490:, and people turned to the Land League rather than magistrates to resolve disputes. If a person observed the official law, they were denounced for breaking the unwritten code. Lloyd complained that instead of petitioning the government for a change in the laws, "the Land League established laws of its own making, formed local committees for the government of districts, instituted into own local tribunals, passed its own judgements, executed its own sentences, and generally usurped the functions of the crown". Lloyd and other observers believed that the League was not just a competing government, but the only effective one in many parts of Ireland; a modern observer noted that "(t)here were areas of the country which simply could not be controlled by the British government." In 1881, Chief Secretary for Ireland
590:. The plaintiff typically acted as prosecutor, following a strict procedural code. Defendants were given sufficient notice to prepare a defence, and were allowed to appeal compensation demanded by plaintiffs. Decisions made by a parish court could be appealed to an executive court. In 56 of 117 cases examined by Irish historian Fergus Campbell, the verdict was to censure the defendant; this typically led to a boycott. The appearance of fairness and impartiality was essential to encourage parties to bring their grievances to UIL courts, and the branches strove to maintain that image. Decisions were published in local nationalist newspapers, allowing UIL leaders to be accountable for their rulings. Campbell found no case in which a UIL court wrongly convicted an innocent man.
50:
353:, drew up a detailed plan for a national court system based on existing districts; three or more arbiters would adjudicate cases, based on a majority vote. No court fees would be charged, and those who agreed to attend the court would be dismissed from the Repeal Association if they did not obey a verdict. After arbiters were appointed, the courts began to function by the end of October 1843. Their popularity threatened British rule in Ireland; O'Connell was arrested and charged with three counts of conspiracy in connection with the tribunals.
540:(except at a low price). Other forbidden activities included "participating in evictions, fraternizing with, or entering into, commerce with anyone who did; or working for, hiring, letting land from, or socializing with, boycotted person". The League enforced its code with informal tribunals, typically led by the leaders of local chapters. The National League's courts held their proceedings openly, and followed a common-law procedure. This was intended to uphold the League's image favouring the rule of law (Irish, rather than English law).
617:
708:, under the jurisdiction of the Dáil. The Dáil Courts refused to hear cases dealing with land issues, and in some cases the IRA was called in to remove squatters from private property. By 1921, those who used British courts were accused of "assisting the enemy in time of war". The IRA attacked everyone connected with the British judicial system, and declared that "every person in the pay of England (magistrates and jurors, etc.) will be deemed to have forfeited his life". Intimidation led many
258:
101:. These alternative justice systems were connected to the agrarian protest movements which sponsored them and filled the gap left by the official authority, which never had the popular support or legitimacy which it needed to govern effectively. Opponents of British rule in Ireland sought to create an alternative system, based on Irish (rather than English) law, which would eventually supplant British authority.
594:
their courts' verdicts were enforced by "boycotting, intimidation, and thinly veiled allusions in the Press". Police received reports of 684 boycotts and 1,128 cases of intimidation, about two-thirds of agrarian offences, between 1902 and 1908. Demonstrating the UIL courts' close connection to the concept of "unwritten law", the harshest penalties were reserved for "land-grabbers". After passage of the 1898
667:. The system included local parish courts, district courts, and a court of appeal. Parish courts dealt with petty crime and civil cases under £10, providing inexpensive and convenient access to justice. Local judges were elected and all officials received a salary, which cost the state an estimated £113,000. The initial pretense of voluntary arbitration was dropped, and verdicts were enforced by the
748:. The judge, Diarmuid Crowley, ordered the younger Plunkett's release; however, Crowley was arrested by the Free State government. The Dáil court system was shut down and declared illegal after this incident, although a commission was appointed to iron out the loose ends in open cases. The courts were officially abolished by the Dáil Éireann Courts (Winding Up) Act 1923.
671:(IRA). The resulting system had a high level of local initiative, with the Dáil exercising very little power. Because the maintenance of British rule had come to rely so heavily on the police and courts to enforce its power, the rest of the Republic's apparatus would have been a "pitiful charade" if the Dáil Courts had not become popular.
467:, a pro-landlord advocate, in 1882: "When a man is under the ban of the League no man may speak to him, no one may work for him; he may neither buy nor sell; he is not allowed to go to his ordinary place of worship or to send his children to school." The use of "intimidation" to enforce a boycott was criminalized that year in the
551:, said that home rule had already arrived: "The decrees of the Government of the Queen are set at naught in the three counties I have mentioned , while those of the League are instantly and implicitly obeyed." Magistrates and law-enforcement officials agreed with this assessment in their testimony to the
498: ... All law rests on the power to punish its infraction. There being no such power in Ireland at the present time, I am forced to acknowledge that to a great extent, the ordinary law of the country is powerless; but the unwritten law is powerful, because punishment is sure to follow its infraction.
585:
Local UIL branches acted as courts, claiming jurisdiction over all matters relating to land in their area. People accused of violating the League's code would be summoned to a meeting with the plaintiff and the board of the local UIL chapter; evidence would be heard, a verdict reached and punishment
402:
for small farmers and, ultimately, peasant ownership of the land they worked. Some of its local branches established arbitration courts in 1880 and 1881. Cases were typically heard by the executive committee, which would summon both parties, call witnesses, examine evidence presented by the parties,
236:
to their own land. Lalor believed that a farmer had the first right to his crop for subsistence and seed, and only then could other claims be made on the harvest. Instead of landlords evicting tenants, Lalor preferred that the landlords—"strangers here and strangers everywhere, owning no country and
178:
Before the conquest the Irish people knew nothing of absolute property in land. The land virtually belonged to the entire sept, the chief was little more than the managing member of the association. The feudal idea, which views all rights as emanating from a head landlord, came in with the conquest,
716:
were assassinated. The RIC lost control of much of
Ireland due to the Irish War of Independence, and rulings from British courts could not be enforced. Suppressed by the British government, the courts continued to operate underground. Their activity peaked during the July–December 1921 truce, when
429:
When a man takes a farm from which another has been evicted, you must show him on the roadside when you meet him, you must show him in the streets of the town, you must show him at the shop-counter, you must show him in the fair and at the marketplace, and even in the house of worship ... you
196:
The "unwritten law" or "unwritten agrarian code" was a deep-rooted idea among Irish smallholders that access to land for subsistence farming was a human right which superseded property rights and, regardless of titular ownership, the right to use land was hereditary and not based on the ability to
593:
Although the "law of the League" was partially derived from the central leadership's guidance and its 1900 constitution, local branches also pressured national leaders to include their own issues. The UIL's priorities shifted from anti-grazier agitation to land purchase. According to the police,
581:
of local UIL branches was to send young men to demand that graziers give up their land. If a compromise could not be reached, the grazier would be summoned to a meeting for his case to be considered. Refusal to attend resulted in the League's highest penalty: the boycott. UIL activists considered
601:
The courts were central to UIL agitation, because they dictated the targets and manner of agitation. Between
October 1899 and October 1900, over 120 cases were heard. The inspector general said in 1907, "The law of the land has been openly set aside and the unwritten law of the League is growing
536:(1882–1910) was a more-moderate association which replaced the Land League after the latter was suppressed. The key provisions of the National League's code forbade paying rent without abatements, taking over land from which a tenant had been evicted, and purchasing their holding under the 1885
305:
for violations of traditional landholding and land-use practices. The rural poor could be targets if they broke their oaths to the society or otherwise failed to act in solidarity with the unwritten law. Punishments ranged from digging up new pasture land in an effort to free it up for potato
297:, who appeared in the 1840s, were often confused with Ribbonmen. Whiteboys and Ribbonism became synonymous with agrarian violence in general, and the secret societies which practiced it. The secret societies tended to pop up during agricultural depressions, and vanish in good economic times.
300:
According to
American historian Kevin Kenny, the alternative law as understood by the rural poor is the most convincing explanation for the violence practiced by these societies. Rather than a civil war by the Irish against a supposedly alien landlord class, the violence was understood as
419:
emphasizes that despite their common-law trappings, the tribunals were essentially an extension of the local Land League branch and adjudicated violations of its own rules. The courts were described as a "shadow legal system" by
British academic Frank Ledwidge. According to historian
241:. Lalor advised the Irish people to refuse "obedience to usurped authority" and resist English law, instead setting up their own government and "refus ALL rent to the present usurping proprietors". Lalor's writings were the basis of the agrarian code enforced by the
179:
was associated with foreign dominion, and has never to this day been recognized by the moral sentiments of the people ... In the moral feelings of the Irish people, the right to hold the land goes, as it did in the beginning, with the right to till it.
343:) would set up a court system as part of its plan to create an Irish government. The courts would be staffed by magistrates who had been dismissed for their pro-Repeal opinions, and supplemented by individuals nominated by Repeal clergy and Repeal Wardens.
640:, and arbitration between two parties in a dispute was legal and binding when the participants agreed to abide by a verdict. Unlike the agrarian-society courts, Sinn Féin's courts claimed jurisdiction over crime and enforced a written constitution.
323:, "There are in fact two codes of law in force and in antagonism—one the statute law enforced by judges and jurors, in which the people do not yet trust—the other a secret law, enforced by themselves—its agents the Ribbonmen and the bullet."
598:, which delegated some governmental powers to local elected councils, the UIL competed in local elections. It flew its flag over the court building if it was victorious, although such victories helped legitimize the British justice system.
403:
make a judgment and assign a penalty for violations of the code. Juries would sometimes be called from local communities, and the plaintiff was occasionally the prosecutor. The courts were modeled on
British courts and, according to
459:) advocated that the tactic be used instead of violence on those who seized land which had been worked by evicted tenants. The word "boycott" was coined later that year, after the successful campaign against unpopular land agent
695:
government. Its jurisdiction is recognised. It administers justice promptly and equably and we are in this curious dilemma that the civil administration of the country is carried on under a system, the existence of which the
674:
Their operation was very similar to the
British courts they replaced, and historian Mary Kotsonouris described them as "primarily concerned with the protection of property". The courts had a reputation for fairness, and even
385:
group) formed a supreme council. Considering their "Irish
Republic" the country's only legitimate authority, they passed a number of constitutions and laws. Violations were punished, and accused traitors were executed.
430:
must show him your detestation of the crime he has committed ... if the population of a county in
Ireland carry out this doctrine, that there will be no man ... to transgress your unwritten code of laws.
582:
that grazing farms violated "unwritten law" because much of the land had been taken from evicted tenants; the fact that many graziers did not live on their holdings made it easier to brand them "land grabbers".
364:
to those who did not observe a verdict. Contemporary
Conservative commentators said that the societies were an alternative justice system; their activities were legal, as long as they did not compel attendance.
463:. Although Boycott was forced to leave the country, the boycott's overall effectiveness was disputed and may have been overestimated by contemporary observers. Consequences of the boycott were described by
2202:
Coleman, Marie (2006). "The winding up of the Dáil courts, 1922–1925: an obvious duty. By Mary
Kotsonouris. Pp xi, 269, illus. Dublin: Four Courts Press, for the Irish Legal History Society. 2004. €55".
571:, with branches throughout the country, which sought redistribution of land from graziers to smallholders and (later) compulsory purchase of land by tenants at favourable prices. After passage of the
506:
wrote that boycotts amounted to "usurpation of the functions of government", and should be considered "the modern representatives of the old conception of high treason". The government passed the
636:, "It was the duty of every Irishman" to obey the arbitration courts rather than seek justice from British courts. The courts were favoured by Sinn Féin because they adhered to the principle of
684:
575:, the League campaigned for the sale of estates (including untenanted land) to tenants at low prices and the reduction of rent to the level of the annuities paid by new freeholders. The
217:
character which looked back to an era when there had supposedly been a reciprocal relationship between landlords and tenants. Later versions were friendly to capitalism, advocating a
510:, which provided for the detention without trial of anyone suspected of treasonous activity or who tried to subvert the rule of law, to combat the underground state. Prime Minister
679:
respected their role in maintaining order. Known for their "conservative, almost reactionary character", they are "widely considered to be one of the greatest successes of the
313:
Although these societies did not systematically enforce their version of the law via a court system, a person accused of violating the code could be tried by their local society
464:
31:
482:
described how the law's enforcement was difficult because many people refused to cooperate with the official justice system. Refusal to rent transportation equipment to the
168:. The British government never had the support or legitimacy it needed to effectively govern Ireland, which led to the emergence of alternative systems to fill that gap.
209:. Therefore, Irish tenants viewed the landlord–tenant relationship as inherently illegitimate and sought to abolish it. In the code's early version, practiced by the
360:(1845–1849), and the Ribbon Societies assumed its role as arbiters of land and wage disputes. Other arbitration courts were organized by local priests, who denied
555:
in 1886. According to historian Perry Curtis, the National League was "a self-constituted authority with powers parallel to those of the established government".
310:, mutilating or killing livestock, to threats and attacks on landlords' agents and merchants judged to charge exorbitant prices. Murders occurred, but were rare.
273:
early in the nineteenth century and emphasized economic issues; its code regulated prices (including the price of potatoes), and demanded the reduction of the
2804:
507:
205:. It was based on the idea that the land of Ireland rightfully belonged to the Irish people, but had been stolen by English invaders who claimed it by the
3002:
2609:
O'Brien, Gerard (1996). "Retreat from revolution: the Dáil courts, 1920–24. By Mary Kotsonouris. Pp 172. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. 1994. IR£22.50".
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in the 1880s. The tenets of the unwritten law appeared in "speeches, resolutions, placards, boycotts ... threatening letters and acts of outrage".
704:
The Dáil Courts also brought all subversive agrarian courts and IRA courts-martial, which had been operating in some areas after the withdrawal of the
2928:
124:
coexisted with the indigenous Brehon law. The former predominated in English-controlled areas, and the latter in other regions; in some places,
2814:
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668:
2860:
2424:
2381:
1456:
2415:
Laird, Heather (2013). "Decentring the Irish Land War: women, politics and the private sphere". In Campbell, Fergus; Varley, Tony (eds.).
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137:
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Jordan, Donald (1998). "The Irish National League and the 'Unwritten Law': Rural Protest and Nation-Building in Ireland 1882–1890".
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2281:
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160:, rather than salaried civil servants. Trust in the judicial system was further eroded by the wrongful conviction and execution of
2834:
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572:
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455:". However, it did not invent the stratagem of ostracizing those who violated the rural code. Land League speakers (including
468:
2646:
421:
2852:
2547:
378:
344:
2829:
2819:
2493:
2109:
Bull, Philip (2003). "The Formation of the United Irish League, 1898–1900: the Dynamics of Irish Agrarian Agitation".
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pay rent. This concept had parallels in Brehon law, which did not recognize absolute property rights. Even a lord's
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were first organized by poor Catholics during the 1810s. They began in northern Ireland to combat the Protestant
98:
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544:
483:
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435:
424:, the formation of courts was the "most unacceptable of all acts of defiance" committed by the Land League.
113:
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system was intended to co-opt Gaelic chieftains and replace Gaelic customs with English property law. The
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would only be justified if Land League agitation threatened not only individuals but the state itself.
153:
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709:
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3017:
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2456:(2008). "Review of Subversive Law in Ireland, 1879–1920: from 'Unwritten Law' to the Dáil Courts".
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2163:
2146:
Campbell, Fergus (2005). "The 'Law of the League': United Irish League Justice, 1898–1910".
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548:
286:
184:
141:
164:, a monolingual Irish speaker who could not understand the court proceedings, for the 1882
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Land and Popular Politics in Ireland: County Mayo from the Plantation to the Land War
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452:
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320:
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The Whiteboys were oath-bound secret societies in rural Ireland since the 1760s. The
225:
2243:
Defying the IRA? Intimidation, Coercion, and Communities During the Irish Revolution
140:
restricted the civil rights of Catholics until they were repealed during the 1830s.
2063:
Bull, Philip (1988). "Land and Politics, 1879–1903". In Boyce, David George (ed.).
521:
290:
149:
2042:
Conflict and Conciliation in Ireland, 1890–1910: Parnellites and Radical Agrarians
625:
116:, was viewed as a foreign imposition rather than a legitimate authority. From the
90:
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128:. The law was written and court proceedings were held in English, at a time when
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they were busy dealing with ratepayers who failed to pay taxes to the Republic.
270:
257:
214:
2585:
2622:
2216:
2122:
663:, the Dáil announced the formation of a national court system for its nascent
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supreme." British historian Philip Bull described the UIL as a "proto-state".
487:
132:
was the sole language of most Irish people. During the sixteenth century, the
121:
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2593:
2477:
2337:
2329:
2224:
2186:
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398:(1879–1882) was a nationally organized agrarian protest society which sought
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307:
238:
210:
74:
66:
2505:
2148:
Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891–1921
543:
Contemporaries considered the National League a legitimate authority. One
2729:
2567:"The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland"
2037:
1448:
The Story of Britain: From the Romans to the Present: a Narrative History
632:, and established them throughout the country. According to party leader
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568:
399:
246:
2485:
2194:
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2394:
Subversive Law in Ireland, 1879-1920: from Unwritten Law to Dáil Courts
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government does not and cannot acknowledge and is carried on very well.
448:
408:
293:, but later expanded into agrarian agitation and spread southward. The
198:
30:
For vigilantism in Northern Ireland during and after the Troubles, see
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2345:
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in land and agricultural products without the "alien" landlord class.
278:
620:
The abstentionist Sinn Féin party won the 1918 election in Ireland.
53:
An Irish landlord reduced to begging for rent in an 1880 caricature
2086:
Land, Politics and Nationalism: a Study of the Irish Land Question
615:
439:
256:
48:
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exceeded that of its competing British court. American historian
806:
804:
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imposed. The procedure was very similar to that used by British
202:
2702:
2419:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 175–193.
1878:
1876:
1874:
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party put arbitration courts into its program after its 1917
224:
The idea of "unwritten law" was expressed and refined by the
2436:
Rebel Law: Insurgents, Courts and Justice in Modern Conflict
2698:
2525:
The End of Outrage: Post-Famine Adjustment in Rural Ireland
2498:
The Irish Language in Ireland: From Goídel to Globalisation
1956:
1954:
567:(1898–1910) was an agrarian protest organization based in
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1891:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1832:
1830:
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1554:
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1125:
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Casey, J. P. (1974). "The Genesis of the Dáil Courts".
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were run by unpaid landlords and other members of the
61:
organizations during the 1760s as a means of opposing
2653:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–180.
767:
765:
27:
Legal systems used by Irish nationalist organizations
232:(1807–1849), who insisted that the Irish people had
65:. Groups which enforced different laws included the
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2927:
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32:
Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland
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2083:
810:
2374:Retreat from Revolution: the Dáil Courts, 1920-24
2162:From an Oxford Handbooks reprint paginated 1–45,
659:, a rival parliament. In August 1919, during the
746:split between Irish nationalists over the treaty
213:secret society beginning in the 1760s, it had a
689:
547:supporter, the Liberal parliamentary candidate
496:
427:
176:
34:. For alternative law in medieval Ireland, see
2681:Landlords and Tenants in Mid-Victorian Ireland
2067:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. pp. 24–46.
148:of landowners, ignoring Irish customs such as
57:Alternative legal systems began to be used by
2714:
724:, the British courts were turned over to the
120:to the beginning of the seventeenth century,
8:
736:for the detention without trial of his son,
2020:
1882:
1181:
1033:
508:Protection of Persons and Property Act 1881
3003:Free sale, fixity of tenure, and fair rent
2924:
2721:
2707:
2699:
400:fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure
356:The Repeal Association crumbled after the
306:cultivation, tearing down fences on newly-
2659:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198200840.001.0001
2324:(158). Oxford University Press: 146–171.
2299:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2168:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273249.001.0001
1432:
1391:
1367:
1304:
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494:said that Land League law was ascendant:
447:One of the League's main tactics was the
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1945:
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795:
783:
647:, Sinn Féin MPs who were elected in the
237:owned by none"—be served with a writ of
1918:
1507:
1021:
850:
761:
2272:Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000
2008:
1996:
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691:An illegal government has become the
7:
2544:Daniel O'Connell and the Repeal Year
2065:The Revolution in Ireland, 1879-1923
1767:
1205:
886:
838:
683:". According to Irish unionist peer
191:at the first meeting of the Land War
2574:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
2527:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2438:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2357:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2276:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2150:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1608:
335:announced that his mass-membership
201:technically belonged to his entire
2861:Route Tenants' Defence Association
2355:Making Sense of the Molly Maguires
643:Adhering to the party's policy of
514:had previously refused to suspend
25:
2901:Irish Land and Labour Association
2458:Irish Economic and Social History
2417:Land Questions in Modern Ireland
573:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903
451:, whose most common target was "
2542:McCaffrey, Lawrence J. (2015).
651:refused to take their seats in
383:physical-force Irish republican
2523:Mac Suibhne, Breandán (2017).
1451:. W. W. Norton & Company.
486:(RIC) paralyzed the police in
476:Ireland under the Land League
261:Ribbon society meeting in 1851
1:
2651:Political Violence in Ireland
2400:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
480:Charles Dalton Clifford Lloyd
112:, a chief means of enforcing
2853:Irish Republican Brotherhood
2548:University Press of Kentucky
2494:Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait
638:self-reliance in all matters
379:Irish Republican Brotherhood
373:After the unsuccessful 1867
369:Irish Republican Brotherhood
2683:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3070:
2877:Irish National Land League
2586:10.1080/105761002753404140
2372:Kotsonouris, Mary (1994).
2248:Liverpool University Press
609:
442:meeting, 19 September 1880
396:Irish National Land League
243:Irish National Land League
79:Irish National Land League
29:
18:Alternative law in Ireland
2869:Irish Parliamentary Party
2623:10.1017/S0021121400013080
2565:Monaghan, Rachel (2002).
2217:10.1017/S0021121400005058
2123:10.1017/S0021121400015911
661:Irish War of Independence
99:Irish War of Independence
2611:Irish Historical Studies
2434:Ledwidge, Frank (2017).
2376:. Irish Academic Press.
2205:Irish Historical Studies
2111:Irish Historical Studies
1445:Fraser, Rebecca (2005).
732:requested a petition of
720:As a result of the 1921
706:Royal Irish Constabulary
484:Royal Irish Constabulary
2952:Charles Stewart Parnell
2677:Vaughan, William Edward
2391:Laird, Heather (2005).
2291:Jordan, Donald (1994).
811:Mac Giolla Chríost 2004
512:William Ewart Gladstone
504:James Fitzjames Stephen
469:Prevention of Crime Act
436:Charles Stewart Parnell
339:(for the repeal of the
114:British rule in Ireland
63:British rule in Ireland
3049:Land reform in Ireland
2800:Irish farm subdivision
2330:10.1093/past/158.1.146
2240:Hughes, Brian (2017).
1012:, pp. 77, 89, 94.
702:
621:
500:
492:William Edward Forster
432:
262:
181:
126:both systems coexisted
54:
2893:Irish National League
2885:Irish Land Commission
2506:10.4324/9780203504826
2500:. London: Routledge.
2353:Kenny, Kevin (1998).
2082:Bull, Philip (1996).
744:), in 1922 after the
669:Irish Republican Army
649:1918 general election
619:
534:Irish National League
260:
158:Protestant Ascendancy
134:surrender and regrant
118:Anglo-Norman invasion
83:Irish National League
52:
3013:Highland Land League
2649:(1984). "Land War".
2092:Gill & Macmillan
1546:, pp. 159, 161.
1358:, pp. 286, 289.
1307:, pp. 116, 130.
742:anti-Treaty guerilla
712:to resign, and some
596:Local Government Act
502:Conservative jurist
3018:Irish republicanism
2909:United Irish League
1963:, pp. 126–127.
1746:, pp. 122–123.
1662:, pp. 115–116.
1587:, pp. 121–122.
1486:, pp. 185–186.
1346:, pp. 285–286.
1235:, pp. 161–162.
1184:, pp. 174–175.
1024:, pp. 190–191.
973:, pp. 151–152.
949:, pp. 150–151.
937:, pp. 149–150.
913:, pp. 148–149.
565:United Irish League
559:United Irish League
319:. According to Sir
303:retributive justice
154:magistrates' courts
87:United Irish League
40:March law (Ireland)
2957:D. D. Sheehan
2647:Townshend, Charles
2317:Past & Present
901:, pp. 13, 26.
865:, pp. 11, 13.
722:Anglo-Irish Treaty
622:
474:In his 1892 book,
411:Land League court
341:Acts of Union 1800
337:Repeal Association
327:Repeal Association
263:
230:James Fintan Lalor
166:Maamtrasna murders
71:Repeal Association
55:
3054:Irish nationalism
3044:Agrarian politics
3026:
3025:
2981:
2980:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2757:Kilmainham Treaty
2753:
2749:No Rent Manifesto
2470:10.7227/IESH.35.8
2426:978-0-7190-7880-4
2383:978-0-7165-2511-0
2023:, pp. 87–88.
1868:, pp. 83–84.
1734:, pp. 13–14.
1458:978-0-393-06010-2
1406:, pp. 26–27.
1295:, pp. 29–30.
1208:, pp. 95–96.
1196:, pp. 42–43.
1072:, pp. 89–90.
1060:, pp. 18–19.
841:, pp. 51–52.
553:Cowper Commission
422:Charles Townshend
350:Freeman's Journal
275:Church of Ireland
207:right of conquest
59:Irish nationalist
16:(Redirected from
3061:
2947:Laurence Ginnell
2925:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2765:Plan of Campaign
2759:
2751:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2672:
2642:
2617:(118): 296–297.
2605:
2571:
2561:
2538:
2519:
2489:
2454:Linebaugh, Peter
2449:
2430:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2368:
2349:
2310:
2298:
2287:
2275:
2261:
2236:
2211:(138): 260–261.
2198:
2161:
2142:
2117:(132): 404–423.
2105:
2089:
2078:
2059:
2024:
2021:Kotsonouris 1994
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1722:, pp. 9–10.
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
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1594:
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1535:
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1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1182:Mac Suibhne 2017
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1034:Mac Suibhne 2017
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
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920:
914:
908:
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896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
808:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
726:Irish Free State
549:Montague Cookson
520:, saying that a
465:Lord Fitzwilliam
443:
333:Daniel O'Connell
287:Ribbon societies
253:Secret societies
192:
185:John Stuart Mill
142:British land law
21:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
2993:Alternative law
2977:
2973:Charles Boycott
2961:
2916:
2841:
2788:
2773:Land Conference
2732:
2727:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2669:
2645:
2608:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2541:
2535:
2522:
2516:
2492:
2452:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2313:
2307:
2290:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2239:
2201:
2172:
2158:
2145:
2108:
2102:
2081:
2075:
2062:
2056:
2046:Clarendon Press
2036:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1698:, pp. 8–9.
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:, pp. 2–3.
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:, pp. 1–2.
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1542:
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1518:
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1431:
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1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:, pp. 7–8.
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
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1128:
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1092:
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1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
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1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
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989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
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953:
945:
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933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
809:
802:
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
763:
754:
655:and set up the
634:Arthur Griffith
614:
608:
561:
530:
528:National League
461:Charles Boycott
445:
434:
392:
371:
347:, owner of the
329:
283:Catholic Church
255:
194:
187:, as quoted by
183:
174:
146:property rights
107:
43:
36:Early Irish law
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Law of Ireland
3031:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Michael Davitt
2939:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2673:
2667:
2643:
2606:
2562:
2556:
2539:
2533:
2520:
2514:
2490:
2450:
2444:
2431:
2425:
2412:
2406:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2311:
2305:
2288:
2282:
2266:Jackson, Alvin
2262:
2256:
2237:
2199:
2181:(2): 326–338.
2170:
2156:
2143:
2106:
2100:
2079:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1950:
1938:
1936:, p. 124.
1923:
1921:, p. 260.
1902:
1887:
1885:, p. 296.
1870:
1858:
1841:
1826:
1824:, p. 123.
1811:
1799:
1784:
1782:, p. 327.
1772:
1770:, p. 422.
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1650:, p. 122.
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 147.
1548:
1536:
1534:, p. 159.
1524:
1522:, p. 152.
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1435:, p. 125.
1433:Townshend 1984
1425:
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 173.
1392:Townshend 1984
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 116.
1368:Townshend 1984
1360:
1348:
1336:
1334:, p. 185.
1324:
1309:
1305:Townshend 1984
1297:
1285:
1283:, p. 286.
1273:
1271:, p. 130.
1269:Townshend 1984
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1172:, p. 326.
1162:
1154:McCaffrey 2015
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 162.
1119:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
987:
985:, p. 148.
975:
963:
961:, p. 151.
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
877:, p. 127.
867:
855:
853:, p. 221.
843:
831:
829:, p. 136.
827:Linebaugh 2008
819:
800:
788:
776:
760:
759:
758:
753:
750:
730:Count Plunkett
665:Irish Republic
610:Main article:
607:
604:
588:petty sessions
578:modus operandi
560:
557:
529:
526:
457:Michael Davitt
426:
391:
388:
370:
367:
331:In July 1843,
328:
325:
308:enclosed areas
295:Molly Maguires
269:originated in
254:
251:
234:allodial title
219:market economy
189:Michael Davitt
175:
173:
170:
162:Maolra Seoighe
106:
103:
95:Irish Republic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2974:
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2926:
2923:
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2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:Organizations
2844:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
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2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:New Departure
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2692:
2690:9780198203568
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:9780198200840
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2557:9780813163543
2553:
2549:
2546:. Lexington:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2534:9780191058646
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2515:9781134361243
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:9781849049238
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2407:9781851828760
2403:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:9780198026624
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2306:9780521466837
2302:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2283:9780195220483
2279:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2257:9781781383544
2253:
2249:
2246:. Liverpool:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:9780199273249
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:9780717121908
2097:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2074:9780717115563
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2055:9780198227588
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2011:, p. 69.
2010:
2005:
2002:
1999:, p. 44.
1998:
1993:
1990:
1987:, p. 54.
1986:
1985:Ledwidge 2017
1981:
1978:
1975:, p. 84.
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:, p. 55.
1947:
1946:Ledwidge 2017
1942:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:, p. 52.
1899:
1898:Ledwidge 2017
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1856:, p. 43.
1855:
1854:Monaghan 2002
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:, p. 51.
1838:
1837:Ledwidge 2017
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:, p. 53.
1808:
1807:Ledwidge 2017
1803:
1800:
1797:, p. 44.
1796:
1795:Ledwidge 2017
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:Campbell 2005
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:Campbell 2005
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:Campbell 2005
1716:
1713:
1710:, p. 13.
1709:
1708:Campbell 2005
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:Campbell 2005
1692:
1689:
1686:, p. 12.
1685:
1684:Campbell 2005
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:Campbell 2005
1668:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Campbell 2005
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:Campbell 2005
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 43.
1610:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:Campbell 2005
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:, p. 39.
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:, p. 46.
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:, p. 37.
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1474:, p. 35.
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:, p. 36.
1422:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:, p. 34.
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:, p. 28.
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:Campbell 2005
1253:
1250:
1247:, p. 27.
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:, p. 40.
1222:
1221:Ledwidge 2017
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:Monaghan 2002
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:, p. 20.
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Campbell 2005
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:, p. 89.
1095:
1090:
1087:
1084:, p. 19.
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:, p. 41.
1047:
1046:Monaghan 2002
1042:
1039:
1036:, p. 24.
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:, p. 13.
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
931:
928:
925:, p. 65.
924:
919:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
895:
892:
889:, p. 27.
888:
883:
880:
876:
871:
868:
864:
859:
856:
852:
847:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
823:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
798:, p. 42.
797:
796:Monaghan 2002
792:
789:
786:, p. 21.
785:
784:Ledwidge 2017
780:
777:
774:, p. 11.
773:
768:
766:
762:
756:
755:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:habeas corpus
731:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
694:
688:
686:
685:Lord Dunraven
682:
678:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:abstentionism
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
618:
613:
605:
603:
599:
597:
591:
589:
583:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
538:Ashbourne Act
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
518:
517:habeas corpus
513:
509:
505:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:land grabbers
450:
444:
441:
437:
431:
425:
423:
418:
417:Donald Jordan
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
389:
387:
384:
380:
376:
375:Fenian Rising
368:
366:
363:
359:
354:
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
321:Thomas Larcom
318:
317:
311:
309:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
226:Young Ireland
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
193:
190:
186:
180:
172:Unwritten law
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:enforced the
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
51:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3008:Great Famine
2805:Coercion Act
2680:
2650:
2614:
2610:
2580:(1): 41–56.
2577:
2573:
2543:
2524:
2497:
2461:
2457:
2435:
2416:
2393:
2373:
2354:
2321:
2315:
2294:
2271:
2242:
2208:
2204:
2178:
2175:Irish Jurist
2174:
2147:
2114:
2110:
2085:
2064:
2041:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1941:
1919:Coleman 2006
1883:O'Brien 1996
1861:
1802:
1775:
1763:
1758:, p. 1.
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1635:, p. 2.
1628:
1616:
1604:
1599:, p. 7.
1592:
1580:
1568:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1508:Jackson 2003
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1447:
1440:
1428:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1149:
1137:
1117:, p. 3.
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1022:Vaughan 1994
1017:
1005:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
870:
858:
851:Vaughan 1994
846:
834:
822:
791:
779:
733:
719:
703:
697:
692:
690:
673:
657:Dáil Éireann
642:
623:
600:
592:
584:
576:
562:
542:
531:
522:Coercion Act
515:
501:
497:
475:
473:
446:
433:
428:
405:Western News
404:
393:
372:
358:Great Famine
355:
348:
330:
314:
312:
299:
291:Orange Order
264:
223:
195:
182:
177:
150:tenant-right
108:
56:
46:
44:
2784:(1906–1909)
2776:(1902–1903)
2768:(1886–1891)
2464:: 135–142.
2009:Hughes 2017
1997:Hughes 2017
1973:Hughes 2017
1866:Hughes 2017
1561:Jordan 1998
1544:Jordan 1998
1532:Jordan 1998
1520:Jordan 1998
1356:Jordan 1994
1344:Jordan 1994
1281:Jordan 1994
1233:Jordan 1998
1130:Jordan 1998
1094:Jordan 1994
1070:Jordan 1994
1010:Jordan 1994
983:Jordan 1998
971:Jordan 1998
959:Jordan 1998
947:Jordan 1998
935:Jordan 1998
911:Jordan 1998
653:Westminster
612:Dáil Courts
606:Dáil Courts
390:Land League
316:in absentia
271:County Mayo
245:during the
215:reactionary
110:British law
97:during the
3033:Categories
2937:James Daly
2929:Proponents
2090:. Dublin:
2044:. Oxford:
1961:Laird 2005
1934:Laird 2005
1822:Laird 2005
1780:Casey 1974
1744:Laird 2005
1660:Laird 2005
1648:Laird 2005
1585:Laird 2005
1573:Laird 2005
1496:Laird 2005
1484:Laird 2013
1472:Laird 2005
1421:Laird 2005
1404:Laird 2005
1380:Laird 2005
1332:Laird 2013
1320:Laird 2005
1293:Laird 2005
1245:Laird 2005
1170:Casey 1974
1156:, p.
1142:Kenny 1998
1082:Kenny 1998
1058:Kenny 1998
998:Kenny 1998
923:Laird 2005
899:Laird 2005
875:Laird 2005
863:Laird 2005
813:, p.
772:Laird 2005
752:References
681:First Dáil
488:Kilmallock
362:sacraments
138:Penal Laws
122:common law
105:Background
93:, and the
2966:Opponents
2810:Land Acts
2781:Ranch War
2639:204472776
2631:0021-1214
2602:108957572
2594:1057-610X
2478:0332-4893
2338:0031-2746
2233:159741833
2225:0021-1214
2187:0021-1273
2139:163473592
2131:0021-1214
2038:Bew, Paul
1768:Bull 2003
1206:Bull 1996
887:Bull 1988
839:Bull 1996
757:Citations
677:unionists
626:Sinn Féin
545:Home Rule
345:John Gray
285:'s fees.
267:Threshers
239:ejectment
228:activist
211:Whiteboys
91:Sinn Féin
75:Ribbonmen
67:Whiteboys
2730:Land War
2679:(1994).
2496:(2004).
2486:24338511
2268:(2003).
2195:44026195
2040:(1987).
1609:Bew 1987
693:de facto
630:Ardfheis
624:The new
569:Connacht
281:and the
247:Land War
2998:Boycott
2986:Related
2030:Sources
698:de jure
449:boycott
438:at the
409:Athenry
199:demesne
152:. The
2921:People
2912:(1898)
2904:(1890)
2896:(1882)
2888:(1881)
2880:(1879)
2872:(1874)
2864:(1869)
2856:(1858)
2760:(1882)
2752:(1881)
2737:Events
2687:
2665:
2637:
2629:
2600:
2592:
2554:
2531:
2512:
2484:
2476:
2442:
2423:
2404:
2380:
2361:
2346:651224
2344:
2336:
2303:
2280:
2254:
2231:
2223:
2193:
2185:
2154:
2137:
2129:
2098:
2071:
2052:
1455:
738:George
413:docket
407:, the
377:, the
279:tithes
2635:S2CID
2598:S2CID
2570:(PDF)
2482:JSTOR
2398:(PDF)
2342:JSTOR
2229:S2CID
2191:JSTOR
2135:S2CID
1158:90–91
440:Ennis
130:Irish
2835:1903
2830:1887
2825:1885
2820:1881
2815:1870
2793:Laws
2685:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2627:ISSN
2590:ISSN
2552:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2474:ISSN
2440:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2334:ISSN
2301:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2221:ISSN
2183:ISSN
2152:ISBN
2127:ISSN
2096:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2050:ISBN
1453:ISBN
740:(an
563:The
532:The
394:The
203:sept
38:and
2655:doi
2619:doi
2582:doi
2502:doi
2466:doi
2326:doi
2322:158
2213:doi
2164:doi
2119:doi
714:RMs
710:JPs
687:,
381:(a
277:'s
3035::
2661:.
2633:.
2625:.
2615:30
2613:.
2596:.
2588:.
2578:25
2576:.
2572:.
2550:.
2508:.
2480:.
2472:.
2462:35
2460:.
2340:.
2332:.
2320:.
2250:.
2227:.
2219:.
2209:35
2207:.
2189:.
2177:.
2133:.
2125:.
2115:33
2113:.
2094:.
2048:.
1953:^
1926:^
1905:^
1890:^
1873:^
1844:^
1829:^
1814:^
1787:^
1640:^
1551:^
1411:^
1312:^
1213:^
1122:^
1101:^
990:^
815:87
803:^
764:^
728:.
478:,
471:.
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
2722:e
2715:t
2708:v
2693:.
2671:.
2657::
2641:.
2621::
2604:.
2584::
2560:.
2537:.
2518:.
2504::
2488:.
2468::
2448:.
2429:.
2410:.
2386:.
2367:.
2348:.
2328::
2309:.
2286:.
2260:.
2235:.
2215::
2197:.
2179:9
2166::
2160:.
2141:.
2121::
2104:.
2077:.
2058:.
1461:.
1160:.
817:.
42:.
20:)
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