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eligible quotas and select a certain amount of them randomly similar to the way of lottery where numbers are drawn randomly. Companies are also applicable to following the policy, but under a different set of rules. Car owners who scrapped their cars could produce evidence and receive a quota without going through the process of license plate 'lottery'.
47:
Also as part of the smog alert system put in place in the city in 2013, once a red alert is issued, a temporary driving restriction is imposed for the duration of the severe pollution event to reduce the city's cars on the streets by half. Temporary restrictions have been implemented in
Beijing twice
39:
regulation aimed to reduce traffic by restricting automobile travel through means such as restriction of cars that could enter common road space based upon the last digits of the license number on certain established days during certain periods in
Beijing. The main objective of this restraint policy
67:
of automobiles and the police, where the cameras and policemen could recognize license plates of cars that should not be on the road during a certain day, and when found out, the driver of the car would receive certain penalties. Although there have been a significant improvement in the air quality
265:
Starting from
January 1, 2012, Beijing citizens who wish to purchase passenger cars with less than five seats must follow the small passenger car purchase policy to be applicable for purchasing a passenger car. According to the policy, the individual purchaser must not already have a passenger car
139:
On
September 28, 2008, the Beijing Traffic Management Bureau issued a 'Notice on the Implementation of Traffic Management Measures', which stated that from October 11, 2008 to January 10, 2009, automobiles in Beijing city (inside the 5th Ring Road) shall cease going on public roads for one day per
274:
for a passenger by entering the information pertaining to being applicable at the 'Beijing Small
Passenger Car Passenger Quota Management' website, and then wait for the monthly license plate 'lottery' (摇号), where during the 26th of every month the Traffic Management Bureau would take all of the
232:
On 16 December 2016, Beijing authorities declared a five-day pollution “red alert” due to a heavy pollution event. Among other measures, about half the cars were restricted through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme, and older and “dirty” high-emissions vehicles were forbidden to circulate.
157:
Yellow-label cars are automobiles that have yellow-stickers that indicate the vehicles are not qualified for the emission levels ‘国I’ for gasoline cars and '国III' for diesel cars on their windshields. Since
January 1, 2009, a yellow-label car restriction policy was imposed, which prohibited the
190:
from
December 8 to 10, 2015, as part of the smog mitigation measures provided for in Beijing's red alert for hazardous smog, the first such alert issued ever. The smog alert system was put in place in 2013, and a red alert should go into effect if there is a prediction that the
105:
policy, by allowing cars that have an even last number of their license plates to be able to drive on roads in one day while the cars that have an odd last number of their license plates could go on the road the next day in order to improve air quality in the city during the
680:
307:
According to a survey ordered by the officials conducted by a third party institute in 2010, 90.4% of the surveyed people are in favor of end-number license plate policy and would like to continue practicing the policy, but according to a similar survey conducted by
148:
are not allowed to be inside the 5th ring road (inclusive) from 07:00 to 20:00 Beijing time. If the policy is violated, car owners would be fined ¥200. For every three months, the automobiles that could not go on public road space for a certain weekday would rotate.
140:
week by means of grouping by the end number of the license plates of automobiles: from Monday to Friday, automobiles with end numbers 1 or 6, 2 or 7, 3 or 8, 4 or 9, 5 or 0 respectively would cease going on public road space. License plates ending with
122:
Due to the success in improving
Beijing's air quality and the increased road space availability, the Beijing Traffic Management Bureau issued a series of road space rationing policies to maintain road space availability after the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
80:
was reported after comparing the data for vehicle emissions before and after the following policy was carried out. These policies successfully lowered the mean surface temperature by 1.5–2.4 °C and reduced heat extent by 820 km2 in
Beijing.
299:, the End-number License Plate Policy has reduced the number of cars on the public road-space of Beijing by 700,000, but with the rapidly increasing number of cars purchased, the effects of the policy would be negated within three years.
233:
Public transport services in the city were increased, with about 3,600 buses on duty. The
Ministry of Environmental Protection reported that 21 other cities across north and central China had also declared pollution red alerts, including
212:
195:
index will stay over 200 for more than 72 hours. On the evening of December 7 the index was 253 according to Beijing's authorities. Under a red alert half of the city's cars are ordered off the streets through a temporary
229:
A second red alert for pollution was issued on December 18, 2015. Temporary driving restrictions were imposed for four days, beginning at 7 a.m. on December 19 and ending on the 23rd at midnight.
51:
Many road space rationing regulations, such as the even-odd license plate policy, yellow label car policy, end-number policy and passenger car purchase policy have been established in
379:
215:, the combined effect of all the restrictions imposed reduced pollutant emissions in Beijing by 30% during day one of the city's first red alert for smog. Environmentalist from
861:
919:
707:
295:
was reported after comparing the data for vehicle emissions before and after the following policy was carried out. Also, according to a professor in the
200:
based on the cars license plate numbers. Only cars with even-numbered license plates were allowed on the roads during the first day of the restriction.
540:
312:
82.9% of the interviewed opposed the End-number License Plate Policy, with only 14% in favor, having a 76% difference from the official survey.
489:
359:
915:
733:
514:
89:
765:
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296:
216:
36:
905:
257:
620:
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According to a third party test, the policies issued were effective in reducing the car emissions: a 40% daily reduction of
940:
935:
945:
339:
261:
Granted quota of the 'Small Passenger Car Purchase Policy' to small passenger car buyer. Application number is blocked.
131:
593:
400:
Yang, Bo; Liu, Hongxing; Kang, Emily L.; Hawthorne, Timothy L.; Tong, Susanna T. Y.; Shu, Song; Xu, Min (2022-05-02).
320:
As of June 2016, in addition to Beijing, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place.
60:
77:
27:
was introduced in the city in a permanent basis after successful results obtained with the policy during the
292:
114:, yellow-plate vehicles (vehicles with more than 9 seats inclusive), police vehicles and military vehicles.
68:
of Beijing and the road space availability, many negative responses of the city's car owners were received.
197:
840:
544:
402:"Traffic restrictions during the 2008 Olympic Games reduced urban heat intensity and extent in Beijing"
270:
and living in Beijing; if the purchaser fulfills all of the requirements, he or she could apply for a
648:
354:
249:. The red alert was lifted on 22 December 2016 as the winds cleared pollution away the night before.
107:
56:
32:
28:
571:
685:
653:
598:
493:
344:
329:
102:
463:
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This car has an even end number, therefore it could not go on public road space every other day.
743:
518:
775:
423:
334:
170:
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are not subject to the driving restriction, as a government incentive to promote the use of
141:
909:
267:
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registered under his or her name, and must fulfill various requirements such as having a
144:
are categorized as 0. The automobiles that are not allowed on public road space during a
468:
179:
64:
135:
Military vehicles that have white license plates are not ruled by any of the policies.
929:
866:
401:
205:
159:
903:
Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China
902:
712:
349:
238:
220:
201:
16:
818:
708:"Beijing smog: pollution red alert declared in China capital and 21 other cities"
799:(in Chinese). Beijing Small Passenger Car Passenger Quota Management. 2011-12-27
658:
628:
283:
271:
192:
111:
41:
418:
427:
892:
246:
517:(in Chinese). Beijing Traffic Management Bureau. 2012-04-05. Archived from
916:
Review of Beijing’s Comprehensive Motor Vehicle Emission Control Programs
309:
770:
242:
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187:
175:
145:
98:
52:
738:
796:
282:
256:
169:
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88:
15:
766:"Blue skies return to Beijing as wind clears dangerous pollution"
594:"Beijing Issues Red Alert Over Air Pollution for the First Time"
734:"China Focus: A city sighs as Beijing's heavy smog continues"
897:
567:"Beijing Issues First-Ever Red Alert for Hazardous Smog"
380:"Pequim vai adotar rodízio de veículos durante os Jogos"
48:
in December 2015, and one more time in December 2016.
541:"Beijing:Yellow-label Car Restriction Policy Imposed"
101:
implemented a temporary road space rationing policy,
898:
Beijing Small Passenger Car Quota Management Website
219:
estimated that without the measures, the density of
681:"Beijing Issues a Second 'Red Alert' on Pollution"
742:. Xinhua English News. 2016-12-20. Archived from
464:"Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics"
226:would have risen by 10% during that time period.
621:"Beijing slashes traffic in pollution red alert"
186:Temporary driving restrictions were imposed in
912:, Environment for Development, September 2013.
920:International Council on Clean Transportation
8:
382:(in Portuguese). Agencia Xinhua. 2008-03-28
33:Road space rationing or driving restriction
118:Post-Beijing Olympics road space rationing
72:2008 Beijing Olympics road space rationing
649:"Red alert cuts Beijing emissions by 30%"
543:(in Chinese). Xinhua News. Archived from
417:
492:(in Chinese). 2008-10-10. Archived from
371:
406:Communications Earth & Environment
40:in Beijing is to reduce the amount of
110:. This policy does not affect taxis,
7:
360:Vehicle registration plates of China
213:Ministry of Environmental Protection
442:"Car restrictions begin in Beijing"
253:Small passenger car purchase policy
14:
893:Beijing Traffic Management Bureau
158:entrance of yellow-cars into the
59:. These policies are enforced by
515:"工作日高峰时段区域限行继续 4月9日起限行机动车车牌尾号轮换"
297:Beijing University of Technology
217:Beijing University of Technology
37:transportation demand management
127:End-number license plate policy
25:Road space rationing in Beijing
619:Benjamin Dooley (2015-12-08).
1:
764:Blanchard, Ben (2016-12-22).
287:High pollution day in Beijing
85:Odd-even license plate policy
44:generated by motor vehicles.
706:Phillips, Tom (2016-12-17).
462:Andrew Jacobs (2008-04-14).
340:New energy vehicles in China
565:Te-Ping Chen (2015-12-07).
198:alternate-day travel scheme
63:that are able to recognize
61:traffic enforcement cameras
962:
843:(in Chinese). XinJing News
821:(in Chinese). Beijing News
797:"《北京市小客车数量调控暂行规定》实施细则（修订）"
679:Edward Wong (2015-12-17).
592:Edward Wong (2015-12-07).
419:10.1038/s43247-022-00427-4
841:"北京尾号限行：官方显示九成支持网调仅14%赞成"
76:A 40% daily reduction of
879:From the print edition.
819:"北京尾号限行效果逐渐消失 3年后逼近原水平"
490:"北京交管推十项新政 尾号限行停驶日每月轮换"
279:Effects of the policies
153:Yellow-label car policy
444:. BBC News. 2008-07-20
288:
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183:
136:
94:
21:
20:Traffic Jam in Beijing
922:(ICCT), October 2015.
303:Reception of policies
286:
260:
173:
134:
92:
19:
941:Transport in Beijing
936:Rationing by country
778:on December 23, 2016
746:on December 21, 2016
625:Agence France-Presse
355:Road space rationing
316:Other Chinese cities
108:2008 Summer Olympics
57:2008 Summer Olympics
29:2008 Summer Olympics
946:Regulation in China
572:Wall Street Journal
547:on January 19, 2009
496:on October 17, 2008
166:Pollution red alert
908:2014-04-01 at the
686:The New York Times
654:Xinhua News Agency
599:The New York Times
539:张淼淼 (2008-12-30).
345:Odd-even rationing
330:Congestion pricing
289:
263:
184:
137:
103:odd-even rationing
97:On July 20, 2008,
95:
22:
862:"The great crawl"
839:王姝 (2010-04-06).
817:尹蔚 (2009-05-27).
335:Low-emission zone
293:vehicle emissions
211:According to the
78:vehicle emissions
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918:, White Paper,
910:Wayback Machine
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268:driving license
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872:. Retrieved
870:. 2016-06-18
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845:. Retrieved
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776:the original
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748:. Retrieved
744:the original
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717:. Retrieved
713:The Guardian
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690:. Retrieved
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661:. 2015-12-12
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545:the original
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494:the original
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446:. Retrieved
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384:. Retrieved
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350:Road pricing
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239:Shijiazhuang
231:
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185:
162:of Beijing.
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121:
112:public buses
96:
75:
50:
46:
24:
23:
659:China Daily
629:Yahoo! News
412:(1): 1–10.
193:air quality
42:exhaust gas
930:Categories
874:2016-06-22
847:2012-05-11
825:2012-05-11
803:2012-05-09
782:2016-12-25
750:2016-12-25
719:2016-12-25
692:2015-12-19
665:2015-12-19
634:2015-12-08
605:2015-12-08
578:2015-12-08
551:2012-05-05
525:2012-05-05
500:2012-04-07
475:2008-04-14
448:2008-07-25
386:2008-04-08
366:References
174:Smog over
55:since the
428:2662-4435
247:Zhengzhou
906:Archived
324:See also
310:Sina.com
771:Reuters
243:Taiyuan
235:Tianjin
188:Beijing
176:Beijing
146:weekday
99:Beijing
53:Beijing
739:Xinhua
426:
245:, and
272:quota
35:is a
424:ISSN
414:doi
223:2.5
178:'s
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