608:
363:, redirecting affected visitors to the AlterNIC website instead, where they could read about the AlterNIC protest or click a link to the InterNIC page. Kashpureff stopped the hijacking three days later on July 14, but started it again on July 18. This led
323:
has praised the initiative, with some recent scholarship proposing that alternative DNS roots may allow for a more democratic network control structure. Yet many others considered it harmful to the
Internet. Using an
133:(NSI), the private company that they had mandated to maintain and operate the registries, to begin charging registrants an annual fee. Some perceived this move as unfair, given that the market was closed to
658:
461:
273:
were operated directly by AlterNIC. The setup fee for AlterNIC registries was $ 50. The annual fee was $ 24, half of the $ 50 that were charged yearly by
686:
292:
A notable feature of AlterNIC was the possibility to request a new custom TLD for the same price as for registrations in existing TLDs. Established
481:
595:"Cybercrime: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations United States Senate One Hundred Sixth Congress Second Session"
513:"Our Internet and Freedom of Speech 'Hobbled by History': Introducing Plural Control Structures Needed to Redress a Decade of Linear Policy"
332:, unless it is for a strictly private purpose. From a DNS perspective, it prevents some parts of the Internet from reaching other parts.
691:
672:
Senator hearing on Cyber Crime, referenced prosecuting Eugene
Kashpureff in Brooklyn Federal Court on charges of wired fraud
125:
Initially, registration of new domain names and their maintenance involved no direct costs for the registrant. In 1995, the
341:
126:
140:
Eugene
Kashpureff and company were among them and they decided to create an alternative registry to challenge the
440:
305:
85:
73:
Eugene
Kashpureff and Diane Boling created AlterNIC in 1995, defining it as a privately developed and operated
38:
671:
594:
522:. Policy Lessons Learned: Policy lessons from a decade of eGovernment, eHealth & eInclusion (15): 97–111.
329:
382:
to investigate whether
Kashpureff had broken federal computer crime laws. On October 31, he was arrested in
414:
101:
636:
489:
325:
164:. As a result, only users of manually reconfigured name servers were able to resolve AlterNIC names.
78:
30:
26:
410:
320:
119:
634: (archive index) (their last copy before the domain began being used for advertising is of
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512:
455:
364:
337:
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130:
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168:
46:
631:
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398:. After fighting extradition for two months, he waived his rights, and was extradited to
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680:
612:
399:
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353:
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161:
84:
In the mid-1990s, the
Internet was in a governance transition phase. Until then, the
54:
49:
at lower prices than InterNIC. However, these domain names could only be resolved by
81:
service, with the purpose of enhancing the
Internet with new information services.
253:
During the experimental phase, domains could be registered without fees using the
213:(Free Community Network - no cost DNS for charities & non-profits. Inactive.)
402:. He was released on December 24, given a $ 100 fine and sentenced to two years
391:
153:
134:
108:
50:
387:
333:
115:
97:
565:
547:
403:
352:
On July 11, 1997, against the advice of his AlterNIC colleagues, Kashpureff
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that was first approved, then revoked by the ICANN, and then approved again)
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637:"AlterNIC.NET Alternative Internet Domain Name Network Information Center"
580:
368:
357:
157:
141:
112:
93:
89:
74:
34:
23:
383:
372:
360:
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The civil lawsuit was quickly settled, but NSI had also contacted the
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origins. At the same time, there was a rapidly increasing interest of
45:
in 1998. AlterNIC offered second level domain registration in its own
33:. The primary purpose of the project was to challenge the monopoly of
188:
107:, followed by the general public, to gain access to the Internet.
42:
611:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
418:
246:
184:
536:, Internet Architecture Board, The Internet Society (May 2000)
379:
239:(World Tele Virtual Network commercial Internet TV. Inactive.)
230:
152:
AlterNIC started operating their registries even though their
344:
spoke out strongly against alternative roots in RFC 2826.
340:, asserted that it would lead to chaos. In May 2000, the
666:
53:
that were specifically configured to use the AlterNIC
501:, SunWorld, 1996-09-16, retrieved through Archive.org
88:of the network was still heavily influenced by its
520:European Commission: European Journal of EPractice
657:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
460:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
443:. Archived from the original on January 25, 1997
484:New top-level domains promise descriptive names
167:AlterNIC offered several dozens of alternative
639:. Archived from the original on April 21, 1999
57:. The project is now defunct; the domain name
569:, CNET News, 1997-11-03. Retrieved 2010-03-22
551:, CNET News, 1997-11-13. Retrieved 2010-03-22
285:domain ($ 15 of the $ 50 were retained for a
8:
534:IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
229:(designed as a competitor to the official
16:Alternative internet domain name registry
435:
433:
409:The hijacking was made possible using a
65:and no longer associated with AlterNIC.
429:
183:(unrelated to the subsequent, official
118:, and the number of registrations grew
650:
453:
667:Eugene Kashpureff's personal homepage
559:
557:
475:
473:
471:
7:
308:'s affiliate in Europe has reserved
202:(European name services, by NetName)
584:, 1997-07-11. Retrieved 2010-03-22
548:AlterNIC founder faces extradition
41:(gTLDs) until the creation of the
37:, the official governing body for
14:
687:Alternative Internet DNS services
22:was an unofficial, controversial
606:
111:began to play a crucial role in
348:Hijacking of InterNIC's website
336:, a significant contributor to
296:had requested their own names:
77:network information center and
1:
386:on U.S. charges related to
342:Internet Architecture Board
127:National Science Foundation
708:
532:RFC 2826 (informational),
566:AlterNIC founder arrested
156:were not included in the
39:generic top-level domains
581:Re: what's up, AlterNIC?
328:breaks the principle of
261:TLDs. Some TLDs such as
86:organizational structure
692:History of the Internet
347:
330:universal resolvability
511:Bastick, Zach (2012).
415:security vulnerability
367:, the operator of the
300:magazine had reserved
628:List for AlterNIC.net
413:attack, exploiting a
578:NANOG Mailing List,
421:earlier than 4.9.6.
375:against Kashpureff.
326:alternative DNS root
187:gTLD created by the
79:domain name registry
31:alternative DNS root
27:domain name registry
411:DNS cache poisoning
371:website, to file a
441:"AlterNIC website"
338:Internet standards
321:Internet community
245:(unrelated to the
29:that relied on an
294:publishing groups
131:Network Solutions
699:
662:
656:
648:
646:
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616:
610:
609:
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591:
585:
576:
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563:Janet Kornblum,
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545:Janet Kornblum,
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523:
517:
508:
502:
500:
498:
497:
488:. Archived from
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148:Alternative TLDs
707:
706:
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700:
698:
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677:
676:
649:
642:
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632:Wayback Machine
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417:in versions of
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150:
71:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
705:
703:
695:
694:
689:
679:
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675:
674:
669:
664:
623:
622:External links
620:
618:
617:
586:
571:
553:
538:
525:
503:
479:George Lawton,
467:
428:
426:
423:
349:
346:
319:A part of the
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282:
278:
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149:
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70:
67:
58:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
704:
693:
690:
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673:
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629:
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613:public domain
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560:
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492:on 1996-12-21
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400:New York City
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396:United States
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120:exponentially
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68:
66:
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641:. Retrieved
598:. Retrieved
589:
579:
574:
564:
546:
541:
533:
528:
519:
506:
494:. Retrieved
490:the original
483:
445:. Retrieved
408:
377:
351:
318:
291:
252:
166:
154:name servers
151:
139:
124:
109:Domain names
98:governmental
83:
72:
59:alternic.net
51:name servers
19:
18:
392:extradition
315:Controversy
135:competitors
129:authorized
681:Categories
496:2016-10-10
447:2017-04-11
425:References
390:and faced
388:wire fraud
334:Jon Postel
171:, such as
116:visibility
404:probation
162:root zone
160:official
105:companies
55:root zone
653:cite web
456:cite web
369:InterNIC
358:InterNIC
354:hijacked
158:Internet
144:of NSI.
142:monopoly
113:business
94:academic
90:military
75:Internet
35:InterNIC
24:Internet
20:AlterNIC
643:June 4,
630:at the
600:5 March
394:to the
384:Toronto
373:lawsuit
361:website
289:fund).
102:private
69:History
302:.wired
277:for a
63:parked
516:(PDF)
298:Wired
217:.free
195:.corp
189:ICANN
43:ICANN
659:link
645:2005
602:2017
462:link
419:BIND
356:the
310:.idg
304:and
283:.net
279:.com
271:.xxx
267:.med
263:.ltd
259:.lnx
257:and
255:.exp
247:.xxx
243:.xxx
237:.wtv
227:.usa
222:.sex
211:.fcn
206:.fam
200:.eur
185:.biz
181:.biz
176:.alt
169:TLDs
96:and
47:TLDs
380:FBI
365:NSI
306:IDG
281:or
275:NSI
269:or
231:.us
61:is
683::
655:}}
651:{{
556:^
518:.
470:^
458:}}
454:{{
432:^
406:.
265:,
137:.
122:.
92:,
663:)
661:)
647:.
615:.
604:.
499:.
486:"
482:"
464:)
450:.
233:)
191:)
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