Road space rationing - Knowledge (XXG)

1070:'s capital high levels of air pollution. The scheme was based on the last number of the license plate. Two numbers are banned from entering the city between Monday and Friday. In 1992, Santiago reformed its program to adopt vintage-specific restrictions. These restrictions placed higher limits on old, more polluting cars and lower limits on new, less polluting cars. The 1992 reform led to a significant impact on the emissions created by local pollutants in Santiago. A price effect that favored less polluting car models was also seen. Households in localities facing restrictions owned more 1992 or older built vehicles without catalytic converter than households in localities that did not face restrictions. This reform highlights the effect of vintage-specific restrictions on fleet-composition. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation. 1810:, but road space rationing is considered more equitable by some, as the restrictions force all drivers to reduce auto travel, while congestion pricing restrains less those who can afford paying the congestion charge. Nevertheless, high-income users can often avoid the restrictions by owning a second car. Moreover, congestion pricing (unlike rationing) acts "to allocate a scarce resource to its most valuable use, as evinced by users' willingness to pay for the resource". While some "opponents of congestion pricing fear that tolled roads will be used only by people with high income. But preliminary evidence suggests that the new toll lanes in California are used by people of all income groups. The ability to get somewhere fast and reliably is valued in a variety of circumstances. Not everyone will need or want to incur a toll on a daily basis, but on occasions when getting somewhere quickly is necessary, the option of paying to save time is valuable to people at all income levels." 1536: 756: 1474: 1122:). The scheme was first implemented in 1995 as a trial on a voluntary basis, and then as a mandatory restriction implemented in August 1996 to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in June 1997 to relieve traffic congestion. The driving restriction applies to passenger cars and commercial vehicles, and it is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. from Monday through Friday. 1097: 53: 932: 1723:, that a modified version of the scheme was made permanent afterward in October 2008, now banning 20% of the vehicles on a given weekday instead of half the vehicles as implemented during the Olympics. Also a ban on heavy trucks from entering the city during the day was implemented, and the oldest most polluting automobiles, called "yellow-label" cars, after the sticker fixed to their windshields, are banned from entering the city center. In July 2009 a nationwide car 1318: 1842:. Metropolitan area or city residents, or the taxpayers, will have the option to use the local government-issued mobility rights or congestion credits for themselves, or to trade or sell them to anyone willing to continue traveling by automobile beyond the personal quota. This trading system will allow direct benefits to be accrued by those users shifting to public transportation or by those reducing their peak-hour travel rather than the government. 1169: 1082:

the restriction might include vehicles with catalytic converter. As the number of registered vehicles with the emission control device surpassed those without it, authorities decided in 2008 to increase the number of vehicles restricted to enter every day to the city, by increasing the restriction to the four last digits instead of the initial two. This scheme produces a theoretical reduction of 40% of vehicles entering the city on a work day.

243: 45: 1618: 1783:. Over 60 million passengers used the tube, which was 30% more than usual usage. Road Traffic was reduced by 15% and only 30% of designated game lanes were in operation each day of the Olympics. Regular transport users altered their travel methods and times to avoid hotspots during the games. The success of the strategy was largely due to the cooperation of the residents of London and visitors attending the games. 984:

jams all over the city, as traffic volumes within the restricted cordon area increased by 20% to 25%. The driving restriction scheme was restored one month later by an Executive Decree based on amendments included in the Traffic Law passed by Congress in 2008. Nevertheless, this time the program was justified on San José's worsening traffic congestion levels instead of the economic impact of high oil prices.

1694: 1010: 1415: 1690:. This measure was expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles were banned from July 1, and the measure also prohibited access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. Authorities decided to compensate car owners for the inconvenience, by exempting them from payment of vehicle taxes for three months. 1646:

that no official notification has been issued by a public agency. A hearing was scheduled for December 23 for further analysis. The most contested exemption is the one for female drivers, and a legal petition was filed. A court had to decide whether it is discriminatory to allow women to drive around Delhi while some of males will be forced to leave their vehicles at home.

3925: 430:, the mayor of Paris, proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled, as a three-part plan to implement during a seven-year period. This proposal was made in 2005, in the context of Paris' bid to host the 1637:

government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction. Almost 9 million vehicles are registered in Delhi. The driving restriction scheme went into effect as a trial for an initial period of 15

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emissions. As of March 2018, the restriction applies to all cars built before 2012. During critical air pollution events, classified as alert, pre-emergency or emergency, the number of cars restricted to travel are increased by adding additional last number plates. Beginning with pre-emergency state,

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in 2006, expanding the restriction to public transportation vehicles, including both bus and taxi services. Four numbers were restricted every day for private use vehicles, and two for public transportation vehicles. Since 2002 Bogotá's scheme switched the combinations of days and numbers every year,

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relationship between the regulation that is implemented and the change in behavior it creates or general effect it has. Many factors could cause a change in the behavior of individuals affected by the regulation at hand. It could be the direct result of that regulation or the result of other existing

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strategies are often implemented as a part of other broader policies. It is difficult to separate the effects of such methods from the other methods they are associated with. Most measures are taken at the beginning and during the implementation of a strategy. Not enough evaluation is conducted after

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A petition was filed in the Delhi High Court against the government in order to stop the implementation of the restriction driving scheme. On 9 December 2015, the Court decided to put on hold the analysis of the petition until more details of the scheme are defined by the government, and considering

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vehicles, emergency vehicles, goods transport, diplomatic vehicles, handicap transport, public service vehicles, and cars carrying a patient to a doctor appointment. The restriction angered some motorists, who were encouraged by Norwegian authorities in 2006 to opt for diesel vehicles, which at the

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numbers ending in certain digits on pre-established days and during certain hours based on the last digit of the licence plate numbers. Initially the system restricted traffic between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m. and between 5:30 and 7:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, for two days for each registered

1382:. The scheme was in force for several days during the last two weeks of December 2015. The driving restriction is based on the last digits of license plate numbers and was implemented for a total of nine hours, from 7:30 to 12:30 and 16:30 until 20:30. To promote ridership by public transportation, 871:

gas, and commercial vehicles transporting perishable goods are exempt. In 2008 the scheme in Mexico City was extended to limit driving into the city one Saturday every month, but only applies to cars that are more than 10-years old (sticker 2). Foreign-plated vehicles without emissions stickers are

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In early December 2016, Paris and its surrounding region suffered for a week the longest and most intense winter pollution episode in 10 years. A driving restriction went into effect in Paris and 22 surrounding towns for four days, from Tuesday 6 to Friday 9, due to the persistence of pollution of

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and other environmentally friendly vehicles were exempted. As in the 2014 episode, complementary measures were implemented including reduced speed limits in the city, free public transportation, free residential parking, and free short-term use for subscribers of bike and carsharing services. The

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Milan was named as Europe's most polluted city in 2008 and remains among the worst on the continent. City officials have limited traffic on several occasions since 2007 to curb bad air quality. Due to record high air pollution levels, Milanese authorities ban cars, motorcycles and scooters for six

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are exempted from the driving restriction as part of Costa Rica's government policy to promote the use of clean energy in the country. As a result of multiple legal challenges, traffic engineering authorities decided to conduct periodic effectiveness evaluations of the program. Traffic authorities

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ruling in favor a constitutional challenge. The court ruled that the policy infringed the constitutional freedom of movement right, and also that the economic sanctions for this violation were not supported by the existing legal framework. The temporary end of the program resulted in heavy traffic

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road capacity, especially during the peak periods or during peak pollution events. This objective is achieved by restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area, city center (CBD), or district based upon the last digits of the license number on pre-established days and during certain periods,

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with three or more passengers were exempted. Only once before this type of restriction had been implemented in the city for one day in 1997. The week before the traffic restriction was imposed, the government also reduced speed limits around Paris by 20 km (12 mi) per hour, provided all

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Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period. A total of 27 exemptions to the restriction were allowed by the government, including all motorcycles, benefiting more than 5 million motorcyclists, all female drivers traveling alone, to ensure women's security, and

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On 16 December 2016, Beijing authorities declared a five-day pollution “red alert” due to a heavy pollution event. Among other measures, about half the cars were restricted through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme, and older and “dirty” high-emissions vehicles were forbidden to circulate.

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methods is also unclear. Evaluations on the effectiveness of road space rationing regulations focus mainly on whether there is a decrease in the usage of the less sustainable vehicles for which the schemes were implemented in the first place. They do not focus on whether there is a change in the

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Schemes rationing access based on number plate have mixed results. If used infrequently or temporarily the alternate-day travel policy can have some impact. However, if used as a long term measure, inequality issues might arise, as wealthier people can afford to own two cars with opposite-parity

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Hoy No Circula is coupled with an exhaust monitoring program, known as "Verificación" in Spanish (verification), whereby a car's pollutant emissions are analyzed every six months. A colored sticker based on a vehicle's license plate number is affixed to each vehicle following an emissions test,

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city authorities to ban diesel-powered cars from municipal roads to combat rising air pollution for at least two days. The ban did not apply on the national motorways. This was the first time ever Oslo implemented a ban of this type after the city council agreed on the use of such a measure in

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estimated for 2008. As the implemented scheme only reduced fuel consumption by 5%, the government decided to expand the restriction hours beginning in July 2008. The road space rationing was expanded to 13 hours for passenger cars and light-duty commercial vehicles, from 6 a.m. through

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of Mexico City. The restriction is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. The restrictions apply to the entire Mexico City metropolitan area, therefore, a similar coordinated program operates within the

146:, with a fleet of 6 million vehicles in 2007, is the largest metropolis in the world with such a travel restriction, implemented first in 1996 as measured to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in 1997 to relieve traffic congestion. More recent implementations in 895:

found that there is no evidence that the restrictions have improved air quality. Evidence from additional sources indicates that the restrictions led to an increase in the total number of vehicles in circulation and the long-term impact of the scheme on CO levels has been a 13% rise.

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from December 8 to 10, 2015, as part of the smog mitigation measures provided for in Beijing's red alert for hazardous smog, the first such alert issued ever. The smog alert system was put in place in 2013, and a red alert should go into effect if there is a prediction that the

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Initially the driving restriction was applied to enter the capital's central business district and the scheme is based on the last number of the license plate, restricting two numbers per day, Monday through Friday. The travel restrictions were issued initially only during the

3566: 313:. The second measure, behavioral evaluation, focuses on the extent to which the regulation changes the behavior of the target audience. The third measure, outcome performance, analyzes the outcomes of the regulation. To collect information on these measures, direct 660:(even and odd in Indonesian). This policy imitates what has been done in Beijing during the Olympics. Policeman checks license plate's last digit on the entrance of avenue or expressway. A car with even license plate (for example B 1000 LA, obsolete plate of 408:(2010). All these cities restrain a percentage of vehicles every weekday during rush hours or for the entire day. When the restriction is based in two digits a theoretical 20% reduction of traffic is expected. Cities with serious air quality problems, such as 1193:

will stay over 200 for more than 72 hours. On the evening of December 7 the index was 253 according to Beijing's authorities. Under a red alert half of the city's cars are ordered off the streets through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme based on the

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to improve the city's air quality. As of June 2016, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place. Also, temporary driving restrictions to reduce cars on the streets by half during severe pollution events have been implemented in

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would have risen by 10% in that period. A second red alert for pollution was issued on December 18, 2015. Temporary driving restrictions were imposed for four days, beginning at 7 a.m. on December 19 and ending on the 23rd at midnight.

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Public transport services in the city were increased, with about 3,600 buses on duty. The Ministry of Environmental Protection reported that 21 other cities across north and central China had also declared pollution red alerts, including

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days, from 1 to 15 January 2016. The restriction was in force from 8 a.m. till 8 p.m., and traffic was not restricted on Sundays. The scheme was expected to take more than a million private cars off the road every day.

891:(CO) fell by 11%. Compliance with the program is near universal. However, as the restriction was made permanent residents began buying second cars to get around the ban, usually used and old polluting cars. A 2008 study from the 1559:

measurements, the central government imposed a driving restriction on Monday 23 affecting cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons. Taxis, ambulances, carpools with three or more passengers,

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In June 2008 the restricted cordon area was expanded until San José's Boulevard Circunvalación peripheral ring. The expansion aim was to attain further reductions in oil consumption, as oil prices continued to rise and reached

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reduced the hours of the restriction from 14 to 7 hours per day, to restrict access only between 6:00 and 8:30 a.m. and between 3:00 and 7:30 p.m. In addition, five neighborhoods were released from the restriction,

1551:, requested the central government to implement a driving restriction to mitigate the problem. The pollution index in Paris at 93 micrograms per cubic meter (mcg/m3) on Friday 20, 2015, due to increase amounts of pollutant 246:

Road Space Rationing impacts behavioral changes and may lead to the ultimate outcome, i.e. end traffic congestion. Other factors impacting these changes make it hard to isolate the singular effects of Road Space Rationing

1406:, and diesel cars up to Euro 2, can not enter the city independently of the number plate. Rome authorities resorted to limit traffic in the city on several occasions during the fall of 2015 due to high air pollution. 740:: "today does not circulate", known as "No-drive days"), which consisted of prohibiting the circulation of 20% of vehicles from Monday to Friday depending on the last digit of their license plates. Record levels of 590:. Also, under the modified scheme five ending numbers are restricted every day between Monday and Friday, license plated ending on odd-numbers are restricted on odd-days of the month, and even-numbers on even-days. 2461: 1727:

was implemented offering rebates for trade in old heavy polluting cars and trucks for new ones. As of June 2016, in addition to Beijing, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place.

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of the date and of the vehicle's registration plate, the vehicle type as well as the time of the week/month. There are three Dactylius areas: The Inner, the Outer and the Green, each one with its own policies.

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announced in October 2014 that the results of six studies found that the alternate-day travel restriction reduced the number of vehicles entering downtown San José every working day between 14% and 16%.

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ruled in favor a constitutional challenge, and ordered that passenger cars with model year older than 2007 shall be restricted based on their actual tailpipe emissions, and not on how old the car is.

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The practical implementation of this traffic restraint policy is common in Latin America, and in many cases, the road rationing has as a main goal the reduction of air pollution, such as the cases of

680:(or Ahok). 3-in-1 policy banned vehicles containing less than 3 passengers. 3-in-1 existed for 12 years and a half (23 December 2003 – 16 May 2016), but abandoned by Basuki due to a trick known as 1682:. Enforcement was carried out through an automated traffic surveillance network. The rationing was in effect for two months, between July 20 and September 20, as the Olympics were followed by the 309:

Three methods can be employed to measure the effectiveness of regulatory policies. The first measure, administration evaluation, examines how road space rationing is delivered and enforced to the

1309:. Italy had the most pollution-related deaths in Europe in 2012. Over 84,000 people in the country died prematurely owing to bad air quality, according to the European Environment Agency (EEA). 4117: 1768:

or bicycling. This severe policy has been publicized as the "First Car-free Olympics". During the peak events, the Olympics expected a crowd of 800,000 people. Those attending had to travel by

752:, an atmospheric condition which traps smog and pollution close to the ground, increases air pollution noticeably. However, the program was made permanent at the end of the 1990 winter season. 688:

practice often exploited kids, just to fill the car to 3 people when passing checkpoints. Police authorities also admitted that control of 3-in-1 was harder than license plate checking, due to

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mandated several restrictions to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court banned the sale of new cars that have diesel engines and sport utility vehicles with an engine greater than 2000

2344: 1497:(PM 10) attributable to vehicle emissions. Cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons were banned from entering the city from 5:30 a.m. until midnight. 1330:

hours a day, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. for three days during the last week of December 2015. Local authorities introduced a special "anti-smog" all-day public transport ticket for

490:'ring') around central Athens. The Dactylius does not require drivers to pay in order to enter the areas subjected to the Dactylius' restrictions. Instead, the scheme depends on the 441:, the commission created in 2007 by the New York State Legislature to evaluate other traffic relief options, considered road space rationing based on license plates as an alternative to 2243: 4175: 1585:

on Friday December 9. This was the fourth time in twenty years that alternating traffic is implemented in the capital, but the first time it is maintained for several days in a row.

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declared the center of Rome off-limits between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. to all vehicles except for carriages transporting priests, officials, visitors, and high-ranking citizens.

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This article is about regulatory and non-monetary policies to reduce traffic levels from motorized vehicles. For monetary policies to reduce congestion and other externalities, see

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pattern in which such vehicles are used. For example, evaluations examine how many people stop using a polluting car. They do not evaluate how many people start riding bicycles or

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led the city government to implement the scheme. The program was planned to apply only during the winter, when air pollution is at its worst. Winter follows the rainy season when

4627: 3955: 1213:, the combined effect of all the restrictions imposed reduced pollutant emissions in Beijing by 30% during day one of the city's first red alert for smog. Environmentalist from 1555:. The accepted limit for PM10 is set at 50 mcg/m3, and the safe limit or alert threshold is set at 80 mcg/m3. As the pollution episode continued on Saturday 21 according to 1642:

several categories of official vehicles, including those of high-ranking officials. During the first day of the restriction there was acceptance by the general population.

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regulations, and societal effects. Given that such programs are not usually implemented in isolation, singular conclusions on the effectiveness of regulations impacting

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generated by urban air pollution or peak urban travel demand in excess of available supply or road capacity, through artificially restricting demand (vehicle travel) by

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A pilot test was conducted in August 2007 for four days, restricting driving for a third of Beijing's fleet, some 1.3 million vehicles. A 40% daily reduction of

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extended the restriction from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., Monday through Friday. This extension was issued as a temporary measure until public works related with the

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A more recent idea for automobile travel restrictions, proposed by some transport economists to avoid inequality and revenue allocation issues, is to implement a

4725: 4040: 2700: 3593: 1633:, which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by 1443:). The temporary ban scheduled for 18 January was lifted after officials said the weather forecast indicated that higher altitude winds would clear the air. 321:

surveys can be conducted. These methods can be conducted in isolation or simultaneously to procure rich data. The problems associated with these methods are

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and its inner suburbs based on license plate numbers. The measure was issued by the city government in order to mitigate a peak in air pollution, caused by

1764:. London authorities hoped this measure would work as an experiment to change the public's travel behavior, allowing thereafter a shift from automobile to 3986:[Traffic restriction - Electric trucks banned from the capital] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM) 593:

Since December 2014, exempted vehicles include passenger cars with three or more passengers including the driver; properly registered vehicles for use by

601:; emergency vehicles, such police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks; properly identified public utilities vehicles, traffic control and towing vehicles; 343: 194:

and surrounding suburbs in March 2014, March 2015, and December 2016; in Beijing twice in December 2015, and one more time in December 2016; and also in

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In December 2015, several Italian cities implemented temporary driving restrictions due to severe air pollution levels. The restrictions were issued in

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have had the objective of reducing oil consumption, due to the high impact this import has on the economy of small countries, and considering the steep

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or traffic limited zones as used in Europe. Access regulations have often been found to be effective, in reducing congestion, traffic and pollution.

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car) is allowed to pass in "even days", but will be fined when they pass that road in "odd days". Drivers might get even/odd days information from

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implemented a temporary road space rationing scheme based on plate numbers in order to significantly improve air quality in the city during the

4700: 980: 861: 4753: 3252: 3205: 2123: 1966: 1027: 3983: 3397: 2434: 2247: 908:, in August 2005. The goal of the restriction program was to reduced oil consumption with the purpose of mitigating the negative effects of 5039: 4183: 1539:

A driving restriction of four days took effect in December 2016 due to the persistence of pollution of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide.

3619: 1594:" (literally "Paris breathes") as part of which certain areas of the city are closed to vehicular traffic on Sundays and public holidays. 3819: 3651: 3452: 3347: 2218: 1985:

José M. Viegas (October 2001). "Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: searching for quality and equity in urban mobility".

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was reported. A previous test carried out in November 2006 during the Sino-African Summit show reductions of 40% in NOx auto emissions.

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Road space requirements for 30 people in 20 cars (left) compared to 30 people on bicycles (middle) and 30 people in a single bus (right)

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number plates, to circumvent any restrictions, with the second vehicle being often older and therefore more polluting. Cities such as

4283: 1606:, in 2014, New Delhi had the most polluted air of about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world. According to India's 2842: 2564: 1049: 297:, data insufficiency hinders the formation of generalizable conclusions on the effectiveness of a strategy. It is hard to outline a 4377: 2493: 2187: 1374:

An alternate-day travel scheme was implemented in Rome to curb severe air pollution in the city, which has high concentrations of

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Kara M. Kockelman & Sukumar Kalmanje (2005). "Credit-based congestion pricing: a policy proposal and the public's response".

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use more digits to achieve greater reductions in air pollution, and even the prohibition can be for more than one day a week. In

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from 2009 the plate restriction was extended from peak periods to the whole day (from 06:00 to 20:00 hours) in the whole city.

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with a license plate registered in the city. The benefits for electric-drive vehicles went into effect in September 2015.

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extended the restriction for one hour in 2001. A complementary program called "El Pico y Placa Ambiental" (literally in

4603: 3728: 1702: 3372:[Electric BMW i3 arrives with a price worth 9 popular cars and exempted from Sao Paulo's driving restriction]. 2751: 2619: 2398: 1891: 860:

are exempted. There are other restrictions that are applicable to non-local vehicles and foreigners. In June 2015, the

583: 4893: 3479: 1403: 845: 438: 4147:[Pollution: alternating circulation renewed Thursday in Paris, established Friday in Lyon and Villeurbanne]. 1610:, the city's air pollution had been in the severe category on nearly three-quarter of the days in November 2015. The 4253: 3166: 3138: 3106: 3071: 3039: 3007: 2975: 2943: 2911: 2879: 2847: 2815: 2783: 2192: 2157: 2086:

Evaluation of Shared Space to Reduce Traffic Congestion: A case study on West Virginia University's Downtown Campus

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which have used such schemes are now looking to more sustainable methods of traffic and emissions control, such as

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from September 6 until 17. The restrictions on car use was implemented on alternate days depending on the plates

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by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles than are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.

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7 p.m. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles were included in the restriction program but only during rush hours.

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restricted all day every Saturday. Similar alternate-day travel restriction programs have been implemented in

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office, announced in 2007 that they were planning auto exclusion zones around all venues, including London,

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service were free. The measure was not extended to the following day due to the improvement of air quality.

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are exempt from the restriction. The most polluting vehicles, such as gasoline-powered cars compliant with

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armored vehicles, vehicles delivering perishable food products, properly registered vehicles for use by

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was implemented due to "3-in-1 policy" termination started from 16 May 2016 by former Jakarta Governor

3899: 2672:"Driving Restrictions in Mexico City and the State of Mexico: Hoy No Circula and Vehicle Verification" 1577:

fine particles and nitrogen dioxide. The restriction was extended for the first time in the cities of

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for several days in December 2015. A similar alternate-day travel temporary scheme was implemented in

5007: 4931: 4650:"Traffic restrictions associated with the Sino-African summit: Reductions of NOx detected from space" 4408: 4344: 4171: 4008:[End of alternating traffic and pollution control measures] (in French). Mairie de Paris News 3951: 3815: 3534: 2788: 2466: 2057: 1839: 1780: 1737: 1679: 1245:. The red alert was lifted on 22 December 2016 as the winds cleared pollution away the night before. 598: 491: 431: 280:

It is important to better understand the effectiveness of the regulatory policies intended to reduce

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per barrel in June 2008. Government official estimated that at this price, oil imports will reach

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hack. In 2018, license plate checking also applied on expressways bound to Jakarta suburban area (

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The driving restriction during the Olympics was so successful in cleaning the air and relieving

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Similar schemes with the same name have been implemented in several Colombian cities, including

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Vehicles exempted from the restriction include buses and other urban transportation vehicles,

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Taxis, buses, police cars, ambulances, fire trucks, commercial vehicles operating with liquid

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pulled by horses created serious congestion problems in several Roman cities. In 45 B.C.

3111: 3076: 3044: 3012: 2980: 2948: 2916: 2884: 2852: 2820: 4982: 4947: 4939: 4462: 3238: 3193: 2102: 1994: 1946: 1769: 1654: 1611: 1570: 1379: 1359: 1202:

are not subject to the driving restriction, as a government incentive to promote the use of

992: 971:, representing about a third of the country's export earnings and about 9% of the country's 857: 737: 546: 522: 298: 135: 87: 4649: 3958:[Pollution: traffic restriction on Monday morning in Paris and the inner suburbs]. 2845:[Ministry of Public Works and Transportation will expand the driving restriction]. 2374:[Major's Decree 626 of 1998] (in Spanish). Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá D.C. 1998-07-15 4877: 3430: 3374: 3295: 1921: 1861: 1741: 1426:

In January 2017 a combination of cold, still winter weather and poor air quality prompted

1351: 1302: 1298: 1130: 1114:

is the largest metropolis in the world with a permanent alternate-day travel restriction (

888: 887:

The driving restriction program was initially successful in reducing pollution levels, as

776:, including the 18 neighboring municipalities which surrounds Mexico City on three sides: 613:; and press, judiciary, diplomatic, presidential motorcade, and security escort vehicles. 606: 533:. The system restricts traffic access into a pre-established urban area for vehicles with 310: 242: 103: 736:

started in November 1989 its driving restriction program, "Hoy no Circula" (literally in

4935: 2162: 1543:

Another peak in air pollution affected Paris and Northern France in mid March 2015. The

44: 4679: 4493: 4207:[Pollution in Paris: no alternating traffic, neither this Monday nor Tuesday]. 2197: 1886: 1881: 1835: 1657:

until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to

1617: 1590: 1544: 1468: 1455: 1274: 1177: 728: 542: 464: 409: 361: 326: 206:

as a two-week trial in January 2016. A temporary ban on diesel cars was implemented in

131: 4920:"Tradeable permits: their potential in the regulation of road transport externalities" 4824: 4516:"Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China" 3956:"Pollution : circulation alternée lundi matin à Paris et dans la petite couronne" 2462:"Pico y placa será todo el día para particulares en Bogotá, a partir del 6 de febrero" 1998: 284:

to improve their implementation in the future. Some factors that hinder the effective

5023: 4959: 4730: 4178:[Pollution: alternate circulation renewed Friday in Paris and near suburbs]. 2403: 1947: 1876: 1851: 1831: 1203: 877: 785: 566: 534: 348:

Road space rationing based on license numbers has been implemented in cities such as

322: 231: 5014:

Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China

4522: 4091:"Pollution à Paris : qui est concerné par la circulation alternée lundi ?" 3342:[Alternate-day travel in Sao Paulo - Who is exempted from the restriction]. 177:

After a temporary implementation of road space rationing to reduce air pollution in

17: 4382: 4378:"Delhi driving restrictions in force from New Year's Day in bid to clear pollution" 4176:"Pollution: circulation alternée reconduite vendredi à Paris et en proche banlieue" 4065:[Anne Hidalgo announced alternate traffic restriction on Monday in Paris]. 3824: 3598: 3425:[Driving restriction exemption will benefit 387 electric and hybrid cars]. 2439: 2274: 1916: 1803: 1765: 1578: 1561: 1548: 1498: 1451: 1439:

p.m on 17 January 2017, and motorists violating the ban were fined 1,500 kroner (~

1234: 1218: 1199: 935: 809: 797: 665: 621: 562: 504: 365: 219: 28: 1111: 1104: 841: 369: 143: 60: 4093:[Pollution in Paris: Who is affected by alternating traffic on Monday?]. 3691: 3594:"Beijing smog: pollution red alert declared in China capital and 21 other cities" 2517:[Major's Decree 575 of 2013] (in Spanish). Alcaldía de Bogotá. 2014-12-18 5008:

The effect of transport policies on car use: Evidence from Latin American cities

4209: 4118:"Paris connaît le plus long et intense pic de pollution hivernal depuis dix ans" 4027:"France to restrict vehicles use on Monday unless air pollution eases: minister" 3544: 3514: 1693: 1683: 1522: 1009: 924:

in early 2003. Fuel and oil imports represented in 2007 a 5.6% of the country's

801: 768: 760: 733: 693: 661: 641: 625: 314: 115: 2537:"Hari Pertama Uji Coba Ganjil Genap, Arus Lalu Lintas di Sudirman Ramai Lancar" 1614:

asked the government to take action to curb air pollution on 30 November 2015.

1459:

time were considered a better environmental choice than gasoline-powered cars.

4986: 4851:"Vehicle Restrictions. Limiting Automobile Travel At Certain Times and Places" 4036: 3243: 3230: 2756: 1749: 1745: 1529: 1414: 1363: 1270: 1134: 1126: 979:

The alternate-day driving program was suspended in June 2009 as a result of a

952: 913: 833: 813: 602: 594: 579: 393: 147: 4254:"Starting May 8, Sundays on the Champs Elysées Will Be a Car-Free Experience" 4205:"Pollution à Paris : pas de circulation alternée, ni ce lundi, ni mardi" 3215: 1107:

to enforce alternate-day travel restrictions based on license plate numbers.

912:

in the Costa Rican economy. The program was implemented when the price of an

4067: 3960: 3370:"Elétrico, BMW i3 chega com preço de 9 populares e isenção do rodízio em SP" 1911: 1819: 1630: 1242: 708: 697: 637: 530: 460: 454: 203: 119: 35: 4897: 3321:[Municipal Alternate-day travel: How it works] (in Portuguese). CET 3188:

Onursal, Bekir; Gautam, Surhid P. (1997-09-30). "Vehicular air pollution".

2496:[Restriction for private vehicles] (in Spanish). Alcaldía de Bogotá 2219:"Unos 39.000 vehículos dejan de circular en Honduras para ahorrar petróleo" 514: 417: 373: 159: 4521:. Environment for Development and Resources for the Future. Archived from 3197: 2909:[Tomorrow will start 24-hour driving restriction in the capital]. 2726:"Los autos viejos también podrán tener calcomanía 0 en el centro del país" 2155:[Today begins traffic restriction for cars in downtown San José]. 4514:

Lanl an W ang; Ji nta o Xu; Xinye Zheng & Ping Qin (September 2013).

4340:"Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police" 4318: 4149: 4122: 4095: 3696: 3423:"Isenção de rodízio vai beneficiar 387 carros elétricos e híbridos em SP" 2728:[Old cars can also have sticker 0 in the center of the country]. 1556: 1519: 1339: 1262: 1063: 518: 421: 397: 377: 223: 151: 3291:"Rodízio de veículos em SP é improviso, afirma especialista em trânsito" 3164:[Driving restriction reduces traffic jams between 14% and 16%]. 2099:"LEDA Measure: License plate based traffic restrictions, Athens, Greece" 549:: "environmental peak and license plate") was implemented by then mayor 459:

Rising traffic in Athens during the 1990s led to the development of the

218:

The earliest known implementation of road space rationing took place in

3656: 3400:[All-electric and hybrids: São Paulo approves incentives law]. 3293:[Driving restriction in SP is improvised says traffic expert]. 2813:[440 drivers fined for violating restrictions in the capital]. 2649: 1761: 1757: 1675: 1526: 1510: 1447: 1294: 1290: 1238: 1230: 1185: 1173: 1073:

Initially the restriction applied only to passenger vehicles without a

1034: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 873: 868: 405: 385: 269: 178: 171: 4951: 3984:"Circulation alternée – Les camions électriques bannis de la capitale" 3069:[Driving restriction will be in force starting next Tuesday]. 2973:[San José is open to any car regardless of its plate number]. 2695:

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA) (2016).

554:

making it harder to circumvent the restriction by buying another car.

4604:"Beijing To Test Plan to Cut Cars: Measure Intended For '08 Olympics" 3624: 2877:[Government subsidies applied to curb rising diesel prices]. 2541: 2190:[Driving restriction in the capital city will be evaluated]. 1418:

A ban on diesel-powered cars from municipal roads was implemented in

1282: 881: 700: 610: 381: 349: 253: 167: 64: 5002: 4943: 4850: 4404:"Delhi govt's vehicle plan: HC refuses to pass interim order on PIL" 2036: 521:

in 1998 a driving restriction program, "Pico y placa" (literally in

4779:"Car-Free Travel: London Olympic Organizers Hope to Reform Britain" 4231: 4701:"Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month" 2620:"The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City" 1802:

Transport economists consider road space rationing a variation of

1692: 1634: 1616: 1534: 1490: 1478: 1472: 1413: 1343: 1322: 1316: 1266: 1258: 1167: 1095: 1067: 930: 754: 741: 704: 401: 357: 241: 199: 191: 163: 139: 51: 43: 3761:"Italy, Dirty Air at Record Levels, Is Putting Limits on Traffic" 3652:"Blue skies return to Beijing as wind clears dangerous pollution" 3235:

Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte

3136:[Hybrid and electric cars make their way in Costa Rica]. 2907:"Mañana se iniciará restricción vehicular de 24 horas en capital" 1565:

restriction was implemented in Paris and 22 towns located in the

3480:"Beijing Issues Red Alert Over Air Pollution for the First Time" 1582: 1489:

On March 17, 2014, a partial driving restriction was imposed in

1427: 1419: 1254: 942:, to warn drivers of the prevailing access restriction into the 852:

indicating whether a vehicle is exempt from the program or not.

629: 571: 227: 207: 195: 3788:"Come funzionano le limitazioni del traffico a Milano e a Roma" 2752:"Ebrard y Peña Nieto presentan este día el No circula sabatino" 1822:

of peak period travel but through revenue-neutral credit-based

4284:"Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution" 3269:"Decreto 41858/97 - Decreto nº 41.858, de 12 de junho de 1997" 3162:"Restricción vehicular disminuye presas entre un 14% y un 16%" 3104:[30,000 cars unable to enter the capital city today]. 3005:[Long traffic queues collapse entrances to San Jose]. 2811:"440 conductores multados por violar restricciones en capital" 1003: 972: 925: 329:

when respondents are untruthful, and excess time consumption.

4437:"India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi" 4006:"Fin de la circulation alternée et des mesures antipollution" 3620:"China Focus: A city sighs as Beijing's heavy smog continues" 4063:"Anne Hidalgo annonce la circulation alternée lundi à Paris" 2939:"MOPT reduce horario de restricción vehicular en la capital" 3790:[How Traffic Restriction Works in Milan and Rome]. 3271:[Decree 41,858/97] (in Portuguese). Jusbrasil. 2015 3067:"Restricción vehicular volverá a aplicarse desde el martes" 1390:) single-ride transit tickets became passes valid all day. 672:

first time implemented in Sudirman Avenue on 27 July 2016.

437:

During the discussions regarding the proposal to introduce

4314:"Delhi residents give up cars to stop toxic air pollution" 3229:

Moreno Gomez, Clara; García Pastor, Antonio (2016-06-07).

3134:"Carros híbridos y eléctricos se abren paso en Costa Rica" 2971:"San José se abre a cualquier carro sin importar su placa" 2153:"Hoy empieza restricción para autos en centro de San José" 3398:"Elétricos e híbridos: São Paulo aprova lei de incentivo" 3037:[Driving restriction will be back in two weeks]. 2494:"Restricción para vehículos de servicio particular - SDM" 2298:"Paris bans cars to make way for central pedestrian zone" 1588:

In May 2016, the city of Paris launched a scheme called "

4628:"Pequim vai adotar rodízio de veículos durante os Jogos" 3692:"Italy smog: Milan and Rome ban cars as pollution rises" 3453:"Beijing Issues First-Ever Red Alert for Hazardous Smog" 2781:[Oil bill will cost more than US$ 1.4 billion]. 711:. Only overcrowded toll booths apply this ban. Existing 344:

Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (Philippines)

174:

also have similar driving restriction schemes in place.

3926:"Fighting Pollution, Paris Imposes Partial Driving Ban" 3820:"Oslo temporarily bans diesel cars to combat pollution" 3731:[Guide to restrict traffic in Milan and Rome]. 3340:"Rodízio em São Paulo - Quem está liberado do rodízio?" 2320:"Traffic Panel Members Expecto to Endorse Fees on Cars" 1358:, also implemented the temporary driving restriction. 4648:

Yuxuan Wang; Michael B. McElroy; et al. (2007).

2875:"Gobierno aplica subsidio para frenar alza en diésel" 2625:. Journal of Political Economy, 2008, vol. 116, no. 1 2244:"Desde marzo se aplica el pico y placa en la capital" 1826:. This concept is similar to the existing system of 1779:

This strategy was deemed effective and successful by

1446:

The restriction did not apply to heavy vehicles with

1431:

February 2016. The diesel ban went into effect from 6

946:

according to license plate number by day of the week.

2246:(in Spanish). Diario Hoy. 2010-01-10. Archived from 1217:

estimated that without the measures, the density of

4975:

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

3102:"30.000 carros sin poder ingresar hoy a la capital" 2779:"Factura petrolera costará más de $ 1.400 millones" 2221:(in Spanish). La Nación. 2007-04-07. Archived from 2126:(in Spanish). La Prensa. 2003-01-07. Archived from 478: 4756:. Mayor of London official website. Archived from 4552:"Beijing has first workday under car restrictions" 3567:"Beijing Issues a Second 'Red Alert' on Pollution" 2016:"Tehran's low-emission zone rule gets green light" 1949:Sustainable Transportation: Problems and Solutions 1629:In an attempt to mitigate severe air pollution in 1518:for free, and the short-term subscriptions of the 4804:"London 2012 Olympics the first to be "car-free"" 4489:"Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics" 3628:. Xinhua English News. 2016-12-20. Archived from 3346:(in Portuguese). GuiaDireitos.org. Archived from 3317:Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego (CET) (2015). 2645:"Estado descarta aplicar programa Hoy no circula" 2428: 2426: 2424: 904:An alternate-day travel scheme was introduced in 185:, local officials put in place several permanent 3507:"Beijing slashes traffic in pollution red alert" 2492:Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad (2015-10-29). 263:The program's impact on moving behavior to more 4924:Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 4538:Discussion Papers Series, EfD DP 13-11, pp. 7-8 4371: 4369: 4367: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 2565:"16 Mei, Penghapusan 3-in-1 Mulai Diberlakukan" 2124:"Los choferes públicos acataron la restricción" 1338:). Neighboring towns and municipalities in the 1184:Temporary driving restrictions were imposed in 288:of policies like road space rationing are that 5016:, Environment for Development, September 2013. 5003:Online TDM Encyclopedia - Vehicle restrictions 4675:"Beijing's Air Is Cleaner, but Far From Clean" 4578:"Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban" 4277: 4275: 4273: 3729:"Guida al blocco del traffico a Milano e Roma" 3237:. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València. 3035:"Restricción vehicular volverá en dos semanas" 4896:. Congressional Budget Office. Archived from 4703:. China View news. 2008-09-28. Archived from 3875:"Oslo lifts temporary ban on diesel vehicles" 2697:"Calendario del programa Hoy No Circula 2016" 2366: 2364: 2270:"Paris drive to cut traffic in centre by 75%" 2088:(Thesis). West Virginia University Libraries. 1481:in March 2014 due to a peak in the levels of 8: 5010:, Journal of Public Economics, November 2013 4754:"The 2012 Olympic Games and the environment" 3843: 3841: 3810: 3808: 3754: 3752: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3003:"Largas presas colapsan ingresos a San José" 2719: 2717: 2345:"$ 8 Traffic Fee for Manhattan Gets Nowhere" 2188:"Evaluarán restricción vehicular en capital" 1980: 1978: 4630:(in Portuguese). Agencia Xinhua. 2008-03-28 2905:Vanessa Loaiza y Alonso Mata (2008-07-09). 2417:See section: "La historia del Pico y Placa" 2392: 2390: 2388: 2181: 2179: 1697:Typical severe air pollution day in Beijing 4668: 4666: 4307: 4305: 3850:"Diesel ban extended, no fines issued yet" 2146: 2144: 1101:Automatic speed limit surveillance devices 4918:Verhoef E, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P (1997). 3535:"Red alert cuts Beijing emissions by 30%" 3242: 3095: 3093: 2613: 2611: 2609: 1787:Similar management and rationing policies 1050:Learn how and when to remove this message 565:were completed. In July 2012, then mayor 2590:"Sejarah Pemberlakuan 3-in-1 di Jakarta" 2588:Lubabah, Raynaldo Giffari (2016-03-29). 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 1062:Driving restrictions were introduced in 656:The no-drive day in Jakarta is known as 4652:. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34 2435:"Why licence plate bans don't cut smog" 1937: 767:The program is intended to improve the 4873: 4863: 2401:["Pico y Placa" Petro brand]. 862:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 557:Starting in February 2009, then mayor 525:: "peak and license plate") to reduce 338:Permanent alternate-day travel schemes 4849:Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 2843:"MOPT ampliará restricción vehicular" 1814:Mobility rights or congestion credits 325:in direct observation, the spread of 7: 2750:Ángel Bolaños Sánchez (2008-03-12). 2535:Pratama, Akhdi Martin (2016-07-27). 1740:organization, with support from the 1211:Ministry of Environmental Protection 1032:adding citations to reliable sources 434:which ended up being won by London. 333:Applications of road space rationing 210:on municipal roads in January 2017. 4892:Holtz-Eakin, Douglas (2003-05-06). 4463:"Car restrictions begin in Beijing" 2515:"Decreto 575 de 2013 Alcalde Mayor" 2372:"Decreto 626 de 1998 Alcalde Mayor" 1525:program, and the first hour of the 1450:technology, gasoline-powered cars, 4825:"Tube carried 60m during Olympics" 3982:Michaël Torregrossa (2014-03-17). 3734:Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata 3319:"Rodízio Municipal: Como funciona" 2343:Nicholas Confessore (2008-04-08). 1066:in 1986, as a measure to mitigate 317:, stated preferences surveys, and 25: 1392:Environmentally friendly vehicles 703:, Cibubur (border of Jakarta and 696:). License plates are checked in 41:Travel demand management strategy 4252:Anzilotti, Eillie (2016-04-29). 3900:"Dieselbilforbud det stinker av" 2643:Orlando Maldonado (2016-01-02). 1366:cars are exempted from the ban. 1215:Beijing University of Technology 1092:Vehicle Restriction in São Paulo 1008: 928:, up from 2% ten years earlier. 290:transportation demand management 3289:Fabiana Maranhão (2014-01-09). 2296:Bremner, Charles (2005-03-15). 2101:. LEDA database. Archived from 1715:Road space rationing in Beijing 1608:Central Pollution Control Board 1164:Road space rationing in Beijing 1019:needs additional citations for 3898:Stensrud, Espen (2017-01-16). 3759:Gaia Pianigiani (2015-12-24). 3727:Daniele Mascolo (2015-12-28). 3505:Benjamin Dooley (2015-12-08). 2777:Mercedes Aguero (2007-11-29). 2186:Mercedes Agüero (2006-04-12). 719:am starts from 23 April 2018. 715:in Jakarta was extended from 6 439:congestion pricing in New York 1: 4004:Mayor of Paris (2014-03-17). 3902:[Diesel ban stinks]. 3848:Berglund, Nina (2017-01-16). 3650:Blanchard, Ben (2016-12-22). 3368:Leonardo Felix (2014-09-10). 3160:Patricia Recio (2014-10-03). 3132:Camila Salazar (2013-07-06). 3065:Álvaro Murillo (2009-07-16). 2969:Álvaro Murillo (2009-06-13). 2937:Vanessa Loaiza (2008-07-10). 2873:Esteban Oviedo (2008-06-13). 2841:Esteban Oviedo (2008-06-13). 2809:Vanessa Loaiza (2008-06-26). 2433:Karl Mathiesen (2014-03-20). 2318:William Neuman (2008-01-25). 1999:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00024-5 1776:, or by bicycle or on foot. 1688:ending in odd or even numbers 1325:seem from a neighboring town. 959:a.m. and 4:00-5:30 p.m. 910:high international oil prices 272:as a result of such schemes. 114:strategy aimed to reduce the 4673:Michael Wines (2009-10-16). 4487:Andrew Jacobs (2008-04-14). 4376:Maseeh Rahman (2015-12-31). 4312:Charles Riley (2016-01-01). 4039:. 2015-03-20. Archived from 3592:Phillips, Tom (2016-12-17). 3110:(in Spanish). Archived from 3075:(in Spanish). Archived from 3043:(in Spanish). Archived from 3011:(in Spanish). Archived from 2979:(in Spanish). Archived from 2947:(in Spanish). Archived from 2915:(in Spanish). Archived from 2883:(in Spanish). Archived from 2851:(in Spanish). Archived from 2819:(in Spanish). Archived from 2787:(in Spanish). Archived from 2563:Lestari, Reni (2016-05-16). 2470:(in Spanish). Archived from 2196:(in Spanish). Archived from 2161:(in Spanish). Archived from 2151:Ángela Ávalos (2005-08-03). 1709:Post-Olympics permanent rule 1507:natural gas-powered vehicles 729:Hoy no Circula (Mexico City) 293:strategy implementation. In 5040:Vehicle registration plates 4806:. AutoBlogGreen. 2007-10-31 4182:(in French). Archived from 3924:Scott Sayare (2014-03-17). 3451:Te-Ping Chen (2015-12-07). 3404:(in Portuguese). 2014-05-28 3190:World Bank Technical Papers 2060:. urbanaccessregulations.eu 2039:. urbanaccessregulations.eu 1196:cars' license plate numbers 846:Valle de Chalco Solidaridad 479: 5056: 4882:See Equity Impacts section 4602:Edward Cody (2007-08-11). 4550:Anita Chang (2008-07-21). 3565:Edward Wong (2015-12-17). 3478:Edward Wong (2015-12-07). 3100:Alonso Mata (2009-07-21). 3033:Alonso Mata (2009-07-05). 3001:Alonso Mata (2009-06-15). 2399:"Pico y Placa marca Petro" 2268:Henley, Jon (2005-03-15). 2037:"urban access regulations" 1945:Black, William R. (2010). 1795: 1712: 1623:Connaught Place, New Delhi 1477:Traffic was restricted in 1466: 1161: 1089: 726: 502: 452: 360:(1986 and extended 2001), 341: 33: 26: 4987:10.1016/j.tra.2005.02.014 4435:Nida Najar (2015-12-16). 4282:Nida Najar (2015-12-04). 4061:Simon Blin (2015-01-21). 3244:10.4995/cit2016.2016.2147 1649:On 16 December 2015, the 1604:World Health Organization 1139:plug-in electric vehicles 468: 127:usually, the peak hours. 2699:. SEDEMA. Archived from 2670:AngloInfo (2015-12-04). 1806:, and an alternative to 1261:and other cities in the 1143:hybrid electric vehicles 1135:people with disabilities 1077:with the aim to reduced 989:hybrid electric vehicles 854:Hybrid electric vehicles 668:to radio stations. The 595:people with disabilities 396:, (2005) countrywide in 276:Evaluating effectiveness 112:travel demand management 34:Not to be confused with 4743:From the print edition. 4353:(DNA India). 2015-12-08 4351:Daily News and Analysis 4213:(in French). 2016-12-11 4153:(in French). 2016-12-08 4126:(in French). 2016-12-07 3738:(in Italian). Ilpost.it 2618:Lucas W. Davis (2008). 1892:Lewis–Mogridge position 1857:Common good (economics) 782:Coacalco de Berriozabal 306:are difficult to form. 156:increases in oil prices 3873:NTB/AFP (2017-01-18). 3854:News in English Norway 2300:. London: Times Online 1927:Tragedy of the Commons 1698: 1659:compressed natural gas 1651:Supreme Court of India 1626: 1540: 1486: 1423: 1404:Euro 0 and 1 standards 1326: 1181: 1153:Temporary restrictions 1119: 1108: 947: 893:University of Michigan 764: 678:Basuki Tjahaja Purnama 248: 116:negative externalities 107: 99: 91: 68: 49: 5030:Sustainable transport 4584:. Reuters. 2008-06-23 3198:10.1596/0-8213-4016-6 2058:"Overview of website" 1872:Downs–Thomson paradox 1796:Further information: 1772:, mainly through the 1696: 1620: 1567:administrative region 1538: 1516:public transportation 1476: 1417: 1320: 1279:Cernusco sul Naviglio 1171: 1099: 934: 758: 599:all-electric vehicles 265:sustainable transport 245: 214:Historical background 92:restricción vehicular 55: 47: 4409:Press Trust of India 4345:Press Trust of India 4172:Agence France-Presse 4089:Staff (2015-03-22). 3952:Agence France-Presse 3816:Agence France-Presse 3786:Staff (2015-12-28). 3664:on December 23, 2016 3632:on December 21, 2016 3511:Agence France-Presse 3427:Estadão de São Paulo 3167:La Nación (San José) 3139:La Nación (San José) 3107:La Nación (San José) 3072:La Nación (San José) 3040:La Nación (San José) 3008:La Nación (San José) 2976:La Nación (San José) 2944:La Nación (San José) 2912:La Nación (San José) 2880:La Nación (San José) 2848:La Nación (San José) 2816:La Nación (San José) 2784:La Nación (San José) 2724:Staff (2015-07-03). 2467:El Tiempo (Colombia) 2460:Staff (2009-01-24). 2397:Staff (2012-06-12). 2193:La Nación (San José) 2158:La Nación (San José) 1840:greenhouse emissions 1781:Transport for London 1738:2012 Summer Olympics 1680:2008 Summer Olympics 1400:natural gas vehicles 1028:improve this article 981:Constitutional Court 940:San José, Costa Rica 906:San José, Costa Rica 778:Atizapán de Zaragoza 432:2012 Summer Olympics 295:developing countries 183:2008 Summer Olympics 158:that began in 2003. 108:circulation alternée 76:alternate-day travel 72:Road space rationing 18:Alternate-day travel 4936:1997EnPlB..24..527V 4557:The Washington Post 3458:Wall Street Journal 3402:Automotive Business 1754:Newcastle upon Tyne 1422:on 17 January 2017. 1075:catalytic converter 987:Since October 2012 955:, from 7:00 to 8:30 838:Tlalnepantla de Baz 822:Naucalpan de Juárez 806:Ecatepec de Morelos 746:airborne pollutants 559:Samuel Moreno Rojas 551:Luis Eduardo Garzón 319:revealed preference 80:driving restriction 4876:has generic name ( 4853:. TDM Encyclopedia 4707:on October 1, 2008 4442:The New York Times 4415:The Indian Express 4289:The New York Times 4180:Le Huffington Post 4032:Xinhua News Agency 3931:The New York Times 3766:The New York Times 3572:The New York Times 3540:Xinhua News Agency 3485:The New York Times 2349:The New York Times 2324:The New York Times 1955:The Guilford Press 1902:Odd-even rationing 1867:Congestion pricing 1834:, proposed by the 1824:congestion pricing 1808:congestion pricing 1798:Congestion pricing 1792:Congestion pricing 1721:traffic congestion 1699: 1674:On July 20, 2008, 1627: 1541: 1495:particulate matter 1487: 1483:particulate matter 1424: 1376:particulate matter 1356:Sesto San Giovanni 1342:region, including 1327: 1307:Sesto San Giovanni 1265:region, including 1182: 1147:fuel-cell vehicles 1109: 1079:particulate matter 948: 790:Cuautitlán Izcalli 765: 609:armored vehicles; 576:Rafael Uribe Uribe 527:traffic congestion 443:congestion pricing 304:traffic congestion 286:program evaluation 282:traffic congestion 249: 69: 57:Traffic congestion 50: 4726:"The great crawl" 3792:Internazionale.it 3433:(UOL). 2015-09-14 3429:(in Portuguese). 3254:978-84-608-9960-0 3207:978-0-8213-4016-5 1968:978-1-60623-485-3 1897:Low-emission zone 1828:emissions trading 1725:scrappage program 1703:vehicle emissions 1602:According to the 1360:Electric vehicles 1348:Cinisello Balsamo 1321:Severe smog over 1287:Cinisello Balsamo 1209:According to the 1191:air quality index 1060: 1059: 1052: 993:all-electric cars 858:electric vehicles 759:Severe smog over 750:thermal inversion 489: 477: 258:low emission zone 187:rationing schemes 59:persists despite 16:(Redirected from 5047: 4991: 4990: 4981:(7–9): 671–690. 4970: 4964: 4963: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4547: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4373: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4279: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3724: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3688: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3660:. 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969:US$ 2.85 billion 966: 958: 923: 919: 718: 611:funeral vehicles 563:Transmilenio BRT 513:, introduced in 511:Enrique Peñalosa 484: 482: 472: 470: 428:Bertrand Delanoë 299:cause and effect 100:rodízio veicular 74:, also known as 21: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5020: 5019: 4999: 4994: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4944:10.1068/b240527 4917: 4916: 4912: 4903: 4901: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4872: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4683: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4608:Washington Post 4601: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4388: 4386: 4375: 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He said that 654: 607:cash-in-transit 605:; motorcycles; 507: 501: 457: 451: 346: 340: 335: 311:target audience 278: 240: 216: 42: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4997:External links 4995: 4993: 4992: 4965: 4930:(4): 527–548. 4910: 4884: 4841: 4816: 4795: 4783:Spiegel ONLINE 4770: 4745: 4717: 4692: 4680:New York Times 4662: 4640: 4619: 4594: 4569: 4542: 4506: 4494:New York Times 4479: 4454: 4427: 4395: 4363: 4331: 4301: 4269: 4244: 4223: 4196: 4174:(2016-12-08). 4163: 4136: 4109: 4081: 4053: 4018: 3996: 3974: 3954:(2014-03-17). 3943: 3916: 3906:(in Norwegian) 3890: 3865: 3837: 3818:(2017-01-16). 3804: 3778: 3748: 3710: 3674: 3642: 3611: 3584: 3557: 3526: 3497: 3470: 3443: 3414: 3389: 3360: 3331: 3309: 3281: 3260: 3253: 3221: 3206: 3180: 3152: 3124: 3089: 3057: 3025: 2993: 2961: 2929: 2897: 2865: 2833: 2801: 2769: 2742: 2713: 2687: 2662: 2635: 2605: 2580: 2555: 2527: 2506: 2484: 2452: 2420: 2384: 2360: 2335: 2310: 2288: 2260: 2235: 2210: 2175: 2140: 2115: 2090: 2070: 2049: 2028: 2018:. en.tehran.ir 2007: 1993:(4): 289–294. 1974: 1967: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1887:Jevons paradox 1884: 1882:Induced demand 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1836:Kyoto Protocol 1832:carbon credits 1815: 1812: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1733: 1730: 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1621:Dense smog at 1599: 1596: 1545:Mayor of Paris 1469:Paris Breathes 1464: 1461: 1456:plug-in hybrid 1411: 1408: 1371: 1368: 1314: 1311: 1275:Cesano Boscone 1250: 1247: 1220: 1178:Forbidden City 1162:Main article: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1058: 1057: 1016: 1014: 1007: 1001: 998: 901: 898: 830:Nicolás Romero 826:Nezahualcóyotl 727:Main article: 724: 721: 653: 650: 588:Ciudad Bolívar 543:Antanas Mockus 503:Main article: 500: 497: 453:Main article: 450: 447: 339: 336: 334: 331: 327:misinformation 277: 274: 239: 236: 215: 212: 40: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5052: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4900:on 2008-02-14 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4874:|author= 4867: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4760:on 2008-01-17 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4731:The Economist 4727: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4528:on 2014-04-01 4524: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4480: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4186:on 2016-12-09 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4043:on 2015-03-21 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3350:on 2016-01-23 3349: 3345: 3344:Guia Direitos 3341: 3335: 3332: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3114:on 2009-07-24 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3079:on 2009-07-19 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3047:on 2009-07-08 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3015:on 2009-06-18 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2983:on 2009-06-16 2982: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2951:on 2008-07-13 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2919:on 2008-07-12 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2887:on 2008-06-15 2886: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2855:on 2008-06-17 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2823:on 2008-06-30 2822: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2791:on 2008-10-11 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2731: 2727: 2720: 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