis and castellanus species. Altocumulus stratiformis radiatus of any opacity is coded C
1430:
785:
485:
829:
419:
Mutatus mother clouds: Altocumulus can form due to the complete transformation of cirrocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus, or stratocumulus.
321:
8. Chaotic altocumulus, which is typically poorly defined with multiple species or transitional forms arranged in several layers, is coded C
473:
212:. However, if the layers become tufted in appearance due to increased airmass instability, then the altocumulus clouds become more purely
509:
461:
849:
742:
724:
666:
648:
587:
579:
1718:
390:
Precipitation-based supplementary feature: Altocumulus often produces virga but usually not precipitation that reaches the ground.
1541:
375:
varieties are occasionally seen with the stratiformis and lenticularis species. Altocumulus stratiformis duplicatus is coded C
690:
1193:
301:". This is formed by uplift usually associated with mountains. but usually with at least some grey shading. It is coded C
1687:
1692:
1546:
1240:
1203:
317:
species (Ac flo) is a tufted middle cloud which is also associated with greater instability. It shares the same code C
790:
1677:
1556:
1551:
298:
356:
7). Varieties based on opacity are not commonly associated with the species lenticularis, castellanus, or floccus.
1426:
1097:
1092:
949:
930:
822:
1452:
1213:
1082:
1010:
289:
771:
1561:
1422:
1416:
1318:
306:
250:
1672:
1667:
1133:
1025:
526:
497:
437:
802:
1566:
1411:
1128:
1046:
297:) is a lens-shaped middle cloud which can resemble flying saucers and may occasionally be mistaken for "
383:
is very occasionally associated with altocumulus of the species stratiformis, castellanus, or floccus.
220:. A sheet of partially conjoined altocumulus perlucidus is sometimes found preceding a weakening warm
1616:
1504:
1087:
1030:
815:
1758:
1524:
1362:
1313:
1218:
1198:
841:
314:
238:
197:
1621:
1340:
1294:
1267:
1250:
1111:
1065:
1051:
1708:
1662:
1488:
1232:
876:
738:
662:
612:
583:
551:
734:
728:
658:
652:
573:
1790:
1632:
1368:
1208:
294:
781:
Clouds-Online.com Cloud Atlas with many photos and description of the different cloud genus
227:
1713:
1682:
1607:
1447:
1015:
797:
775:
216:
in structure. Like other cumuliform and stratocumuliform clouds, altocumulus signifies
1723:
1020:
177:
332:
Opacity-based varieties: Altocumulus stratiformis has three opacity-based varieties;
281:
Middle cloud weather map symbols: Includes middle-étage and downward growing vertical.
1784:
1728:
1533:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1406:
1398:
1387:
1305:
1185:
1120:
1074:
1002:
912:
845:
257:
later in the day, as it shows instability and convection in the middle levels of the
254:
221:
209:
151:
1626:
1594:
993:
975:
699:
630:
531:
266:
262:
205:
1588:
858:
258:
191:
159:
154:
clouds arranged in groups or rolls. Has smaller clouds separate from each other
1345:
1334:
277:
242:
217:
1373:
183:
51:
28:
379:
7 if it is not overridden by another coding of higher importance.
305:
4 on the SYNOP weather observation. Grey shading is also seen with
1733:
838:
768:
226:
164:
137:
95:
69:
59:
844:
and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
811:
780:
1509:
1427:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
959:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
261:, the area where towering cumulus clouds can turn into
607:
605:
575:
1433:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is
Towering cumulus ))
1742:
1701:
1655:
1646:
1604:
1579:
1532:
1523:
1497:
1474:
1465:
1440:
1397:
1386:
1355:
1327:
1304:
1293:
1284:
1260:
1249:
1231:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1146:
1119:
1110:
1073:
1064:
1039:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
948:
929:
920:
911:
875:
866:
857:
158:
146:
136:
126:
94:
68:
58:
46:
38:
21:
1754:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
1751:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
689:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975).
786:National Science Digital Library – Altocumulus
348:3 or 7 depending on predominant opacity), and
64:alto-, meaning high, and cumulo-, meaning heap
823:
288:Species: Altocumulus has four species. The
8:
479:Altocumulus floccus with line of castellanus
1652:
1529:
1471:
1394:
1301:
1290:
1257:
1181:
1172:
1116:
1070:
998:
989:
980:
926:
917:
872:
863:
830:
816:
808:
572:"Altocumulus, International Cloud Atlas".
27:
931:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
491:Altocumulus undulatus during a cold front
852:Latin terminology except where indicated
276:
253:, frequently signals the development of
1155:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
769:International Cloud Atlas – Altocumulus
543:
433:
367:5 if it is increasing in amount. The
18:
196: 'heaped') is a middle-altitude
7:
692:Varieties, International Cloud Atlas
1557:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
1552:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
730:Features, International Cloud Atlas
1542:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
1098:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
1093:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
654:Species, International Cloud Atlas
14:
1214:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
1209:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
1083:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
725:World Meteorological Organization
649:World Meteorological Organization
580:World Meteorological Organization
515:Altocumulus stratiformis radiatus
1319:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
1194:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
952:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
698:. pp. 20–22. Archived from
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
436:
50:
1498:St-only genitus cloud and other
1134:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
249:Towering altocumulus, known as
1567:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
1547:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
1328:Cb-only supplementary features
1129:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
803:WW2010: University of Illinois
237:clouds in a gold tinge due to
1:
1505:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
1363:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
1356:Cb-only accessories and other
1204:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
1088:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
1314:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
1219:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
1199:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
893:Noctilucent type III billows
552:"Weather Facts: Altocumulus"
1268:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
1011:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
299:unidentified flying objects
200:that belongs mainly to the
33:Altocumulus cloud formation
1807:
1489:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
1423:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
1417:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
1052:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
896:Noctilucent type IV whirls
208:and smaller than those of
1346:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
1335:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
1026:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
890:Noctilucent type II bands
613:"Altocumulus Castellanus"
359:Pattern-based varieties:
188: 'high' and
26:
1484:Stratus fractus (St fra)
1412:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
1391:Variable vertical extent
1341:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
1016:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
887:Noctilucent type I veils
881:Polar mesospheric clouds
733:. Vol. I. pp.
657:. Vol. I. pp.
582:. 1975. pp. 31–35.
455:Altocumulus lenticularis
16:Genus of mid-level cloud
1562:Stratocumulus Undulatus
1047:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
1031:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
1021:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
637:. TheAirlinePilots.com.
619:. TheAirlinePilots.com.
307:altocumulus castellanus
251:altocumulus castellanus
142:Family B (Medium-level)
1702:Supplementary features
1582:supplementary features
527:Atmospheric convection
443:Altocumulus perlucidus
282:
246:
190:
182:
1745:and human-made clouds
1241:Altostratus undulatus
950:Nitric acid and water
467:Altocumulus at sunset
280:
230:
1763:Homomutatus (homut)
1759:Homogenitus (hogen)
1729:Praecipitatio (pra)
941:Lenticular nacreous
239:Rayleigh scattering
234:Altocumulus floccus
1525:Stratocumulus (Sc)
1512:(Fg) Surface level
1453:Trade wind cumulus
938:Cirriform nacreous
796:2006-10-17 at the
774:2011-10-08 at the
283:
247:
22:Altocumulus clouds
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1688:Translucidus (tr)
1642:
1641:
1575:
1574:
1519:
1518:
1461:
1460:
1382:
1381:
1298:Towering vertical
1295:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1251:Nimbostratus (Ns)
1227:
1226:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1141:
1112:Cirrostratus (Cs)
1106:
1105:
1066:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
1060:
1059:
1040:Ci-only varieties
970:
969:
966:
965:
907:
906:
903:
902:
503:Altocumulus mamma
171:
170:
132:(7,000–23,000 ft)
1798:
1653:
1633:Actinoform cloud
1530:
1472:
1395:
1369:Overshooting top
1302:
1291:
1258:
1233:Altostratus (As)
1182:
1177:Altocumulus (Ac)
1173:
1117:
1071:
999:
990:
981:
927:
918:
873:
864:
832:
825:
818:
809:
756:
755:
753:
751:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
704:
697:
686:
680:
679:
677:
675:
645:
639:
638:
627:
621:
620:
609:
600:
599:
597:
596:
569:
563:
562:
560:
559:
548:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
452:
440:
295:lenticular cloud
202:stratocumuliform
150:Middle-altitude
54:
31:
19:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1709:Asperitas (asp)
1697:
1678:Perlucidus (pe)
1663:Duplicatus (du)
1648:
1638:
1635:(Stratocumulus)
1608:accessory cloud
1606:
1600:
1581:
1571:
1515:
1493:
1457:
1436:
1390:
1378:
1351:
1323:
1297:
1286:
1272:
1253:
1245:
1223:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1147:High-level-only
1138:
1102:
1056:
1035:
985:
962:
951:
944:
922:
921:Very high-level
899:
880:
868:
853:
836:
798:Wayback Machine
776:Wayback Machine
765:
760:
759:
749:
747:
745:
723:
722:
718:
708:
706:
705:on 25 July 2016
702:
695:
688:
687:
683:
673:
671:
669:
647:
646:
642:
629:
628:
624:
611:
610:
603:
594:
592:
590:
578:. Vol. I.
571:
570:
566:
557:
555:
554:. WeatherOnline
550:
549:
545:
540:
523:
516:
513:
504:
501:
492:
489:
480:
477:
468:
465:
456:
453:
444:
441:
432:
415:
378:
366:
355:
347:
339:
324:
320:
312:
304:
275:
131:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:Mother clouds
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1693:Undulatus (un)
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Lacunosus (la)
1665:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:Low-level-only
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1580:Low-level-only
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
956:
954:
946:
945:
943:
942:
939:
935:
933:
924:
915:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
882:
870:
861:
855:
854:
837:
835:
834:
827:
820:
812:
806:
805:
800:
788:
783:
778:
764:
763:External links
761:
758:
757:
743:
727:, ed. (1975).
716:
681:
667:
651:, ed. (1975).
640:
622:
601:
588:
564:
542:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
529:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
507:
505:
502:
495:
493:
490:
483:
481:
478:
471:
469:
466:
459:
457:
454:
447:
445:
442:
435:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
417:
413:
402:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
391:
385:
384:
376:
364:
357:
353:
345:
337:
327:
326:
322:
318:
310:
302:
274:
271:
203:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
140:
138:Classification
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
72:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Fluctus (flu)
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Radiatus (ra)
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1597:Funnel cloud)
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:mutatus cloud
1145:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
988:
982:
979:
977:
973:
958:
957:
955:
953:
947:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
925:
919:
916:
914:
913:Stratospheric
910:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:
883:
878:
874:
871:
867:Extreme-level
865:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
840:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
813:
810:
804:
801:
799:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
746:
744:92-63-10407-7
740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
720:
717:
701:
694:
693:
685:
682:
670:
668:92-63-10407-7
664:
660:
656:
655:
650:
644:
641:
636:
632:
631:"Altocumulus"
626:
623:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
591:
589:92-63-10407-7
585:
581:
577:
576:
568:
565:
553:
547:
544:
537:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
511:
506:
499:
494:
487:
482:
475:
470:
463:
458:
451:
446:
439:
434:
429:
418:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
382:
374:
370:
362:
358:
351:
343:
335:
331:
330:
329:
328:
316:
308:
300:
296:
291:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:thunderstorms
252:
244:
240:
236:
235:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:stratocumulus
207:
201:
199:
195:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
179:
175:
166:
163:
161:
160:Precipitation
157:
153:
152:Stratocumulus
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
130:2,000–7,000 m
129:
125:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
99:
97:
93:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
73:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1627:Pannus (pan)
1617:Pileus (pil)
1589:Arcus ((arc)
1467:Stratus (St)
1388:Cumulus (Cu)
1365:Beaver tail)
1176:
1167:Medium-level
976:Tropospheric
846:hydrometeors
748:. Retrieved
729:
719:
707:. Retrieved
700:the original
691:
684:
672:. Retrieved
653:
643:
634:
625:
616:
593:. Retrieved
574:
567:
556:. Retrieved
546:
532:Mackerel sky
380:
372:
368:
360:
349:
341:
334:Translucidus
333:
290:stratiformis
267:mackerel sky
263:cumulonimbus
248:
233:
232:
213:
206:cirrocumulus
189:
181:
173:
172:
117:Translucidus
85:Stratiformis
82:Lenticularis
39:Abbreviation
1734:Virga (vir)
1724:Mamma (mam)
1714:Cavum (cav)
1673:Opacus (op)
1622:Velum (vel)
1595:Tuba ((tub)
1348:Wall cloud)
1337:Tail cloud)
1254:Multi-level
994:Cirrus (Ci)
877:Noctilucent
859:Mesospheric
791:Altocumulus
259:troposphere
198:cloud genus
174:Altocumulus
76:Castellanus
1647:Non-height
984:High-level
595:2014-08-26
558:2015-02-03
538:References
369:duplicatus
342:perlucidus
243:Norah Head
218:convection
214:cumuliform
176:(from
147:Appearance
111:Perlucidus
102:Duplicatus
1656:Varieties
1610:and other
1448:Horseshoe
1374:Hot tower
1285:Low-level
1261:Varieties
750:26 August
709:26 August
674:26 August
381:Lacunosus
373:undulatus
120:Undulatus
105:Lacunosus
1785:Category
1649:specific
923:15–30 km
869:80–85 km
794:Archived
772:Archived
521:See also
361:Radiatus
273:Subtypes
127:Altitude
114:Radiatus
1791:Cumulus
1631:Other-
1534:Species
1476:Species
1407:Fractus
1399:Species
1306:Species
1186:Species
1121:Species
1075:Species
1003:Species
986:3–18 km
430:Gallery
315:floccus
313:8. The
192:cumulus
96:Variety
88:Volutus
79:Floccus
70:Species
1591:Shelf)
1287:0–2 km
1169:2–8 km
842:genera
741:
665:
635:Clouds
617:Clouds
586:
394:shear.
350:opacus
108:Opacus
47:Symbol
1441:Other
879:(NLC)
839:Cloud
735:22–24
703:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
659:17–20
231:Some
222:front
184:altus
180:
178:Latin
165:Virga
60:Genus
1431:ICAO
752:2014
739:ISBN
711:2014
676:2014
663:ISBN
584:ISBN
340:3),
167:only
1510:Fog
850:WMO
371:or
241:in
1787::
848:-
737:.
661:.
633:.
615:.
604:^
416:6.
352:(C
344:(C
336:(C
325:9.
269:.
42:Ac
1429:(
1425:(
1421:(
831:e
824:t
817:v
754:.
713:.
678:.
598:.
561:.
414:M
412:C
377:M
365:M
354:M
346:M
338:M
323:M
319:M
311:M
303:M
245:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
