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discrimination." In the
February ruling, whether sexual orientation discrimination occurred in the case had not been addressed, only the legality of such discrimination. The petition also did not seek to address the merits of the Zarda case specifically, only focusing on whether Title VII applied as a valid type of discrimination. Altitude Express was represented by Saul Zabell of Zabell & Associates. In the petition, Zabell argued that the decision made by the 7th and 2nd Circuits "departed from more than 50 years of established precedent" in that it ruled on the scope of protection for LGBT employees under Title VII. To "resolve the circuit split," the petition called for the Supreme Court to step in. There was no guarantee the court would grant the petition. Donald Zarda's estate, represented by lawyer Gregory Antollino, opposed the Supreme Court review, with Antollino stating that he thought more "circuits need to weigh in" before the Supreme Court involvement and citing other pending cases. It was noted that between the different circuits, the courts were split on the matter of sexual orientation discrimination.
565:. In his dissent, Alito asserted that at the time of the crafting of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 the concepts of sexual orientation and transgender identity would have been unknown, and thus Congress's language should not be implied to cover these facets. Alito wrote, "Many will applaud today's decision because they agree on policy grounds with the Court's updating of Title VII. But the question in these cases is not whether discrimination because of sexual orientation or gender identity should be outlawed. The question is whether Congress did that in 1964. It indisputably did not." Alito further stated that "even if discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity could be squeezed into some arcane understanding of sex discrimination, the context in which Title VII was enacted would tell us that this is not what the statute's terms were understood to mean at that time." Alito was critical of the majority decision:
355:, including instructing the DOJ to reverse its decision on Title VII protections for sexual orientation. In its new memo, the DOJ asserted that while significant cultural shifts had occurred since the passage of the Civil Rights Act, Congress had not amended the law in any way, and thus rejected that Title VII protected against sexual orientation discrimination as the DOJ had "substantial and unique interest" to follow the letter of the law. No such change was made from the EEOC's stance, putting these two agencies at odds with each other. The three-judge panel at the Second Circuit affirmed the District Court's ruling in April 2017, agreeing that sexual orientation was not covered by Title VII, but commented in the opinion that there were "tensions" around how such cases were being handled by the courts.
388:
sexual orientation is a function of sex and sex is a protected characteristic under Title VII, it follows that sexual orientation is also protected." The ruling did not focus on the merits of Zarda's case specifically, but whether sexual orientation was protected as a function of sex, and in effect protected gay workers under the Civil Rights Act. In effect, the conclusion held that Zarda's estate could bring Title VII claims against
Altitude Express, as the law encompassed discrimination based on sexual orientation. In the ruling, the 2nd Circuit confirmed that its conclusion was the result and continuation of the Supreme Court's 1989 prohibition on gender stereotyping in
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516:. The Court further held that Title VII protections against sex discrimination in the employment context apply to discrimination against particular individuals on the basis of sex, as opposed to discrimination against groups. Thus, Title VII provides a remedy to individuals who experience discrimination on the basis of sex even if an employer's policy on the whole does not involve discrimination. Gorsuch wrote:
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Millions of gay and lesbian
Americans have worked hard for many decades to achieve equal treatment in fact and law ... They have advanced powerful policy arguments and can take pride in today's result. Under the Constitution's separation of powers, however, I believe that it was Congress's role,
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An employer who fires an individual for being homosexual or transgender fires that person for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex. Sex plays a necessary and undisguisable role in the decision, exactly what Title VII forbids. Those who adopted the Civil Rights
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that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not explicitly cover sexual-orientation discrimination in the workplace. Both the DOJ and the EEOC filed opposing amicus briefs. The DOJ explained its position to the Second
Circuit. The brief argued that the law does not define "sex," and that
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In 2010, Donald Zarda was fired from his skydiving job at
Altitude Express. He had told a customer he was gay to make her more comfortable with being strapped together. The woman's boyfriend later complained to the company that Zarda had inappropriately touched her, and Zarda was fired as a result.
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The case involved Donald Zarda, a skydiving instructor for
Altitude Express who had told a female customer of his gay identity to make her more comfortable being attached to him during a skydive. She and her boyfriend later expressed their objections to Altitude, leading to Zarda's dismissal on the
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Gorsuch's decision also alluded to concerns that the judgment may set a sweeping precedent that would force gender equality on traditional practices. "They say sex-segregated bathrooms, locker rooms, and dress codes will prove unsustainable after our decision today but none of these other laws are
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were heard during
October 8, 2019 oral arguments. In oral arguments the Court's more conservative Justices argued that because Congress had not included sexual orientation at the time of the Civil Rights Act, nor had updated the law to include it since, they feared creating law outside Congress's
412:
ruling from the Second
Circuit, it had been expected for the case to be on track for the Supreme Court. Zarda's legal representative Gregory Antollino argued that, "If you discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, you necessarily take into account the sex of the employee. You can't take the
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After the oral argument was made on
September 26, 2017, the opinion was issued on February 26, 2018. The full court reversed the prior rulings on a 10–3 vote, and asserted that Title VII prohibits sexual orientation employment discrimination under the category of sex. The court ruled that "because
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and the firing was due to Zarda's sexual orientation. In the case, Altitude argued that Zarda had touched the client inappropriately, backing up the customer's claims. Zarda's family argued that he had no motive to do such a thing, which was consistent with his job and inconsistent with his sexual
569:
There is only one word for what the Court has done today: legislation. The document that the Court releases is in the form of a judicial opinion interpreting a statute, but that is deceptive ... A more brazen abuse of our authority to interpret statutes is hard to recall. The Court tries to
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that "expanding the law to cover discrimination based on sexual orientation should be done by legislators, not the judiciary." The petition argued that sexual orientation discrimination did "not amount to discrimination based on gender stereotyping, which some courts have ruled is a type of sex
373:
announced that it disagreed with the DOJ's stance, arguing to protect gay rights. The DOJ argued as well that employers were free "to regulate employees' off-the-job sexual behavior" and could discriminate for promiscuity, adultery, or sexual orientation. The EEOC reiterated arguments it had
537:, in which an employer required women to make larger pension fund contributions than did men, on the premise that women on average live longer than men do. Both cases violated Title VII, and Gorsuch wrote, "just as labels and additional intentions or motivations didn't make a difference in
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Act might not have anticipated their work would lead to this particular result. But the limits of the drafters' imagination supply no reason to ignore the law's demands. Only the written word is the law, and all persons are entitled to its benefit.
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delivered the opinion of the Court in this case on June 15, 2020. In a 6–3 decision, the Court held that Title VII protections pursuant to § 2000e-2(a)(1) did extend to cover sexual orientation and gender identity. The decision then involved the
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reported that
Altitude Express had appealed the February decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Altitude Express filed a petition for the Supreme Court to hear the case again, arguing, according to the
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340:(DOJ) that it would also treat sexual orientation as protected under Title VII should such cases be presented to them. Despite these federal memos, the District Court summarily ruled in favor of Altitude Express.
280:, a similar case of sexual orientation discrimination from the Eleventh Circuit but which ruled that Title VII did not cover such discrimination. Oral arguments were heard on October 8, 2019, alongside the case
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claim of misconduct. Zarda filed suit in 2014 on the basis of employment discrimination, and though Zarda died in a parachuting accident that year, his family continued the legal battle.
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In his opinion, Gorsuch wrote, "it is irrelevant what an employer might call its discriminatory practice, how others might label it, or what else might motivate it." He referenced
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orientation, the real motive for his firing. Zarda alleged he was fired for failing to conform to the "straight male macho stereotype". Zarda died on October 3, 2014, in
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allowed for dismissal of employees due to sexual orientation. The Court's granting of cert was announced alongside another related case to be heard by the court
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336:(EEOC) issued a non-binding memo in 2015 that it would treat sexual orientation as covered by Title VII; this aligned with a prior non-binding memo from the
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authority. Arguments also centered on how the word "sex" in Title VII could be interpreted to include sexual orientation, and not strictly gender.
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before us; we have not had the benefit of adversarial testing about the meaning of their terms, and we do not prejudge any such question today."
439:(Docket #17-1618), in which a gay employee in the county's child welfare service program was fired for his sexual orientation. In this case, the
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hearing before the full Second District court, which was granted. In July 2017, the DOJ unexpectedly interceded in the case, arguing in a
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In October 2010, the press first reported that Zarda had brought his firing to court and was suing Altitude Express. Altitude Express (in
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2018:
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307:) claimed Zarda had been fired for alleged "inappropriate behavior in the workplace", with Zarda's lawyer arguing the customer had been
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270:, and then ruled in a 10-3 decision that Title VII does protect employees from discrimination based on sexual orientation, adding to a
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wrote a separate dissent, arguing that the Court could not add sexual orientation or gender identity to Title VII due to the
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An employer who fires an individual merely for being gay or transgender violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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which dealt with Title VII and employment protections for transgender people. The Court ruled in a 6–3 decision for
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2003:
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290:, covering all three cases, on June 15, 2020, that Title VII protections do apply to gay and transgender persons.
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became president in 2017. Trump took steps to undo many actions previously established by the prior president
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employees could not be discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
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1361:"Supreme Court to Decide Whether Landmark Civil Rights Law Applies to Gay and Transgender Workers"
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Altitude Express, Inc., et al. v. Melissa Zarda, as Executor of the Estate of Donald Zarda, et al.
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convince readers that it is merely enforcing the terms of the statute, but that is preposterous.
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274:. The Supreme Court accepted Altitude Express's petition and consolidated the case alongside
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EXCLUSIVE: Anger, leaks and tensions at the Supreme Court during the LGBTQ rights case
1078:"Discrimination Based on Sex Is Debated in Case of Gay Sky Diver - The New York Times"
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1131:"Two new petitions call on SCOTUS to decide workplace protections for gays, lesbians"
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450:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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619:"Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers"
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as in other recent landmark cases involving the rights of LGBT individuals such as
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who details the decision-making process leading to the landmark court decision in
1292:"Federal Appeals Court Rules Sexual Orientation Discrimination Violates Title VII"
672:"Plaintiff at center of landmark gay-rights case never got to witness his victory"
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The Supreme Court granted cert to the petition in April 2019 under the case name
1447:"Supreme Court rules existing civil rights law protects gay and lesbian workers"
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313:
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1266:"2nd Circuit demolishes key DOJ argument against workplace protection for gays"
1965:
582:, leaving this responsibility to Congress. He concluded by acknowledging that
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1390:"Supreme Court to Decide Whether Bias Law Covers Gay and Transgender Workers"
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the common "ordinary" usage protected being biologically female or male. The
1529:"Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules"
768:
1631:"Supreme Court says federal law protects LGBTQ workers from discrimination"
1600:"Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules"
1418:"Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases"
644:
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1451:
1023:"Justice Department Argues for Antigay Discrimination in Skydiver's Case"
963:"U.S. Justice Department says anti-bias law does not protect gay workers"
676:
1174:"Zarda V Altitude Express: Trump Administration to Lose Gay Rights Case"
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from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved on November 24, 2020.
1657:"Supreme Court finds federal law bars LGBT discrimination in workplace"
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967:
360:
267:
759:"Albrechta: Federal courts split on sexual orientation discrimination"
849:"Years After His Tragic Death, This Gay Adventurer Is Making History"
531:, in which a company refused to hire women with young children; and
433:(Docket #17-1623). The case was consolidated with another petition,
1151:"Analysis: Politics Overshadows Substance in LGBTQ Employment Case"
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
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ruled in favor of the county, that previous case law out of the
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1335:"Appellate rulings push transgender fight closer to high court"
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of Title VII (specifically the original meaning of "sex"), not
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case in 2017. A number of opinions were published on the case.
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1045:"US faces off with itself in gay skydiver discrimination case"
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Gorsuch, joined by Roberts, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan
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Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
936:"Government Lawyers Take Opposite Sides in a Gay Rights Case"
598:
List of LGBT-related cases in the United States Supreme Court
2519:
History of violence against LGBT people in the United States
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U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
1240:"Federal court ruling hailed 'huge victory' for gay workers"
994:"Civil Rights Act Protects Gay Workers, Appeals Court Rules"
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United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cases
728:"Supreme Court Has Another Chance to Rule on Antigay Bias"
886:"Justice Department Says Rights Law Doesn't Protect Gays"
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in 1998 that protected both genders from discrimination.
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The District Court ruled in favor of Altitude Express in
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Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
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By JOSEPH GOLDSTEINSEPT. 26, 2017 (September 26, 2017).
266:. However, the Second Circuit agreed to rehear the case
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United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
262:, and this ruling was affirmed by a 3-0 ruling of the
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Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act
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United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
453:, related to whether Title VII protections included
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Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state
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1577:"Supreme Court bans LGBT employment discrimination"
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692:"NY Skydive Teacher Claims Being Gay Got Him Fired"
320:accident and the case was continued by his family.
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534:City of L.A. Dep't of Water & Power v. Manhart
1655:Gerstein, Josh; Rainey, Rebecca (June 15, 2020).
1575:Dwyer, Devin; Svokos, Alexandra (June 15, 2020).
1696:'s legal analyst & Supreme Court biographer
1306:"LGBT employment cases on road to Supreme Court"
374:"pioneered" in a case in 2015 that informed the
1629:de Vogue, Ariana; Cole, Devan (June 15, 2020).
1624:
1622:
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567:
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2524:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
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332:in 2014. While the case was in progress, the
8:
2386:State bans on local anti-discrimination laws
1103:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1952:Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017
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1928:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
1918:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
609:
545:, they cannot make a difference here."
334:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
124:Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
100:(E.D.N.Y. Mar 28, 2014); affirmed, 855
1873:G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board
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1471:
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821:"#22: Does Your Boss Know You're Gay?"
2560:Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights
752:
750:
587:not this Court's, to amend Title VII.
397:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services
18:2020 United States Supreme Court case
7:
328:Zarda's case was initially heard in
2509:LGBT movements in the United States
1416:Higgens, Tucker (October 8, 2019).
1172:Koppelman, Andrew (July 29, 2017).
561:wrote a dissent, joined by Justice
413:'sex' out of "sexual orientation."
2630:United States LGBT rights case law
2565:LGBT protests against Donald Trump
2514:LGBTQ history in the United States
1692:. A background article written by
1021:Ring, Trudy (September 27, 2017).
934:Nicole Hong (September 26, 2017).
797:. October 31, 2014. Archived from
757:David Albrechta (March 10, 2018).
493:delivered the opinion of the Court
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2640:United States Supreme Court cases
1743:LGBTQ rights in the United States
1333:Judy Greenwald (March 20, 2018).
528:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
104:76 (2d Cir. 2017); reversed, 883
2597:
2596:
2584:
2489:Sodomy laws in the United States
1686:Biskupic, Joan (July 28, 2020):
1598:Neidig, Harper (June 15, 2020).
1445:Williams, Pete (June 15, 2020).
29:
2655:LGBT rights in New York (state)
1941:DoD Directive 1304.26
1702:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
1388:Liptak, Adam (April 22, 2019).
1218:Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc.
914:Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc.
617:Wolf, Richard (June 15, 2020).
343:Zarda's estate appealed to the
234:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
2650:2020 in United States case law
1527:Liptak, Adam (June 15, 2020).
1359:Adam Liptak (April 22, 2019).
1153:. Nbcnews.com. October 4, 2017
431:Altitude Express, Inc. v Zarda
24:Altitude Express, Inc.v. Zarda
1:
2540:Congressional Equality Caucus
1565:, slip op. at 8–9 (2020).
247:case which ruled that under
237:, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), is a
726:Trudy Ring (May 30, 2018).
645:"Altitude Express v. Zarda"
621:. USA Today. Archived from
391:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
242:United States Supreme Court
2671:
1891:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
1814:Violence Against Women Act
1294:. Lexology. March 7, 2018.
324:District and Appeals Court
96:Summary judgment granted,
2578:
2398:Anti-LGBT curriculum laws
2376:Employment discrimination
2319:
1943:("Don't ask, don't tell")
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1557:Bostock v. Clayton County
1478:Bostock v. Clayton County
436:Bostock v. Clayton County
366:friend of the court brief
358:Zarda's estate sought an
277:Bostock v. Clayton County
260:Zarda v. Altitude Express
135:
121:
28:
2290:Northern Mariana Islands
1885:Respect for Marriage Act
1820:United States v. Windsor
921: (2d Cir. 2017).
504:statutory interpretation
371:American Bar Association
2334:Conversion therapy bans
1947:Defense of Marriage Act
1913:Immigration Act of 1917
941:The Wall Street Journal
218:Alito, joined by Thomas
2344:Housing discrimination
1563:590 U. S. ____
1198:. Apps.americanbar.org
589:
572:
523:
494:
43:Argued October 8, 2019
2555:LGBT people in prison
2430:Domestic partnerships
2410:Public accommodations
1923:Executive Order 10450
1880:Executive Order 13988
1827:Executive Order 13672
1791:Executive Order 13087
1778:Executive Order 12968
488:
338:Department of Justice
45:Decided June 15, 2020
2635:2020 in LGBT history
2415:Religious exemptions
2237:District of Columbia
1861:Harris Funeral Homes
1833:Obergefell v. Hodges
1503:Obergefell v. Hodges
1314:. September 26, 2017
1223:883 F.3d 100
580:separation of powers
513:Obergefell v. Hodges
347:. During this case,
2300:U.S. Virgin Islands
1771:One, Inc. v. Olesen
1272:. February 26, 2018
1246:. February 27, 2018
1002:. February 26, 2018
919:855 F.3d 76
158:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2449:Transgender rights
2369:Sexual orientation
1934:Bowers v. Hardwick
1534:The New York Times
1395:The New York Times
1366:The New York Times
1339:Business Insurance
1083:The New York Times
999:The New York Times
891:The New York Times
801:on August 27, 2016
625:on October 7, 2020
508:constitutional law
495:
381:Hively v. Ivy Tech
146:Associate Justices
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2550:Save Our Children
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1960:
1959:
1797:Lawrence v. Texas
1129:Allison Frankel.
1047:. Chicago Tribune
791:"Deaths 10-31-14"
698:. October 5, 2010
416:In May 2018, the
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98:No. 2:10-cv-04334
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865:
864:
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860:
855:. March 12, 2018
845:
836:
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832:
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811:
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771:on June 25, 2018
767:. Archived from
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708:
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703:
688:
682:
681:
680:. March 3, 2018.
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971:. July 27, 2017
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894:. July 27, 2017
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576:Brett Kavanaugh
563:Clarence Thomas
555:
483:
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406:
378:opinion on the
376:Seventh Circuit
326:
296:
194:Brett Kavanaugh
184:
174:Sonia Sotomayor
172:
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150:Clarence Thomas
112:, 2d Cir. 2018)
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457:individuals.
456:
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445:Fifth Circuit
442:
438:
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427:
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419:
414:
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408:Prior to the
404:Supreme Court
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202:Case opinions
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138:Chief Justice
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68:
65:
62:
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52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2601:
2582:
2425:Civil unions
2174:South Dakota
2164:Rhode Island
2159:Pennsylvania
2139:North Dakota
1937: (1986)
1932:
1906:federal laws
1889:
1871:
1868: (2020)
1864:
1855:
1852: (2018)
1847:
1844: (2016)
1839:
1836: (2015)
1831:
1823: (2013)
1818:
1800: (2003)
1795:
1787: (1996)
1782:
1774: (1958)
1769:
1701:
1687:
1666:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1609:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1570:
1555:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1532:
1522:
1517: (2015).
1501:
1497:
1477:
1456:. Retrieved
1450:
1425:. Retrieved
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1369:. Washington
1364:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1217:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1145:
1134:
1087:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
997:
973:. Retrieved
966:
957:
945:. Retrieved
939:
913:
908:
896:. Retrieved
889:
857:. Retrieved
853:The Advocate
852:
829:, retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
795:Dallas Voice
794:
785:
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
762:
737:. Retrieved
733:The Advocate
731:
700:. Retrieved
696:CBS New York
695:
686:
675:
666:
654:. Retrieved
648:
639:
627:. Retrieved
623:the original
612:
585:
573:
568:
559:Samuel Alito
556:
547:
542:
538:
532:
526:
524:
519:
511:
499:Neil Gorsuch
496:
491:Neil Gorsuch
468:
464:
460:
459:
448:
434:
430:
428:
422:
417:
415:
409:
407:
395:
389:
386:
379:
359:
357:
353:Barack Obama
349:Donald Trump
342:
327:
318:BASE jumping
297:
287:
281:
275:
259:
257:
253:
245:civil rights
233:
232:
231:
189:
186:Neil Gorsuch
177:
170:Samuel Alito
165:
153:
142:John Roberts
109:
88:Case history
78:
53:
15:
2470:Repealed or
2393:Immigration
2359:Transgender
2339:Hate crimes
2295:Puerto Rico
2272:territories
2089:Mississippi
2004:Connecticut
1902:Repealed or
1229: 2018).
455:transgender
314:Switzerland
301:Long Island
182:Elena Kagan
2619:Categories
2472:overturned
2204:Washington
2124:New Mexico
2119:New Jersey
1994:California
1904:overturned
1579:. ABC News
1427:October 8,
629:October 8,
604:References
394:, as well
309:homophobic
294:Background
60:Docket no.
2502:Movements
2214:Wisconsin
2179:Tennessee
2084:Minnesota
2059:Louisiana
1750:By entity
1401:April 22,
1373:April 23,
1318:March 29,
1276:March 28,
1250:March 28,
1202:March 31,
1180:March 31,
1176:. Fortune
1157:March 31,
1089:March 31,
1051:March 31,
1029:March 31,
1006:March 28,
975:April 12,
947:April 12,
898:March 28,
859:March 28,
831:March 14,
805:March 29,
702:March 29,
656:March 16,
423:Advocate,
226:Kavanaugh
126:affirmed.
70:Citations
2603:Category
2442:Marriage
2364:Intersex
2354:Military
2324:Adoption
2199:Virginia
2149:Oklahoma
2129:New York
2104:Nebraska
2094:Missouri
2079:Michigan
2069:Maryland
2054:Kentucky
2034:Illinois
2009:Delaware
1999:Colorado
1989:Arkansas
1706:Archived
1668:June 15,
1662:Politico
1640:June 15,
1611:June 15,
1605:The Hill
1583:June 15,
1540:June 15,
1458:June 15,
1452:NBC News
1344:June 24,
1244:NBC News
1099:cite web
775:June 25,
739:June 24,
677:NBC News
592:See also
574:Justice
557:Justice
553:Dissents
543:Phillips
497:Justice
489:Justice
476:Decision
418:Advocate
305:New York
239:landmark
207:Majority
2533:Related
2313:By type
2219:Wyoming
2194:Vermont
2099:Montana
2039:Indiana
2019:Georgia
2014:Florida
1984:Arizona
1974:Alabama
1857:Bostock
1758:Federal
1482:17-1618
1270:Reuters
1227:2d Cir.
1136:Reuters
968:Reuters
539:Manhart
465:Bostock
410:en banc
361:en banc
288:Bostock
268:en banc
223:Dissent
215:Dissent
117:Holding
110:en banc
64:17-1623
2454:voting
2154:Oregon
2109:Nevada
2049:Kansas
2024:Hawaii
1979:Alaska
1966:States
1894:(2023)
1876:(2020)
1561:,
1506:,
1484:,
1480:, No.
1225: (
1221:,
917:,
469:Harris
192:
190:·
188:
180:
178:·
176:
168:
166:·
164:
156:
154:·
152:
2184:Texas
2064:Maine
2029:Idaho
1510:
1488:
825:Nancy
316:in a
108:100 (
93:Prior
77:___ (
2285:Guam
2189:Utah
2144:Ohio
2044:Iowa
1670:2020
1642:2020
1613:2020
1585:2020
1542:2020
1512:U.S.
1490:U.S.
1460:2020
1429:2019
1422:CNBC
1403:2019
1375:2019
1346:2018
1320:2018
1278:2018
1252:2018
1204:2018
1182:2018
1159:2018
1105:link
1091:2018
1053:2018
1031:2018
1008:2018
977:2018
949:2018
900:2018
861:2018
833:2018
807:2018
777:2018
741:2018
704:2018
658:2020
650:Oyez
631:2020
467:and
106:F.3d
102:F.3d
80:more
75:U.S.
73:590
1694:CNN
1635:CNN
1515:644
1508:576
1486:590
1311:CNN
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