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shreds, shavings, cuttings, and other leftover aluminium from manufacturing processes. Post-consumer scrap consists of obsolete or discarded aluminium products. Aluminium cans, in particular, are a major source of recyclable aluminium scrap. Once collected, aluminium scrap is sorted based on alloy type, grade, impurity levels, and other factors. Sorting may be done manually or using technologies like eddy current separators, air classifiers, and density separators. The scrap is sorted into categories like wrought alloy scrap, casting alloy scrap, used beverage cans, automobile scrap, and mixed scrap. Proper sorting is essential for producing high-quality recycled aluminium.
103:
or reverberatory gas-fired furnaces, while large individual pieces of scrap can be charged directly into reverb furnaces through side wells. Electric induction furnaces are also used. As the scrap melts, fluxes are added to bind and absorb impurities which are scraped off the top as dross. Chlorine gas may also be injected to remove impurities through flotation. The melt can then undergo refining processes like flux injection to further reduce hydrogen and impurities. Degassing removes dissolved hydrogen while chemical filtration removes solid impurities and inclusions. The final result is molten aluminium alloy ready for casting.
953:
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metal as it exits the mold, quickly chilling it into a solid billet form. For ingots, book molds are often used, producing slabbed ingots suitable for remelting or rolling. Continuous casting directly shapes the aluminium into rolling slabs without an intermediate ingot casting step. Twin-belt or twin-roll strip casting produces alloy strips 6-7mm thick directly from the melt for subsequent rolling. The casting method depends on the subsequent processing and use of the recycled aluminium alloy.
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produces fine particles ideal for melting. Thermal decoating removes coatings like paint and plastic from aluminium surfaces. Demagnetizing removes iron particles clinging to the aluminium scrap. Pre-treatment improves the density of the scrap charge and removes contaminants, resulting in faster melting, cleaner metal, reduced dross formation, and lower energy consumption.
933:
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recycling helps in achieving the goals of a circular economy. This type of economy focuses on minimizing the extraction of natural resources, leading to a reduction of consumer and industrial waste. A few examples of countries that have adopted the shift to a circular economy include the
European Union, Finland, France, Slovenia, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands.
121:
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it makes up the major source of the can's carbon footprint. For example, as of 2020, 86% of China's aluminium production relies mostly on coal-generated electricity. On the other hand, Canada sources roughly 90% of its primary aluminium production using hydroelectric power, considering it to be the most sustainable in the world.
1019:(Si) and require additional refinement during the shredding, sorting, and refining process to reduce impurities. Due to the levels of impurities found after refinement, the applications of recycled aluminium alloys are limited to castings and extrusions. The aerospace industry often restrict impurity levels of
287:
from aluminium cans have dropped about 40%, similar to energy demand levels. This can be attributed to a reduction in the carbon intensity of primary aluminium production, improving the efficacy of manufacturing operations, and lighter cans. While primary aluminium only accounts for 26.6% of the can,
257:
widely used in the Hall–Héroult process are made of carbon and are consumed during aluminium production, generating large quantities of carbon dioxide, regardless of electricity source. Efforts are underway to eliminate the need for carbon anodes. The use of recycled aluminium also decreases the need
102:
Once pre-treated, the aluminium scrap undergoes melting and liquid metal treatment to produce refined aluminium alloy suitable for casting or reprocessing. Different furnace types are used based on the type of scrap, desired metal quality, and economics. Smaller scrap is typically processed in rotary
70:
Recycling scrap aluminium requires only 5% of the energy used to make new aluminium from the raw ore. In 2022, the United States produced 3.86 metric tons of secondary aluminium for every metric ton of primary aluminium produced. Over the same time period, secondary aluminium accounted for 34% of the
199:
The recycling of aluminium generally produces significant cost savings over the production of new aluminium, even when the cost of collection, separation and recycling are taken into account. Over the long term, even larger national savings are made when the reduction in the capital costs associated
111:
The molten recycled aluminium is cast into solid forms such as ingots, sows, or directly into sheets or extrusion billets. Direct-chill casting is commonly used to solidify the liquid aluminium into large cylindrical billets for extrusion or rolling. The direct chill method sprays water onto the hot
279:
As one of the most recyclable –and recycled– materials in use today, aluminium can be virtually infinitely recycled. Since recycled aluminium takes 5% of the energy used to make new aluminium, around 75% of aluminium manufactured continues to be in use today. According to the
Aluminium Association,
157:
into alumina in 1888. As aluminium production rose with the use of these two processes, aluminium recycling grew too. In 1904, the first two aluminium can recycling plants were built in the United States; one recycling plant was built in
Chicago, Illinois and the other was built in Cleveland, Ohio.
275:
Because many countries continue to rely on coal-generated electricity for aluminium production, the aluminium industry contributes to 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions, around 1.1 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Many countries now seek to decarbonize aluminium not only as it is the second
166:
Aluminium is an infinitely recyclable material, and it takes up to 95 percent less energy to recycle it than to produce primary aluminium, which also limits emissions, including greenhouse gases. Today, about 75 percent of all aluminium produced in history, nearly a billion tons, is still in use.
1042:
White dross, a residue from primary aluminium production and secondary recycling operations, usually classified as waste, still contains useful quantities of aluminium which can be extracted industrially. The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material. This
84:
The first step in aluminium recycling is the collection and sorting of aluminium scrap from various sources. Scrap aluminium comes primarily from either manufacturing scrap or end-of-life aluminium products such as vehicles, building materials, and consumer products. Manufacturing scrap includes
93:
After sorting, the scrap may undergo pre-treatment processes to prepare it for melting. These can include baling, shredding, crushing, granulating, decoating, and demagnetizing. Shredding and crushing reduce the particle size of the scrap and liberate it from other materials, while granulating
304:
considers recycling a "critical" part of the United States economy, contributing to tax revenue, wages, and job creation. By facilitating scrap handling and improving its efficiency – from "end of life" scrap to repurposing scrap throughout the production stage ("in-house" scrap) – aluminium
158:
Aluminium recycling increased most significantly in volume when metal resources were strained during WWI, as the U.S. government campaigned for civilians to donate old products such as aluminium pots, pans, boats, vehicles, and toys to recycle for the construction of aluminium airframes.
291:
Aluminium and its applications are wide and numerous–from defense construction and electrical transmission to playing a key role in emission-reducing goods (electric vehicles and solar panels). As such, countries have begun to decarbonize aluminium to combat global climate change.
2226:
Dunster, A.M., Moulinier, F., Abbott, B., Conroy, A., Adams, K., Widyatmoko, D.(2005). Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt. DTI/WRAP Aggregates
Research Programme STBF 13/15C. The Waste and Resources Action
235:
Aluminium die extrusion is a specific way of getting reusable material from aluminium scraps but does not require a large energy output of a melting process. In 2003, half of the products manufactured with aluminium were sourced from recycled aluminium material.
261:
The vast amount of aluminium used means that even small percentage losses are large expenses, so the flow of material is well monitored and accounted for financial reasons. Efficient production and recycling benefits the environment as well.
132:
Although aluminium in its pure form has been produced as early as 1825, secondary aluminium production, or recycling, rose in volume with the introduction of industrially viable primary aluminium processes, namely the combination of the
248:
can be done using electricity from non-fossil-fuel sources, such as nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, or solar. Aluminium production is attracted to sources of cheap electricity. Canada, Brazil, Norway, and
Venezuela have 61 to 99%
1027:
in alloys to a 0.40% maximum. Controlling the appearance of these elements is increasingly difficult the more often the metal has been recycled and require higher cost operations for the alloys to meet performance requirements.
46:
is created from scrap or other forms of end-of-life or otherwise unusable aluminium. It involves re-melting the metal, which is cheaper and more energy-efficient than the production of virgin aluminium by electrolysis of
336:
According to 2020 data from the
International Aluminium Institute, the global recycling efficiency rate is 76%. Around 75% of the almost 1.5 billion tonnes of aluminium ever produced is still in productive use today.
1055:) which spontaneously ignites on contact with air; contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. Despite these difficulties, however, the waste has found use as a filler in
2192:
Hwang, J.Y., Huang, X., Xu, Z. (2006), Recovery of Metals from
Aluminum Dross and Salt cake, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 47-62
71:
total new supply of aluminium including imports. Used beverage containers are the largest component of processed aluminium scrap, and most of it is manufactured back into aluminium cans.
1891:
2002:
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As countries take note of the various economic and environmental benefits of aluminium recycling, increased efforts are expected to improve the efficacy of this process.
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Aside from recycled aluminium beverage cans, the majority of recycled aluminium comes in a mixture of different alloys. Those alloys generally have high percentages of
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A recent study conducted within the United States has highlighted some ways that aluminium recycling has proven to have economic benefits, including:
229:
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most used metal in the world, but also because it would heavily address the total greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow climate change.
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2074:"In 2009, Brazil was, once again, the leading country worldwide in the collection of aluminium beverage cans, with a recycling rate of 98.2%"
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98.2% of its aluminium can production, equivalent to 14.7 billion beverage cans per year, ranking first in the world, more than Japan's
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Wage increases: Increasing the wages of waste management and the recycling industry from $ 2.1 billion to $ 5 billion.
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1342:"Thermal De-coating Pre-treatment for Loose or Compacted Aluminum Scrap and Consequences for Salt-Flux Recycling"
1037:
2395:
2095:"Brazil's unemployed catadores keep recycling rates high while earning much-needed cash. - Free Online Library"
1962:
284:
125:
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1620:. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1895–1910.
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waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others,
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1103:
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2657:
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Job creation: Contributing to more than 100,000 jobs in the reprocessing to the United States economy.
2868:
2858:
2410:
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1570:
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1110:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 70–82,
2073:
1979:
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in industrial markets such as automotive and building, aluminium is recycled at rates of up to 90%.
244:
The benefit with respect to emissions of carbon dioxide depends in part on the type of energy used.
2818:
2682:
2632:
2579:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2498:
2390:
2243:- A list of companies who produce secondary aluminium (i.e., recycled or remelted from scrap metal)
1144:
658:
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2003:"Economic Benefits and Circular Economy Leads to Rising Popularity of Aluminum Recycling in APAC"
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Waste management: Maintain more than 1 million tons of waste out of landfills every year.
1429:
1340:
Vallejo-Olivares, Alicia; Høgåsen, Solveig; Kvithyld, Anne; Tranell, Gabriella (2022-12-01).
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into aluminium can be vividly seen when the process is reversed during the combustion of
146:
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27:
2793:
2687:
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2422:
978:
478:
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Kvande, Halvor (2008-08-01). "Two hundred years of aluminum ... or is it aluminium?".
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Aluminium recycling has several economic benefits when done properly. In fact, the
245:
1625:
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Recycling aluminium uses about 5% of the energy required to create aluminium from
1683:
321:
Energy conservation: Save enough energy to power 1.5 million homes per year.
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958:
778:
19:
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2777:
2677:
1582:
1317:"Seven things your competitors know about aluminum scrap pretreatment process"
738:
1590:
1547:
1385:
1301:
1156:
347:. Brazil has topped the aluminium can recycling charts eight years in a row.
2747:
2277:
1403:"Effective recovery & quality improvement of aluminium scrap • STEINERT"
1048:
718:
43:
1659:"Bayer's process process for Alumina Production: A Historical Perspective"
120:
2483:
1376:
1060:
1044:
898:
878:
838:
418:
225:
205:
201:
2803:
2116:"Aluminium beverage can recycling in 2021 at a new record level of 76%"
1836:
1819:
1618:
TMS 2020 149th Annual
Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings
1292:
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638:
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process for aluminium production from alumina was invented in 1886 by
2308:
1938:
1820:"The Role of Anode Manufacturing Processes in Net Carbon Consumption"
1765:
998:
938:
818:
798:
698:
598:
558:
458:
1424:
1422:
1982:. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. August 4, 2023
315:
Economic activity: Bring about $ 1.6 billion in material sales
2843:
2727:
2348:
1276:"Preparation and Melting of Scrap in Aluminum Recycling: A Review"
918:
758:
678:
254:
119:
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1892:"Why addressing the aluminium industry's carbon footprint is key"
1853:"Leaders Emerge In The Aluminium Industry's Race To Zero Carbon"
1024:
2250:
1921:"Decarbonizing Aluminum: Rolling Out a More Sustainable Sector"
1614:"History of Inventions and Innovations for Aluminum Production"
2142:"Emerging Trends in Aluminum Recycling: Reasons and Responses"
1177:"Aluminum Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey"
2246:
1524:"Waste characterization and recycle in an aluminium foundry"
1453:
Yang, Yongxiang; Xiao, Yanping; Zhou, Bo; Reuter, Markus A.
1455:"Aluminium Recycling: Scrap Melting and Process Simulation"
1240:
1238:
1790:"Manufacturing with Die Casting: An Eco-Friendly Option"
2027:"Which country is leading the circular economy shift?"
1223:"How is Aluminum Recycled? Step by Step | Greentumble"
2151:. TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society).
1522:
Fiore, S.; Zanetti, M. C.; Ruffino, B. (2005-09-01).
1397:
1395:
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power and are major aluminium producers. However the
193:
Hydraulic press and baled cans prepared for transport
1963:"Aluminum Can Life Cycle Assessment Report Overview"
2786:
2605:
2517:
2471:
2381:
2284:
2163:"Residues from aluminium dross recycling in cement"
1919:Reinsch, William Alan; Benson, Emily (2022-02-25).
1766:"Sustainability – Recycling | Aluminum Association"
2054:. International Aluminium Institute. October 2022
1274:Capuzzi, Stefano; Timelli, Giulio (April 2018).
1102:Wallace, G. (2011-01-01), Lumley, Roger (ed.),
2076:. Alu - Aluminium for future generations. 2010
1925:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1867:"Aluminium organisation: Environmental issues"
2262:
1980:"Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report"
1711:"Aluminium Recycling – Développement durable"
1473:"Aluminum Recycling and Secondary Processing"
1315:Provider, Aluminum Machinery Total Solution.
1269:
1267:
1265:
1205:United States Environmental Protection Agency
42:is the process in which secondary commercial
8:
1818:Khaji, Khalil; Al Qassemi, Mohammed (2016).
1216:
1214:
153:created a multi-step process to convert raw
1499:"Aluminum Casting Techniques and Processes"
356:Recycling rate for aluminium beverage cans
220:; the amount of energy required to convert
2269:
2255:
2247:
1914:
1912:
354:
2203:"Why are dross & saltcake a concern?"
1835:
1685:Reuse It: The History of Modern Recycling
1612:Reverdy, Michel; Potocnik, Vinko (2020).
1375:
1365:
1291:
230:ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
59:) refined from raw bauxite by use of the
2241:Secondary Aluminum Smelters of the World
1677:
1675:
1851:Clemence, Christopher (April 2, 2019).
1104:"4 - Production of secondary aluminium"
1094:
124:Model promoting aluminium recycling at
33:European Committee for Standardization
1528:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
1434:The International Aluminium Institute
7:
2934:
1688:. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC.
1108:Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy
1735:"International Aluminum Institute"
14:
1430:"Aluminium Recycling – Processes"
1346:Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy
1201:"Land, Waste, and Cleanup Topics"
258:for mining and refining bauxite.
208:of raw aluminium are considered.
2933:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2643:Extended producer responsibility
2372:
2097:. Thefreelibrary.com. 2010-03-22
2031:www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org
1073:Environmental issues with mining
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137:and Hall-HĂ©roult processes. The
2052:"Aluminium Recycling Factsheet"
1540:10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.01.006
302:Environmental Protection Agency
23:An aluminium recycling symbol.
1:
2809:Container-deposit legislation
2001:Rajeev, Vikram (2021-08-10).
1715:recycling.world-aluminium.org
1626:10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_175
1321:Brightstar Aluminum Machinery
35:logo for aluminium recycling.
1939:"Sustainability – Recycling"
1796:. 2017-01-21. Archived from
1221:Falde, Nathan (2018-08-16).
2504:Materials recovery facility
1497:dolincasting (2021-08-17).
204:, mines, and international
2990:
1367:10.1007/s40831-022-00612-x
1116:10.1533/9780857090256.1.70
1035:
2882:
2370:
1682:Byers, Ann (2017-12-15).
1583:10.1007/s11837-008-0102-3
1250:American Chemical Society
1038:Aluminium dross recycling
2120:metalpackagingeurope.org
1477:Light Metal Age Magazine
285:greenhouse gas emissions
126:Douglas Aircraft Company
80:Collection & sorting
16:Reuse of scrap aluminium
2834:Reverse vending machine
1083:Reverse vending machine
1078:Ferrous metal recycling
2874:Water recycling shower
2718:Reuse of human excreta
2688:Recycling (ecological)
2673:Material flow analysis
2140:Das, Subodh K (2006).
1503:Dolin Aluminum Casting
129:
36:
24:
2967:Recycling by material
2663:Interchangeable parts
2658:Industrial metabolism
1145:"The price of virtue"
240:Environmental savings
123:
30:
22:
2869:Water heat recycling
2859:Waste management law
2007:Frost & Sullivan
1896:World Economic Forum
1855:. Aluminium Insider.
1246:"Aluminum Recycling"
2972:Energy conservation
2819:Ethical consumerism
2753:Urban lumberjacking
2683:Product stewardship
2633:Eco-industrial park
1575:2008JOM....60h..23K
1358:2022JSusM...8.1485V
357:
345:82.5% recovery rate
40:Aluminium recycling
2962:Aluminium industry
2892:Environment portal
2763:Waste minimisation
2708:Reusable packaging
2653:Industrial ecology
1837:10.3390/met6060128
1407:steinertglobal.com
1293:10.3390/met8040249
355:
130:
37:
25:
2949:
2948:
2703:Resource recovery
2693:Refill (campaign)
2638:Ecological design
2618:Dematerialization
2428:Fluorescent lamps
2149:Light Metals 2006
1709:AG, interstruct.
1695:978-1-5026-3127-5
1635:978-3-030-36296-6
1125:978-1-84569-654-2
1008:
1007:
75:Recycling process
2979:
2937:
2936:
2900:
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2890:
2864:Waste management
2854:Waste collection
2713:Reuse of bottles
2613:Circular economy
2590:Northern Ireland
2376:
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1770:www.aluminum.org
1762:
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1740:. Archived from
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151:Carl Josef Bayer
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2952:
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2945:
2878:
2849:Waste-to-energy
2814:Dumpster diving
2782:
2758:Waste hierarchy
2733:Right to repair
2601:
2570:The Netherlands
2525:Rate by country
2513:
2467:
2377:
2368:
2280:
2275:
2237:
2232:
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2225:
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2036:
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2020:
2011:
2009:
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1995:
1985:
1983:
1978:
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1973:
1965:
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1199:
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869:
852:
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832:
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732:
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669:
652:
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632:
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492:
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472:
470:
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452:
450:
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432:
430:
429:
412:
410:
409:
392:
390:
389:
372:
370:
369:
353:
341:Brazil recycles
334:
332:Recycling rates
298:
273:
268:
242:
222:aluminium oxide
214:
197:
196:
195:
194:
190:
189:
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180:
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164:
118:
109:
100:
91:
82:
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17:
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5:
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2806:
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2796:
2794:Bottle cutting
2790:
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2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
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2715:
2710:
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2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Land recycling
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
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2585:United Kingdom
2582:
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2398:
2396:Automotive oil
2393:
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2371:
2369:
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2356:
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2235:External links
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2018:
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479:Czech Republic
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212:Energy savings
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2922:organizations
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2839:Simple living
2837:
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2829:Pallet crafts
2827:
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2817:
2815:
2812:
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2807:
2805:
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2800:
2797:
2795:
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2789:
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2771:
2769:
2768:Waste picking
2766:
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2736:
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2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Repairability
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Green economy
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:United States
2595:
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2578:
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2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:Waste sorting
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2470:
2464:
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2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Mobile phones
2436:
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2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2209:on 2018-06-12
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2175:on 2018-08-26
2171:
2164:
2158:
2155:
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2090:
2087:
2075:
2069:
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2053:
2047:
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2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1873:on 2010-10-06
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1844:
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1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1800:on 2022-10-07
1799:
1795:
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1425:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1377:11250/3029143
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1333:
1322:
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1149:The Economist
1146:
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295:
293:
289:
286:
281:
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271:Environmental
270:
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263:
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251:hydroelectric
247:
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186:
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127:
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115:
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106:
104:
97:
95:
89:Pre-treatment
88:
86:
79:
74:
72:
68:
66:
62:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
21:
2938:
2799:Cogeneration
2628:Durable good
2293:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2188:
2177:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2157:
2148:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:14 September
2056:. Retrieved
2046:
2035:. Retrieved
2033:. 2021-06-28
2030:
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1974:
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1924:
1900:. Retrieved
1898:. 2020-11-30
1895:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1861:
1846:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1794:NADCA Design
1793:
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1742:the original
1729:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1684:
1665:
1652:
1617:
1607:
1569:(8): 23–24.
1566:
1562:
1556:
1534:(1): 48–59.
1531:
1527:
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1479:. 2021-08-17
1476:
1467:
1459:ResearchGate
1458:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1283:
1279:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1226:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1181:www.usgs.gov
1180:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1129:, retrieved
1107:
1097:
1041:
1014:
956:
339:
335:
327:
307:
299:
290:
283:Since 1991,
282:
278:
274:
260:
246:Electrolysis
243:
234:
215:
198:
165:
147:Paul HĂ©roult
143:Charles Hall
139:Hall-HĂ©roult
131:
110:
101:
92:
83:
69:
65:Hall–Héroult
39:
38:
2912:by material
2773:Wishcycling
2723:Repurposing
2623:Downcycling
2575:Switzerland
2411:PET bottles
2359:Cooking oil
2344:Refrigerant
1986:November 6,
959:Switzerland
779:Netherlands
67:processes.
2956:Categories
2917:by product
2907:by country
2824:Freeganism
2804:Composting
2778:Zero waste
2678:Precycling
2499:Collection
2489:Blue boxes
2391:Appliances
2213:2012-01-13
2179:2018-06-07
2101:2012-11-15
2080:2013-03-26
2037:2023-11-06
2012:2023-11-06
1948:2023-11-06
1902:2023-11-06
1877:2010-11-28
1830:(6): 128.
1804:2017-03-08
1775:2023-11-06
1751:2010-02-09
1720:2018-10-26
1508:2023-11-06
1483:2023-11-06
1439:2023-11-06
1412:2023-11-06
1326:2023-11-06
1286:(4): 249.
1255:2023-11-06
1228:2023-11-06
1186:2023-11-06
1162:2023-11-06
1131:2023-11-06
1089:References
1032:Byproducts
1011:Challenges
739:Luxembourg
162:Advantages
2748:Upcycling
2742:Green Dot
2530:Australia
2518:Countries
2484:Blue bags
2472:Apparatus
2418:Computers
2401:Batteries
2294:Aluminium
2286:Materials
2278:Recycling
2227:Programme
1644:213788259
1599:135517326
1591:1543-1851
1548:0921-3449
1386:2199-3831
1302:2075-4701
1157:0013-0613
1049:acetylene
719:Lithuania
202:landfills
44:aluminium
2902:Category
2787:See also
2606:Concepts
2565:Mongolia
2560:Malaysia
2463:Vehicles
2453:Textiles
2383:Products
2304:Concrete
1067:See also
1061:concrete
1045:hydrogen
899:Slovenia
879:Slovakia
839:Portugal
419:Bulgaria
296:Economic
226:thermite
206:shipping
2940:Commons
2545:Ireland
2406:Bottles
2339:Plastic
2299:Asphalt
1968:. 2021.
1571:Bibcode
1354:Bibcode
1057:asphalt
1053:ammonia
1017:silicon
859:Romania
659:Ireland
639:Iceland
619:Hungary
579:Germany
539:Finland
519:Estonia
499:Denmark
439:Croatia
399:Belgium
379:Austria
361:Country
218:bauxite
155:Bauxite
128:in 1942
116:History
107:Casting
98:Melting
49:alumina
2738:Symbol
2580:Taiwan
2550:Israel
2540:Canada
2535:Brazil
2433:Lumber
2354:Timber
2329:Gypsum
2319:Energy
2314:Cotton
2309:Copper
2125:15 May
1824:Metals
1692:
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1632:
1597:
1589:
1546:
1384:
1300:
1280:Metals
1155:
1122:
1051:, and
1004:76.1%
999:Europe
996:
976:
939:Sweden
936:
916:
896:
876:
856:
836:
819:Poland
816:
799:Norway
796:
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736:
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699:Latvia
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599:Greece
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559:France
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496:
476:
459:Cyprus
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
351:Europe
266:Impact
255:anodes
2929:Index
2844:Waste
2728:Reuse
2555:Japan
2494:Codes
2458:Tires
2448:Ships
2443:Paint
2423:Drugs
2364:Water
2349:Scrap
2334:Paper
2324:Glass
2173:(PDF)
2166:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1745:(PDF)
1738:(PDF)
1662:(PDF)
1640:S2CID
1595:S2CID
919:Spain
759:Malta
679:Italy
364:2021
200:with
135:Bayer
61:Bayer
2479:Bins
2127:2024
2060:2022
1988:2023
1690:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1587:ISSN
1544:ISSN
1382:ISSN
1298:ISSN
1153:ISSN
1120:ISBN
1059:and
1023:and
984:82%
964:92%
944:90%
924:67%
904:64%
884:58%
864:35%
844:36%
824:79%
804:92%
784:82%
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744:82%
724:87%
704:49%
684:90%
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624:42%
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564:48%
544:97%
524:89%
504:84%
484:51%
464:28%
444:80%
424:83%
404:94%
384:71%
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1832:doi
1622:doi
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