Álvaro Obregón - Knowledge (XXG)

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president. As the situation stood, Carranza was the head of an extra-legal government. Since the Constitutionalists supposedly fought for the restoration of constitutional government, Carranza was violating that in order to hold onto political power. Villa and Obregón further called on Carranza to appoint judges to the supreme court and establish a civilian judiciary. They also petitioned Carranza to establish councils at the federal and local levels that would then call elections. Obregón and Villa agreed that a new federal congress should make laws benefiting the poor. Since the revolutionary forces had destroyed the old Federal Army, a new military force came into being, the National Army. They agreed that members of the military should be barred from holding high political office. Villa and Obregón's agreement also stipulated that any revolutionaries currently under arms must resign from the military and be ineligible for civilian office for six months. Unlike Carranza, who was positioning himself to be elected president and not violate the no re-election principle for which the Constitutionalists fought, Villa and Obregón were not angling for the presidency, but rather seeking to restore constitutional order. A further agreement between Villa and Obregón was that land reform should be dealt with immediately, since it was the reason that many joined the revolution. Both generals saw immediate action on land for revolutionary soldiers as a priority. Obregón returned to Mexico City and presented the petition to Carranza. Carranza rejected it, even though Obregón told him it would lead to an immediate break with Villa.

1127:, in which they agreed that after Huerta's forces were defeated, 150 generals of the Revolution would meet to determine the future shape of the country. Carranza was angered by Villa's insubordination, particularly ignoring the order not to take Zacatecas. For this reason Carranza refused to let Villa march into Mexico City in August. Villa had contacted Obregón following Villa's capture of Zacatecas in June 1914, suggesting the two successful revolutionary generals could cooperate against the civilian Carranza. Obregón was not willing to do that at this point, preferring to try to keep the revolutionary coalition intact as long as possible. Obregón understood the danger that Villa presented to the Constitutionalists if the coalition was to fracture; he made two trips to Chihuahua in August and September 1914 to see Villa in person to try to mediate the situation between Villa and Carranza. During this period, Obregón got to know both Carranza and Villa well, which informed his later relations with them. Both trips to Villa were extremely risky for Obregón, placing himself in danger of being assassinated by Villa. In September, Villa and Carranza formally split, but Obregón positioned himself for the longer term. 1140: 1636:. 1921 provided a date for Obregon's government to shape historical memory of independence and the Revolution. After a decade of violence during the Revolution, the centennial celebrations provided an opportunity for Mexicans to reflect on their history and identity, as well as to enjoy diversions in peacetime. For Obregón, the centennial was a way to emphasize that revolutionary initiatives had historical roots and that like independence, the Revolution presented new opportunities for Mexicans. Obregón "intended to use the occasion to shore-up popular support for the government, and, by extension, the revolution itself." Unlike the centennial celebrations in 1910, the one of 1921 had no monumental architecture to inaugurate. 1930: 117: 1246: 1503:

in 1920, but no word came from him. Obregón informed Carranza by telegram that he would be running for the presidency. Obregón's formal announcement was distributed widely, and Carranza saw Obregón's condemnation of "evils of the Carranza regime." Stung by Obregón's repudiation, Carranza sought a presidential candidate from the state of Sonora, choosing the Mexican Ambassador to the U.S. Ignacio Bonillas. When Obregón heard that his fellow Sonorense was Carranza's chosen candidate, he said "An excellent person, my

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believed Obregón was repeating Carranza's mistake of imposing his own candidate on the country. De la Huerta accepted the nomination of the Cooperativist Party to be its candidate in the presidential elections. De la Huerta then joined and gave his name to a major military uprising against Obregón. Over half of the army joined De la Huerta's rebellion, with many of Obregón's former comrades in arms now turning on him. Rebel forces massed in Veracruz and Jalisco. In a decisive battle at

1462: 454: 1812:, declared that Article 27 did not apply retroactively. Another important arena in which Obregón resolved issues with the U.S. and other foreign governments was the Mexican-United States General Claims Commission. Finance Minister Adolfo de la Huerta signed a deal in which Mexico recognized a debt of $ 1.451 million to international bankers. Finally, at the Bucareli Conference, Obregón agreed to an American demand that Mexico would not 1458:

retired to Huatabampo to resume his life as a garbanzo farmer. He organized the region's garbanzo farmers in a producer's league and briefly entertained the idea of going to France to fight on the side of the Allies in World War I. He made a considerable amount of money in these years, and also entertained many visitors. As the victorious general of the Mexican Revolution, Obregón remained enormously popular throughout the country.

967: 2101: 2274: 1774: 1336: 622:. Obregón's political legacy is that of pragmatic centrism, allying with various factions of the revolution to accomplish his goals, with one historian describing him as "Alvaro Obregón stood out as the organizer, the peacemaker, the unifier." His assassination precipitated a political crisis in the country, ultimately leading to Calles founding the National Revolutionary Party, later renamed the 1352:

about himself, he joined in the search for his missing arm. "I was helping them myself, because it's not so easy to abandon such a necessary thing as an arm." The searchers had no luck. A comrade reached into his pocket and raised a gold coin. Obregón concluded the story, saying "And then everyone saw a miracle: the arm came forth from who knows where, and come skipping up to where the gold

2246: 2004: 436: 1946: 1656: 62: 753: 992: 2260: 654:(1862–1867), and the family's estate was confiscated by the Liberal government in 1867. Francisco Obregón died in 1880, the year of Álvaro Obregón's birth. The boy was raised in very straitened circumstances by his mother and his older sisters Cenobia, María, and Rosa. His mother's family was locally prominent, owning 1315:, took place between 13 April and 15 April, when Villa attacked the city of Celaya but was repulsed. The third was the prolonged position battle of Trinidad and Santa Ana del Conde between 29 April and 5 June, which was the definitive battle. Villa was again defeated by Obregón, who lost his right arm in the fight. 2136:. Perhaps as with Porfirio Díaz, Obregón saw himself as indispensable to the nation and had the Constitution of 1917 amended so that he could run again for the presidency in Mexico. This bent and, in many people's minds, violated the revolutionary rule "no re-election" that had been enshrined in the constitution. 1200:. He had made many friends amongst the Villistas and Zapatistas at the convention and was able to convince some of them to depart with him. On 12 December 1914, Carranza issued his Additions to the Plan of Guadalupe, which laid out an ambitious reform program, including Laws of Reform, in conscious imitation of 2120:

and went on to become President of Mexico, his posthumous name recognition and standing as a hero of the Revolution is nowhere near that of Villa's or Emiliano Zapata's. There is no posthumous cult of Obregón as there is to those two losing revolutionary leaders. On the 1945 anniversary of Obregón's

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At Carranza's behest, the Senate stripped Obregón of his military rank, a move which only increased Obregón's popularity. Then, Carranza orchestrated a plot in which a minor officer claimed that Obregón was planning an armed uprising against the Carranza regime. Obregón was forced to disguise himself

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and labor rights be embodied in the new constitution. Obregón was not himself a delegate, but the progressives sought out his backing for the inclusion in the constitution of guarantees for the goals for which the peasantry and organized labor had fought. Obregón now broke with Carranza and threw his

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Eventually, it became clear that the Villistas/Zapatistas had prevailed at the convention; Carranza, however, refused to accept the convention's preparations for a "pre-constitutional" regime, which Carranza believed was totally inadequate, and in late November, Carranza rejected the authority of the

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Land reform was more extensive under Obregón than it had been under Carranza. Obregón enforced the constitutional land redistribution provisions, and in total, 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his presidency. However, Obregón was a successful commercial garbanzo farmer in Sonora, and

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By early 1919, Obregón had determined to use his immense popularity to run in the presidential election that would be held in 1920. Carranza announced that he would not run for president in 1920, but refused to endorse Obregón, instead endorsing an obscure diplomat, Ignacio Bonillas, a civilian that

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Obregón's home state of Sonora was an isolated area with a border with the U.S. and there was frequent interchange with the U.S. and U.S. investment in Sonora. Sonora's distance from the capital and lack of a direct railway line to the capital affected its late nineteenth-century development and its

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Carranza was far more conservative than Obregón and once duly elected as president, he did not implement the revolutionary elements of the 1917 constitution. Carranza attempted to concentrate power in his own hands. Obregón had anticipated that Carranza would encourage him to run for the presidency

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was drafted and ratified quickly. Villistas and Zapatistas were excluded from its drafting, but both factions remained militarily a threat to the Constitutionalist regime and its new constitution. Shortly after swearing his allegiance to the new Constitution, Obregón resigned as Minister of War and

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Although tensions between the conservative Carranza and more radical Pancho Villa grew throughout 1914, Obregón attempted to mediate between the two to keep the revolutionary coalition intact. Villa had created a number of diplomatic incidents and Carranza was worried that would invite further U.S.

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people. This was ironic because Obregón had first risen to military prominence commanding Yaqui troops, to whom he promised land, and the 1926–27 Yaqui rebellion was a demand for land reform. Obregón probably participated in this campaign to prove his loyalty to the Calles government, to show his

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in his new cabinet. Although they were ostensibly allies, Carranza and Obregón's relationship was tense, but neither wished an open break at this point. Obregón took the opportunity to build his own power base with laborers and the agrarian movement, as well as with politicians in high places. As

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could be held. Obregón had petitioned Carranza as early as 1914 to assume the title of interim president, which he refused to do since it would have precluded his running for the presidency. Obregón had chosen loyalty to Carranza rather than throwing his lot in with Villa and Zapata, and Carranza

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neighborhood of southern Mexico City. It is Mexico's largest monument to a single revolutionary and stands on the site where Obregón was assassinated. The monument held Obregón's severed, and over the years, increasingly deteriorating right arm that he lost in 1915. The monument now has a marble

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During the battles with Villa, Obregón had his right arm blown off. The blast nearly killed him, and he attempted to put himself out of his misery and fired his pistol to accomplish that. The aide de camp who had cleaned his gun had neglected to put bullets in the weapon. In a wry story he told

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for president in the 1924 election in which Obregón was not eligible to run. Finance Minister Adolfo de la Huerta, who had served as interim president in 1920 before he stepped down after the election of Obregón, joined a rebellion against Obregón and his chosen successor, Calles. De la Huerta

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Obregón also sought to shape public perceptions of the Revolution and its place in history by staging elaborate celebrations in 1921 on the centenary of Mexico's independence from Spain. There had been such celebrations in 1910 by the Díaz regime, commemorating the start of the insurgency by

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During Obregón's first meeting with Villa in late August, the two agreed that Carranza should declare himself interim president of Mexico, as mandated in Carranza's Plan of Guadalupe when Huerta was defeated. Carranza refused to do so, since it would mean that he could not run for election as

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For six months, from 1 June 1920 to 1 December 1920, Adolfo de la Huerta served as provisional president of Mexico until elections could be held. When Obregón was declared the victor, de la Huerta stepped down and assumed the position of Secretary of the Treasury in the new government.

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in opposition to the Huerta regime. The Sonoran government refused to recognize the Huerta regime. In early March 1913, Obregón was appointed chief of Sonora's War Department. In this capacity, he set out on a campaign, and in a matter of days had managed to drive federal troops out of

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Two of Obregón's oldest allies, General Arnulfo R. Gómez and General Francisco Serrano, opposed his re-election. Serrano launched an anti-Obregón rebellion and was ultimately assassinated. Gómez later called for an insurrection against Obregón, but was soon killed as well.

899:. He squared off against federal troops in May 1913 at the battle of Santa Rosa through an encirclement of enemy forces. As commander of Sonora's forces, Obregón won the respect of many revolutionaries who had fought under Madero in 1910–11, most notably Benjamín G. Hill. 1007:, because they considered Ángeles to be a holdover of the old Díaz regime. At the urging of the Sonorans (the most powerful group in Carranza's coalition following Obregón's victories in the Northwest), Carranza downgraded Ángeles to the position of Sub-Secretary of War. 828:

sent by Madero to crush Orozco's rebellion. Within weeks of joining the Battalion, Obregón displayed signs of military genius. Obregón disobeyed his superior's orders but won several battles by luring his enemies into traps, surprise assaults, and encircling maneuvers.

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Despite the break that came between Villa and Carranza, revolutionary leaders still attempted to resolve their differences and meet to chart the way forward. The Convention that the Carrancistas and Villistas had agreed to in the Treaty of Torreón went ahead at

731:. Since garbanzos were an export crop, he lobbied for the extension of the railway line, to get his crop to market more efficiently. He also lobbied for irrigation works, to increase his farm's output. Obregón entered politics in 1911 with his election as 1029:

charges, Obregón was again more cautious. Villa was soon at odds with Carranza, and in May 1914, Carranza instructed Obregón to increase the pace of his southern campaign to ensure that he beat Villa's troops to Mexico City. Obregón moved his troops from

1327:, had shifted the battlefield in favor of a defending force. In fact, while Obregón studied this shift and used it in his defense of Celaya, generals in the World War I trenches of Europe were still advocating bloody and mostly failing mass charges. 1969:

as Calles and had not imposed the anticlerical provisions of the 1917 constitution when he was president. Toral's subsequent trial resulted in his conviction and execution by firing squad. A Capuchin nun named María Concepción Acevedo de la Llata,

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was enforced only sporadically. Thus, while CROM's right to strike was recognized, non-CROM strikes were broken up by the police or the army. Also, few Mexican workers got Sundays off with pay, or were able to limit their workday to eight hours.

1480:(PLC), a party uniting most of the revolutionary generals. Obregón's cousin and comrade in arms, General Benjamin Hill, was a founding member of the party. He coordinated Obregón's support in Mexico City and reached out to the Zapatista general 1728:

In spite of Obregón's moderate approach, his presidency saw the beginnings of clashes between Catholics and supporters of the Mexican Revolution. Some bishops campaigned actively against land reform and the organization of workers into secular

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because he was not a general, but, as a general, Obregón participated. The Convention soon split into two major factions: (1) the Carrancistas, who insisted that the convention should follow the promise of the Plan of Guadalupe and restore the

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was elevated; it reached up and grasped it in its fingers – lovingly – That was the only way to get my lost arm to appear." The arm was subsequently embalmed and then displayed in the monument to Obregón at the

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Villa made a last attempt to stop Obregón's army in Aguascalientes on 10 July but without success. Obregón distinguished himself during the Battle of Celaya by being one of the first Mexicans to comprehend that the introduction of modern

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His assassination in 1928 before he could take the presidential office created a major political crisis in Mexico, which was solved by the creation of the National Revolutionary Party by his fellow Sonoran, General and former President

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Morones and CROM became increasingly powerful in the early 1920s and it would have been very difficult for Obregón to oppose their increased power. Morones was not afraid to use violence against his competitors, nearly eliminating the

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would be respected, though purged of some shortcomings. When the Constitutional Convention met in December 1916, it had only 85 conservatives and centrists close to Carranza's brand of liberalism, a mainly civilian group known as the

610:, was elected president. Although Obregón ostensibly retired to Sonora, he remained influential under Calles. Calles pushed through constitutional reform to again make re-election possible, but not continuously. Obregón won the 4434: 662:

regime. Obregón benefited from his relationship with his more distinguished kin, though as an orphan, he was very much the poor relation. He had ambition to make his way in the world. One of his cousin's on his mother's side,

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went into effect and the Conventionists forces were quickly being defeated by Obregón and the Constitutionalist Army. Being subject to term limits, Carranza stepped down from the presidency and designated a civilian diplomat

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Obregón formally began his presidential campaign in May 1927. CROM and a large part of public opinion were against his re-election, but he still counted on the support of most of the army and of the National Agrarian Party.

824:, organized under the command of General Sanginés to oppose Orozco's revolt. Obregón's unit was the largest in the state, and volunteered to go wherever needed. This Battalion supported federal troops under the command of 687:

and received an elementary level formal education. However, his mind was "active, inventive, and above all, practical." He spent his adolescence working a variety of jobs, before finding permanent employment in 1898 as a

790:, Obregón did not join the struggle against the Díaz regime. As a widowed parent of two small children and running a prosperous farm, Madero's call to arms was not urgent for him. In his memoir, he regretted the delay. 682:

who also worked there and learned the language. His bilingualism served him well in his later military and political career, drawing both Mayos and Yaqui into his orbit. He attended a school run by his brother José in

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by including a series of restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions to hold public office, canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates, or to inherit from persons other than close blood relatives.

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was significant in Obregón's victory over rebels. The U.S. supplied Obregón arms and also sent 17 U.S. planes, which bombed rebels in Jalisco. Obregón hunted down many of his former comrades in arms, including Gen.

1689:"did not believe in socialism or in land reform" and was in agreement with Madero and Carranza that "radical land reform might very well destroy the Mexican economy and lead to a return to subsistence agriculture." 1499:, promising that if elected, he would create a Department of Labor, install a labor-friendly Minister of Industry and Commerce, and issue a new labor law. Obregón began to campaign in earnest in November 1919. 1580:

in 1922 and the assassination of Pancho Villa in 1923 would eliminate the last remaining obvious challenges to Obregón's regime. He pursued what seemed to be contradictory policies during his administration.

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In early July, Obregón moved south to Orendaín, Jalisco, where his troops defeated federal troops, leaving 8000 dead, and making it clear that the Huerta regime was defeated. Obregón was promoted to

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Once again, Obregón was able to recruit loyal troops by promising them land in return for military service. In this case, in February 1915, the Constitutionalist Army signed an agreement with the

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role in the Mexican Revolution. Sonora had direct railway connections to the U.S. and its economy was more closely tied to the U.S. than central Mexico, exporting cattle hides and most especially

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Obregón won the 1928 Mexican presidential election, but months before assuming the presidency he was assassinated. Calles' harsh treatment of Roman Catholics had led to a rebellion known as the

603:'s example. Obregón returned to the battlefield and defeated the rebellion. In his victory, he was aided by the United States with arms and 17 U.S. planes that bombed de la Huerta's supporters. 1604:

Vasconcelos was also interested in promoting artistic developments that created a narrative of Mexico's history and the Mexican Revolution. Obregón's time as president saw the beginning of the

599:, launched a rebellion when Obregón designated Plutarco Elías Calles as his successor. De la Huerta garnered support by many revolutionaries who were opposed to Obregón's apparent emulation of 1192:, which called for wide-ranging social reforms. For a month and a half, Obregón maintained neutrality between the two sides and tried to reach a middle ground that would avoid a civil war. 4196: 700:. Obregón's experience as a skilled worker shaped his attitude toward the rights of labor, and "gave him the sense of what a powerful political tool the workers' sense of rage could be." 1114:, etc. Special measures were also taken against foreigners. Some of these were deliberately humiliating: for example, he forced foreign businessmen to sweep the streets of Mexico City. 555:

and Villa versus Obregón and Carranza. Obregón was made leader of the Constitutionalist army and defeated Villa. 1917 was a pivotal year for the Constitutionalists as the revolutionary

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in downtown Mexico City where other revolutionaries are now entombed. In Sonora, Obregón is honored with an equestrian statue, where he is shown as a vigorous soldier with two arms.

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and had them executed. De la Huerta was among those who went into exile. Following the crushing of the rebellion, Calles was elected president, and Obregón stepped down from office.

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continued influence over the military, and to protect his commercial interests in the Yaqui Valley, which had begun to suffer as a result of the increasing violence in the region.

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congratulations upon his election in 1922 and, in a private message to the pope, emphasized the "complementarity" of the aims of the Catholic Church and the Mexican Revolution.

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that clarified the rights of the Mexican government and U.S. oil interests and brought U.S. diplomatic recognition to his government. In 1923–24, Obregón's finance minister,

2413: 797:, a general who had fought for Madero's cause to oust Díaz, launched a revolt against Madero after Madero ordered the fighters that toppled Díaz to disband, retaining the 4697: 536:, against the Huerta regime. An untrained soldier but natural leader, Obregón rose quickly in the ranks and became the Constitutionalist Army's best general, along with 1139: 1990:

at a special ceremony in Mexico City. On November 26, 1924, Baron Shigetsuma Furuya, Special Ambassador from Japan to Mexico, conferred the honor on the President.

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to the U.S. Obregón's family circumstances and the economic situation of the state made his entry into garbanzo farming a way to make a good living as a young man.

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The revolt was successful and Carranza was deposed, after Obregon's forces captured Mexico City on 10 May 1920 On 20 May 1920, Carranza was killed in the state of

4692: 3715: 646:, the eighteenth child of Francisco Obregón and Cenobia Salido. Francisco Obregón had once owned a substantial estate, but his business partner supported Emperor 1375: 4607: 4534: 4147: 540:. Carranza appointed Obregón commander of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico. When the Constitutionalists defeated Huerta in July 1914, and the 4487: 1545:, which triggered a military revolt against the president. Obregón's Sonoran forces were augmented by troops under General Hill and the Zapatistas led by 4677: 4524: 3351: 4662: 4602: 4597: 4508: 1665: 1649: 1601:. Vasconcelos undertook a major effort to construct new schools across the country. Around 1,000 rural schools and 2,000 public libraries were built. 1496: 588: 79: 71: 1594: 254: 3322: 579:

Obregón's presidency was the first stable presidency since the Revolution began in 1910. He oversaw massive educational reform, the flourishing of

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of a car, Obregón signed the treaties that ended the Huerta regime. On 16 August 1914, Obregón and 18,000 of his troops marched triumphantly into

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As president, he successfully gained recognition from the United States in 1923, settled for a period the dispute with the U.S. over oil via the

1234:'s presidency. As a result of this agreement, six "Red Battalions" of workers were formed to fight alongside the Constitutionalists against the 4672: 1805: 3044:

Gonzales, Michael J. "Imagining Mexico in 1921: Visions of the Revolutionary State and Society in the Centennial Celebration in Mexico City",

1974:, was implicated in the case and was thought to be the mastermind behind Obregón's murder. León Toral sought retribution for the execution of 1929: 4503: 4482: 3810: 3600: 3537: 3529: 3465: 3445: 3437: 2807: 2021: 1180:; and (2) the Villistas, who sought more wide-ranging social reforms than set out in the Plan of Guadalupe. The Villistas were supported by 31: 4211: 3652: 651: 1697:

Many leaders and members of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico were highly critical of the 1917 constitution. They especially criticized

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under whose banner Obregón purportedly fought in 1920, and who served as Obregón's Finance Minister before launching a rebellion in 1923.

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in early 1915, but the Villistas remained in control of large portions of the country. Forces under Pancho Villa were moving towards the

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Buchenau, Jürgen (2004) "The Arm and Body of a Revolution: Remembering Mexico's Last Caudillo, Álvaro Obregón" in Lyman L. Johnson, ed.

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Obregón remained in close contact with President Calles, whom he had installed as his successor, and was a frequent guest of Calles at

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In May 1915, Carranza had proclaimed himself the head of what he termed a "Preconstitutional Regime" that would govern Mexico until a

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Buchenau, Jürgen. "The Arm and Body of the Revolution: Remembering Mexico's Last Caudillo, Álvaro Obregón" in Lyman L. Johnson, ed.

2176: 2087: 1652:(CROM) and created a Department of Labor, installed a labor-friendly Minister of Industry and Commerce, and issued a new labor law. 623: 4069: 839:

Obregón had intended to return to civilian life in December 1912, but then in February 1913, the Madero regime was overthrown in a

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of August 1923 that made some concessions to the US in order to gain diplomatic recognition. It was particularly helpful when the

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accusing Carranza of having used public money in support of Bonillas's presidential candidacy. He declared his allegiance to the

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invited to create murals expressive of the spirit of the Mexican Revolution on the walls of public buildings throughout Mexico.

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of 1982. The first battle took place on 6 April and 7 April 1915 and ended with the withdrawal of the Villistas. The second, in

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any foreign oil companies, and in exchange, the U.S. recognized his government. Many Mexicans criticized Obregón as a sellout (

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regime imposed by the convention. Forced to choose sides, Obregón sided with Carranza and left the convention to fight for the

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considerable weight behind the radicals. He met with radical legislators, as well as the intellectual leader of the radicals,

4682: 3011: 2025: 1706: 3825: 3795: 3775: 3770: 988:, thus securing the supremacy of the Constitutional Army in the entire area of Northwestern Mexico under Obregón's command. 1841:, Obregón's forces crushed the rebel forces. Diplomatic recognition by the United States following the signing of the 1923 786:. When Madero called for an uprising against Díaz following the fraudulent 1910 elections, in November 1910 by issuing his 4322: 4317: 3921: 3805: 3701: 2054: 1598: 1245: 856: 627: 611: 147: 911:, which had also refused to recognize the Huerta regime and entered a state of rebellion. A Sonoran delegation headed by 4647: 4529: 4492: 4409: 3896: 2161: 1185: 1172: 1155: 3850: 1431: 991: 813:

and the largest landowner in Mexico. In April 1912, Obregón volunteered to join the local Maderista forces, the Fourth

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Obregón's election as president essentially signaled the end of the violence of the Mexican Revolution. The death of

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with two small children, who were henceforth raised by his three older sisters. In 1909, Obregón invented a garbanzo

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Obregón returned to the battlefield for the period October 1926 to April 1927 to put down a rebellion led by the

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before resigning in December 1912, following the victory over Orozco (with Orozco fleeing to the United States).

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Execution of José de León Toral (1900–1929), assassin of Mexican president Álvaro Obregón, on 9 February 1929.

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Carranza could likely control. Obregón announced his candidacy in June 1919. He ran as the candidate for the

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intervention, whose forces already occupied Veracruz. On 8 July 1914, Villistas and Carrancistas signed the

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Obregón became a supporter of Madero shortly after he won the presidential election of 1911. In March 1912,

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General Álvaro Obregón (left) shown with a cigar in his left hand and his right arm missing, lost in the

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sculpture of the severed arm, after the arm itself was incinerated in 1989. Obregón's body is buried in

2148: 1958: 1957:, which broke out in 1926. As an ally of Calles, Obregón was hated by Catholics and was assassinated in 1426: 1358: 810: 584: 506: 501:; 17 February 1880 – 17 July 1928) was a Mexican military general and politician who served as the 46th 4539: 4302: 4064: 4024: 3999: 3815: 2113: 1507:

Bonillas. A man who is serious, honest, and hardworking. The world has lost a magnificent bookkeeper."

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In spite of his demotion, Ángeles formulated the rebel grand strategy of a three-prong attack south to

2061: 1162:(1859–1920) found intolerable. In the ensuing war, Obregón fought for Carranza against the convention. 512:

A widower with small children and a successful farmer, he did not join the Revolution until after the

4592: 4587: 4014: 3951: 3800: 3755: 1797: 1762: 1713:

Although Obregón was suspicious of the Catholic Church, he was less anticlerical than his successor,

1702: 1698: 1520: 1454: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1143: 1046: 1031: 920: 847: 3630: 4414: 4373: 4262: 4242: 4098: 4039: 3986: 3966: 3946: 3926: 3785: 3675: 3668: 2220: 2132:, who expanded access to learning for Mexicans by building schools, but also via public art of the 2129: 1965:, a Roman Catholic opposed to the government's anti-Catholic policies. Obregón was not as fiercely 1838: 1821: 1777: 1750: 1590: 1542: 1535: 1461: 1254: 1231: 1227: 1168: 1159: 1087: 996: 936: 924: 912: 780: 776: 760: 732: 596: 573: 569: 533: 529: 517: 502: 198: 138: 678:

During his childhood, Obregón worked on the family farm and became acquainted with the indigenous

4156: 3735: 2292: 2209: 2192: 1898: 1851: 1781: 1625: 1531: 940: 814: 477: 4059: 4029: 3931: 3780: 3760: 2183:, built near Ciudad Obregón, became operational during the gubernatorial term of Obregón's son. 2108:

Although Obregón was a gifted military strategist during the Revolution and decisively defeated

1546: 1289: 3511:

Heilman, Jaymie. "The Demon Inside: Madre Conchita, Gender, and the Assassination of Obregón".

3309:

Heilman, Jaymie. "The Demon Inside: Madre Conchita, Gender, and the Assassination of Obregon".

715:. The next year was tragic for Obregón as his wife and two of his children died, leaving him a 505:

from 1920 to 1924. Obregón was re-elected to the presidency in 1928 but he was assassinated at

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He also believed that the rich had been pro-Huerta, and he therefore imposed special taxes on

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In Mexico City, Obregón moved to exact revenge on his perceived enemies. He believed that the

1004: 956: 928: 864: 852: 841: 825: 802: 768: 764: 720: 697: 521: 175: 1516: 1072:. He was joined shortly by Carranza, who marched triumphantly into Mexico City on 20 August. 4342: 4287: 4237: 4216: 3911: 3891: 3790: 3740: 3578:

The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama

2265: 2133: 2117: 1902: 1609: 1481: 1389: 1296: 1250: 1201: 783: 664: 659: 600: 580: 561: 497: 1238:. This agreement had the side effect of lending the Carrancistas legitimacy with the urban 767:

in 1911. Obregón's first experience in the military was supporting pro-Madero forces under

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assassinated in 1919, weakening but not eliminating the Zapatista threat to the capital.

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CROM's success did not necessarily translate to success for all of Mexico's workers, and

1281: 3323:"Japan Decorates Obregon; Order of the Chrysanthemum is Conferred by Special Ambassador" 2764:. Roger Fullington series in architecture. University of Texas Press. pp. 184–187. 966: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4282: 3830: 3750: 3550: 2100: 1633: 1300: 1277: 1099: 995:Álvaro Obregón (center left) and grey-bearded "First Chief" of the Constitutionalists, 860: 794: 756: 2273: 2226:

Obregón's legacy and lost limb are the subjects of Mexican-American singer-songwriter

1800:

of the constitution, Obregón negotiated a major agreement with the United States, the

1655: 4581: 4363: 4221: 3449: 3385: 2251: 1393: 1304: 1189: 1057: 806: 724: 708: 3500:

Hall, Linda B. "Álvaro Obregón and the Politics of Mexican Land Reform, 1920–1924",

3232:

Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Army, 1910–1940

703:

In 1903, he married Refugio Urrea and in 1904, he left the sugar mill to sell shoes

606:

In 1924, Obregón's fellow Northern revolutionary general and hand-picked successor,

576:. Obregón was elected to the presidency in 1920 with overwhelming popular support. 4544: 4462: 4257: 3373: 3298: 3271: 3219: 3201: 3154: 3133: 3102: 3033: 2932: 2888: 2870: 2720: 2686: 2668: 2632: 2611: 2593: 2575: 2545: 2484: 2400: 2377: 2109: 1966: 1954: 1867: 1773: 1722: 1718: 1613: 1605: 1577: 1527: 1439: 1340: 1335: 1324: 1295:

The armies of Obregón and Villa clashed in four battles, collectively known as the

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and soon founded a company to manufacture these harvesters, complete with a modern

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President Obregón in a business suit, showing that he lost his right arm fighting

1003:

Obregón and other Sonorans were deeply suspicious of Carranza's Secretary of War,

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Obregón began his march south in April 1914. Whereas Pancho Villa preferred wild

775:

Obregón expressed little interest in the Anti-Reelectionist movement launched by

4054: 2003: 1813: 1730: 1412:

In September 1916, Carranza convoked a Constitutional Convention, to be held in

1239: 1069: 1038: 1011: 985: 728: 679: 1978:, who was falsely convicted of attempting to assassinate Obregón a year prior. 1909:. These fears became acute in October 1926, when the Mexican Congress repealed 1901:. This prompted fears that Obregón was intending to follow in the footsteps of 727:. He successfully marketed these harvesters to garbanzo farmers throughout the 4561: 4549: 4206: 4201: 4180: 2769: 2241: 2157: 1975: 1945: 1910: 1887: 1871: 1738: 1597:

who had been in exile 1915–1920 because of his opposition to Carranza) as his

1312: 1285: 1107: 1083:

on the church, to be paid to the Revolutionary Council for Aid to the People.

875: 752: 736: 693: 684: 296: 292: 17: 1425:("renewal faction"). There were 132 progressive delegates, who insisted that 3401:

For Christ and Country: Militant Catholic Youth in Post-Revolutionary Mexico

2945:"San Pedro News Pilot 10 May 1920 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1875: 1809: 1401: 1212: 1154:(1879–1919). Gutiérrez was appointed provisional President of Mexico by the 1103: 1091: 1079:

had supported the Huerta regime, and he therefore imposed a fine of 500,000

817: 712: 2759: 1400:. He also founded the Department of Aviation and a school to train pilots. 3545: 3473: 4554: 4424: 4185: 1512: 1273: 1265: 1065: 1035: 916: 908: 672: 655: 3608: 3495: 2826:

Religion, revolution, and reform: new forces for change in Latin America

832:

Obregón was quickly promoted through the ranks and attained the rank of

626:, which would dominate Mexican politics throughout the 20th century and 3693: 3505: 2028: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1111: 1026: 952: 948: 896: 888: 833: 716: 639: 360: 42: 3629: 1276:

and thus dominated the northeast; the forces of Calixto Contreras and

4125: 3352:"Monumento al General Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City", MyTravelGuide.com 2227: 1879: 1863: 1553: 1308: 1261: 1050: 944: 879: 821: 643: 547:

In 1915, the revolution entered a new phase of civil war between the

525: 441: 364: 2761:

Architecture As Revolution: Episodes in the History of Modern Mexico

943:

of the Constitutional Army in the Northwest, with jurisdiction over

1862:

Following the election of Calles as president, Obregón returned to

1064:, it was clear that Huerta was defeated, and, on 11 August, on the 614:. Before beginning his second term however, he was assassinated by 4190: 2187: 2099: 1944: 1928: 1917: 1913:, thus clearing the way for Obregón to run for president in 1928. 1772: 1654: 1460: 1334: 1244: 1211: 1138: 1042: 1014:: (1) Obregón would advance south along the western railroad, (2) 990: 971: 965: 751: 689: 2175:

served one term as the governor of Sonora as a candidate for the

3432:. Ediciones Era – Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes. 3418:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 179–207. 3416:

Body Politics: Death, Dismemberment, and Memory in Latin America

2748:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2004, pp. 179–207. 2746:

Body Politics: Death, Dismemberment, and Memory in Latin America

1891: 1404:

factories were placed under the direct control of the military.

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movements were founded in Mexico in the wake of Pius XI's 1922

763:(1873–1913) in 1910, only to launch a rebellion against him in 2121:

assassination, the official ceremony attracted few attendees.

1997: 1961:

on July 17, 1928, shortly after his return to Mexico City, by

1905:

and that Calles was merely a puppet figure, the equivalent of

1788:

As president, one of Obregón's top priorities was securing US

1526:

On 20 April 1920, Obregón issued a declaration in the town of

55: 3369:

Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names, pp. 169, 64

2441:

Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919–1936

907:

The Sonoran government was in contact with the government of

3423:

The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican Revolution

2348:. College Station TX: Texas A&M University Press 1981, 3 1796:. Although he rejected the U.S. demand that Mexico rescind 3570:

Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico: an Anthropology of Nationalism

1060:. He continued his march south. Upon Obregón's arrival in 3480:Álvaro Obregón: power and revolution in Mexico, 1911–1920 3430:Álvaro Obregón: Fuego y cenizas de la Revolución Mexicana 3234:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1968, 72–78 2733:

Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of Revolution, 1919–1936

2346:

Alvaro Obregón: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911–1920

2147:

An imposing monument to Álvaro Obregón is located in the

1018:

would advance south along the central railroad, and (3)

587:, and labor laws sponsored by the increasingly powerful 2128:, gain full rein to his Secretary of Public Education, 1874:. Obregón expanded his business interests to include a 1171:

on 5 October 1914. Carranza did not participate in the

532:

as leader of the northern revolutionary coalition, the

83: 1765:

of the constitution and expelled Filippi from Mexico.

1701:, which forbade religious instruction in schools, and 4688:

Elected officials who died without taking their seats

2171:

is named for the revolutionary leader. Obregón's son

1384:

Minister of War, Obregón determined to modernize and

1260:

Obregón's forces easily defeated Zapatista forces at

4703:

National presidents assassinated in the 20th century

4633:

Candidates in the 1928 Mexican presidential election

4628:

Candidates in the 1920 Mexican presidential election

4623:

Candidates in the 1917 Mexican presidential election

3624:

with a focus on the tactics used by General Obregón.

1933:

Obregón July 2, 1928, days before his assassination.

1866:

to farm. He led an "agricultural revolution" in the

1226:("House of the World Worker"), the labor union with 895:. He soon followed up by capturing the port city of 667:

became an important ally in the Mexican Revolution.

4517: 4445: 4387: 4351: 4230: 4163: 3482:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 2970:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998, 730–32. 2319:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1961, p. 208. 1438:of the constitution. He also supported the heavily 939:. On 30 September 1913, Carranza appointed Obregón 564:to succeed him. Obregón and other Sonoran generals 473: 465: 447: 429: 424: 416: 405: 397: 387: 370: 342: 337: 323: 313: 291: 281: 271: 253: 241: 216: 204: 192: 169: 157: 136: 107: 2414:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 391: 3075:Gonzales, "Imagining Mexico in 1921", pp. 253–54. 2823:D'Antonio, William V.; Pike, Fredrick B. (1964). 2179:, founded following Obregón's assassination. The 927:. The Sonoran government signed on to Carranza's 3457:Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names 1717:, would be. Calles's policies would lead to the 1022:would advance south along the eastern railroad. 2327: 2325: 1491:In August, Obregón concluded an agreement with 801:that they had defeated. This revolt started in 638:Obregón was born in Siquisiva, Municipality of 49: and the second or maternal family name is 1230:connections which had been established during 658:and some held government positions during the 4141: 3709: 3066:Gonzales, "Imagining Mexico in 1921", p. 251. 3057:Gonzales, "Imagining Mexico in 1921", p. 249. 2230:'s "The Arm of Obregón", from his 1996 album 1585:Educational reforms and cultural developments 1538:, in revolution against the Carranza regime. 1053:, thus leaving both of these ports isolated. 8: 3342:. New Haven: Yale University Press 2021, 238 3242: 3240: 3190: 3188: 3143: 3141: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 2735:. Austin: University of Texas 1961, pp. 3–4. 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2621: 2619: 2564: 2562: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2494: 2492: 2473: 2471: 2443:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961, 4. 1824:for his actions at the Bucareli Conference. 1644:Obregón kept his August 1919 agreement with 1280:controlled western Mexico; and forces under 984:In November 1913, Obregón's forces captured 3006:. London: Whitechapel Gallery. p. 12. 2848:Matute, Álvaro. "Benjamin Guillermo Hill". 2389: 2387: 2385: 878:to offer his services to the government of 528:'s decision to follow Governor of Coahuila 188:1 December 1920 – 30 November 1924 4148: 4134: 4126: 3716: 3702: 3694: 3657: 3454:Eggli, Urs and Newton, Leonard E. (2004). 3282:"P&A Photos #173503" – New York Bureau 2988:Meyer, Michael C. and Sherman, William L. 2541:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa, p. 277 1369: 1045:, where Obregón cut off the railroad from 903:Fight against the Huerta regime, 1913–1914 115: 104: 4509:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 3595:. Parma Heights, Ohio: Greenbriar Books. 3593:Felipe Ángeles and the Mexican Revolution 3403:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2536:Felipe Ángeles and the Mexican Revolution 2411:Voss, Stuart F. "Alvaro Obregón Salido". 2088:Learn how and when to remove this message 1650:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 1497:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 1392:thoroughly. In the process, he founded a 1118:Relations with Villa, June–September 1914 589:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 4698:Assassinated presidents in North America 3645:Newspaper clippings about Álvaro Obregón 1595:National Autonomous University of Mexico 1515:, where one of his former subordinates, 1299:, the largest military confrontation in 3524:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3425:. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. 2308: 2190:of small cactus indigenous to Mexico – 1343:in 1915. It earned him the nickname of 771:(1850–1916) against Orozco's rebellion. 572:ousted Bonillas and Carranza under the 3622:Admiring essay on the Battle of Celaya 2215:Obregón is also featured in the novel 4693:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s 4504:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 3002:Mulvey, Laura; Wollen, Peter (1982). 2796:Riner, D. L.; Sweeney, J. V. (1991). 2538:, pp. 59–60; Katz, Friedrich (1998). 1721:(1926–29). For example, Obregón sent 1541:On 23 April, the Sonorans issued the 1370:Carranza's Minister of War, 1915–1916 524:to the presidency. Obregón supported 496: 153:July 1, 1928 – July 17, 1928 27:President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924 7: 3580:. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. 2465:Voss, "Alvaro Obregón Salidio", 212. 2186:Obregón is honored in the name of a 2167:In Sonora, the second largest city, 2026:adding citations to reliable sources 84:move details into the article's body 4608:Laborist Party (Mexico) politicians 4415:Querétaro Constitutional Convention 3680:1 December 1920 – 30 November 1924 3502:Hispanic American Historical Review 2507:Voss, "Alvaro Obregón Salido", 212. 1986:Álvaro Obregón was awarded Japan's 1886:, a soap factory, tomato fields, a 1705:, which adopted an extreme form of 267:13 March 1916 – 1 May 1917 3628:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1922). 3521:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3513:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3311:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3115:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3046:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 2968:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2373:Mexico: Biography of Power, p. 374 2104:Monument to Obregón in Mexico City 1478:Partido Liberal Constitutionalista 869:United States Ambassador to Mexico 25: 4678:20th-century presidents of Mexico 4498:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2177:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1994:Legacy and posthumous recognition 1828:De la Huerta rebellion, 1923–1924 1365:Early political career, 1915–1920 1208:War with the Conventionists, 1915 624:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4663:People of the Mexican Revolution 4603:Assassinated Mexican politicians 4598:20th-century Mexican politicians 4567:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 4084: 3573:. University of Minnesota Press. 3557:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 2298:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 2288:List of heads of state of Mexico 2272: 2258: 2244: 2212:, Obregón is a major character. 2002: 1792:of his regime, to resume normal 1666:General Confederation of Workers 1347:("the one-armed man of Celaya"). 874:Obregón immediately traveled to 748:Early military career, 1911–1913 696:owned by his maternal uncles in 628:retain the presidency until 2000 591:. In August 1923, he signed the 452: 434: 60: 3567:Lomnitz-Adler, Claudio (2001). 3048:vol. 25, (2) 2009, pp. 247–270. 2013:needs additional citations for 1560:as he fled from Mexico City to 1416:. He declared that the liberal 1253:in 1915. Center is First Chief 1236:Conventionists Villa and Zapata 1135:Convention of the Winners, 1914 32:Álvaro Obregón (disambiguation) 1794:Mexico–United States relations 1707:separation of church and state 1693:Relations with Catholic Church 1572:President of Mexico, 1920–1924 1408:Break with Carranza, 1917–1920 805:with the financial backing of 779:in 1908–1909 in opposition to 509:before he could take office. 1: 4673:Politicians with disabilities 4212:French Intervention in Mexico 3504:(1980) 60#2 pp. 213–238 3392:. Retrieved 16 November 2015. 2990:The Course of Mexican History 2799:Mexico: meeting the challenge 1925:Re-election and assassination 1870:, where he introduced modern 1599:Secretary of Public Education 1466: 975: 845:(known to Mexican history as 759:(1882–1915), who fought with 652:French intervention in Mexico 122: 4530:Liberation Army of the South 4458:Mexican Constitution of 1917 4410:Convention of Aguascalientes 3576:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent (2010). 3386:"El Vez: G.I. Ay! Ay! Blues" 3004:Frida Kahlo and Tina Modotti 2731:quoted in Dulles, John W.F. 2317:The United States and Mexico 1556:in an ambush led by General 1511:as a railwayman and flee to 1186:Liberation Army of the South 1173:Convention of Aguascalientes 1156:Convention of Aguascalientes 931:, by which Carranza became " 41:, the first or paternal 4070:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 3796:Francisco Javier Echeverría 3776:Antonio López de Santa Anna 3649:20th Century Press Archives 2206:The Friends of Pancho Villa 1418:1857 Constitution of Mexico 1178:1857 Constitution of Mexico 4719: 4493:Monument to the Revolution 4318:Francisco León de la Barra 4176:Economic History of Mexico 3922:Francisco León de la Barra 3591:Slattery, Matthew (1982). 3555:Mexico: Biography of Power 2758:Carranza, Luis E. (2010). 2534:Slattery, Matthew (1982). 2162:Monument to the Revolution 2160:, Sonora, rather than the 1988:Order of the Chrysanthemum 1832:In 1923, Obregón endorsed 1759:Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico 970:Gen. Obregón and staff of 935:" of the newly proclaimed 743:Military career, 1911–1915 36: 29: 4658:People murdered in Mexico 4430:United States involvement 4093: 4082: 4045:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 3897:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 3731: 3682: 3673: 3665: 3660: 3421:Buchenau, Jürgen (2011). 2802:. Euromoney. p. 64. 1376:constitutional convention 1188:, who had issued his own 514:February 1913 coup d'état 498:[ˈalβaɾooβɾeˈɣon] 483: 388:Manner of death 333: 302: 260: 255:Secretary of War and Navy 224: 181: 144: 132: 114: 4258:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 3992:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 3518:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 2370:Krauze, Enrique (1997). 1780:(1881–1955), the former 1148:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 1146:(1881–1939), flanked by 1062:Teoloyucan, Mexico State 4668:Politicians from Sonora 4638:Mexican revolutionaries 4420:Pancho Villa Expedition 4395:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 4359:Plan of San Luis Potosí 3962:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 3841:Manuel María Lombardini 3806:José Joaquín de Herrera 3637:Encyclopædia Britannica 3631:"Obregón, Alvaro" 3478:Hall, Linda B. (1981). 1808:, in a case brought by 1753:occurred in 1923, when 1743:Ubi arcano Dei consilio 1659:Luis N. Morones in 1925 1612:, with artists such as 1450:that Carranza opposed. 1223:Casa del Obrero Mundial 1077:Mexican Catholic Church 788:Plan of San Luis Potosí 707:, and then to become a 420:María Tapia (1888–1971) 4643:People from Huatabampo 4453:Emigration from Mexico 4388:Political developments 4248:José María Pino Suárez 3917:Manuel González Flores 3836:Juan Bautista Ceballos 3428:Castro, Pedro (2009). 3340:Unrevolutionary Mexico 3255:Buchenau, pp. 150–151. 2851:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2829:. Praeger. p. 66. 2105: 1950: 1934: 1858:Later years, 1924–1928 1790:diplomatic recognition 1785: 1677:Constitution of Mexico 1660: 1618:David Alfaro Siqueiros 1549:and Genovevo de la O. 1472: 1432:Andrés Molina Enríquez 1348: 1257: 1217: 1163: 1000: 981: 772: 634:Early years, 1880–1911 557:Constitution of Mexico 534:Constitutionalist Army 507:La Bombilla restaurant 494:Spanish pronunciation: 219:Mexican Laborist Party 4683:Mexican spiritualists 4478:1968 student protests 4298:Plutarco Elías Calles 3977:Plutarco Elías Calles 3942:Francisco S. Carvajal 3874:Manuel Robles Pezuela 3771:Valentín Gómez Farías 3686:Plutarco Elías Calles 3588:; F1234.D585 L83 2010 3515:, 18.1 (2002): 23–60. 3450:Sitio de Pedro Castro 3399:Weis, Robert (2019). 3384:McLeod, Kembrew. 3313:, 18.1 (2002): 23–60. 2149:Parque de la Bombilla 2142:Plutarco Elías Calles 2103: 1948: 1932: 1834:Plutarco Elías Calles 1806:Mexican Supreme Court 1776: 1769:Mexico-U.S. relations 1715:Plutarco Elías Calles 1658: 1646:Luis Napoleón Morones 1493:Luis Napoleón Morones 1464: 1379:appointed Obregón as 1359:Parque de la Bombilla 1338: 1248: 1215: 1142: 994: 969: 811:Governor of Chihuahua 755: 608:Plutarco Elías Calles 566:Plutarco Elías Calles 544:dissolved in August. 520:that brought General 490:Álvaro Obregón Salido 347:Álvaro Obregón Salido 235:Plutarco Elías Calles 233:Serving with 211:Plutarco Elías Calles 164:Plutarco Elías Calles 4278:Ricardo Flores Magón 4197:Constitution of 1857 4015:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 4010:Miguel Alemán Valdés 4005:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3957:Roque González Garza 3856:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 3821:Pedro María de Anaya 3766:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 3756:Anastasio Bustamante 3746:José María Bocanegra 3725:Presidents of Mexico 3460:. Berlin: Springer. 2839:Buchenau, pp. 94–97. 2697:Krauze, pp. 386–387. 2173:Álvaro Obregón Tapia 2022:improve this article 1622:José Clemente Orozco 1455:Constitution of 1917 1414:Querétaro, Querétaro 1047:Guadalajara, Jalisco 1032:Topolobampo, Sinaloa 1020:Pablo González Garza 921:Governor of Coahuila 277:Ignacio L. Pesqueira 30:For other uses, see 4648:People from Navojoa 4374:Plan of Agua Prieta 4308:José Yves Limantour 4263:Venustiano Carranza 4243:Francisco I. Madero 4099:President of Mexico 4040:Miguel de la Madrid 4035:José López Portillo 4020:Adolfo López Mateos 3987:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 3967:Adolfo de la Huerta 3947:Venustiano Carranza 3927:Francisco I. Madero 3902:José María Iglesias 3869:Félix María Zuloaga 3676:President of Mexico 3669:Adolfo de la Huerta 3329:, 28 November 1924. 2914:Yesterday in Mexico 2901:Yesterday in Mexico 2221:Valerio Evangelisti 2217:Il collare spezzato 1822:Adolfo de la Huerta 1778:Adolfo de la Huerta 1751:diplomatic incident 1543:Plan of Agua Prieta 1536:Adolfo de la Huerta 1330: 1303:history before the 1272:'s forces occupied 1255:Venustiano Carranza 1232:Francisco I. Madero 1228:anarcho-syndicalist 1204:'s Laws of Reform. 1160:Venustiano Carranza 997:Venustiano Carranza 937:Constitutional Army 925:Venustiano Carranza 913:Adolfo de la Huerta 777:Francisco I. Madero 761:Francisco I. Madero 733:municipal president 597:Adolfo de la Huerta 574:Plan of Agua Prieta 570:Adolfo de la Huerta 530:Venustiano Carranza 518:Francisco I. Madero 503:President of Mexico 319:José Tiburcio Otero 293:Municipal president 287:Ignacio C. Enríquez 199:Adolfo de la Huerta 139:President of Mexico 4653:People from Sonora 4540:División del Norte 4535:Constitutionalists 4323:Félix Díaz Velasco 4157:Mexican Revolution 4065:Enrique Peña Nieto 4025:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 3884:José Ignacio Pavón 3816:José Mariano Salas 3736:Guadalupe Victoria 3661:Political offices 3338:Gillingham, Paul. 2912:quoted in Dulles, 2439:Dulles, John F.W. 2293:Mexican Revolution 2232:G.I. Ay! Ay! Blues 2219:by Italian writer 2210:James Carlos Blake 2200:In popular culture 2193:Obregonia denegrii 2181:Álvaro Obregón Dam 2114:División del Norte 2106: 1963:José de León Toral 1951: 1935: 1899:Chapultepec Castle 1852:Fortunato Maycotte 1786: 1782:Governor of Sonora 1661: 1626:Roberto Montenegro 1589:Obregón appointed 1532:Governor of Sonora 1517:Fortunato Maycotte 1473: 1453:The revolutionary 1349: 1345:El Manco de Celaya 1258: 1218: 1164: 1001: 982: 941:commander-in-chief 851:) orchestrated by 773: 616:José de León Toral 478:Mexican Revolution 4575: 4574: 4488:Historical Museum 4379:Plan of San Diego 4369:Plan of Guadalupe 4253:Victoriano Huerta 4171:History of Mexico 4123: 4122: 4110:Emperor of Mexico 4077:(President-elect) 4075:Claudia Sheinbaum 3982:Emilio Portes Gil 3952:Eulalio Gutiérrez 3937:Victoriano Huerta 3861:Ignacio Comonfort 3826:Manuel de la Peña 3801:Valentín Canalizo 3692: 3691: 3683:Succeeded by 3601:978-0-932970-34-3 3538:978-0-8047-3046-4 3530:978-0-8047-3045-7 3466:978-3-540-00489-9 3446:978-607-455-257-7 3438:978-607-445-027-9 2966:Katz, Friedrich. 2809:978-1-870031-59-2 2359:The Last Caudillo 2315:Cline, Howard F. 2134:Mexican muralists 2098: 2097: 2090: 2072: 1848:Salvador Alvarado 1749:The most serious 1398:military medicine 1323:, and especially 1144:Eulalio Gutiérrez 929:Plan of Guadalupe 919:to meet with the 865:Henry Lane Wilson 853:Victoriano Huerta 848:La decena trágica 826:Victoriano Huerta 769:Victoriano Huerta 698:Navolato, Sinaloa 522:Victoriano Huerta 487: 486: 217:President of the 176:Emilio Portes Gil 101: 100: 80:length guidelines 16:(Redirected from 4710: 4618:Mexican generals 4613:Mexican amputees 4343:Genovevo de la O 4231:Important people 4150: 4143: 4136: 4127: 4088: 4087: 3786:José Justo Corro 3741:Vicente Guerrero 3718: 3711: 3704: 3695: 3666:Preceded by 3658: 3641: 3640:(12th ed.). 3633: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3360: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3235: 3230:Lieuwen, Edwin. 3228: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3192: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3145: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3093: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2923: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2879: 2873: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2711: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2677: 2671: 2659: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2623: 2614: 2602: 2596: 2584: 2578: 2566: 2557: 2556:Slattery, p. 61. 2554: 2548: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2487: 2475: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2391: 2380: 2368: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2268: 2266:Biography portal 2263: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2130:José Vasconcelos 2118:Battle of Celaya 2093: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2037:"Álvaro Obregón" 2030: 2006: 1998: 1972:"Madre Conchita" 1959:La Bombilla Café 1890:business, and a 1839:Ocotlán, Jalisco 1610:Mexican muralism 1591:José Vasconcelos 1482:Genovevo de la O 1471: 1468: 1465:Álvaro Obregón, 1423:bloque renovador 1396:and a school of 1390:Mexican military 1297:Battle of Celaya 1251:Battle of Celaya 1216:General Obregón. 1184:, leader of the 1150:(1878–1923) and 980: 977: 692:operator at the 665:Benjamin G. Hill 581:Mexican muralism 562:Ignacio Bonillas 500: 495: 458: 456: 455: 440: 438: 437: 425:Military service 377: 357:17 February 1880 356: 354: 338:Personal details 326: 316: 307: 284: 274: 265: 244: 229: 207: 195: 186: 172: 160: 151: 127: 124: 121:Álvaro Obregón, 119: 105: 96: 93: 87: 78:Please read the 64: 63: 56: 21: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4513: 4483:Popular culture 4473:Mexican miracle 4441: 4405:Morelos Commune 4383: 4347: 4303:Lázaro Cárdenas 4268:Emiliano Zapata 4226: 4159: 4154: 4124: 4119: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4060:Felipe Calderón 4050:Ernesto Zedillo 4030:Luis Echeverría 4000:Lázaro Cárdenas 3996: 3932:Pedro Lascuráin 3888: 3865: 3811:Mariano Paredes 3781:Miguel Barragán 3761:Melchor Múzquiz 3727: 3722: 3688: 3679: 3671: 3627: 3618: 3613: 3551:Krauze, Enrique 3410: 3408:Further reading 3396: 3383: 3379: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246:Krauze, p. 399. 3245: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3211: 3207: 3193: 3186: 3180:U.S. and Mexico 3177: 3173: 3167:U.S. and Mexico 3164: 3160: 3146: 3139: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3094: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3039: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2979:Krauze, p. 393. 2978: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2957:Krauze, p. 392. 2956: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2880: 2876: 2862: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2712: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2678: 2674: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2624: 2617: 2603: 2599: 2585: 2581: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2533: 2529: 2525:Krauze, p. 379. 2524: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498:Krauze, p. 378. 2497: 2490: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2425: 2421: 2410: 2406: 2392: 2383: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2344:Hall, Linda B. 2343: 2339: 2333:U.S. and Mexico 2330: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2280:Politics portal 2278: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2202: 2126:Bucareli Treaty 2094: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2031: 2029: 2019: 2007: 1996: 1984: 1927: 1907:Manuel González 1860: 1843:Bucareli Treaty 1830: 1802:Bucareli Treaty 1771: 1755:Ernesto Filippi 1735:Catholic Action 1695: 1686: 1642: 1640:Labor relations 1593:(Rector of the 1587: 1574: 1558:Rodolfo Herrero 1547:Gildardo Magaña 1486:Emiliano Zapata 1484:. Carranza had 1469: 1410: 1386:professionalize 1381:Minister of War 1372: 1367: 1333: 1321:field artillery 1290:San Luis Potosí 1284:were active in 1210: 1182:Emiliano Zapata 1152:Emiliano Zapata 1137: 1125:Pact of Torreón 1120: 1090:, real estate, 978: 961:Baja California 905: 750: 745: 735:of the town of 636: 593:Bucareli Treaty 553:Emiliano Zapata 493: 453: 451: 435: 433: 406:Political party 379: 375: 358: 352: 350: 349: 348: 329:Benjamín Almada 324: 314: 308: 303: 282: 272: 266: 261: 248:Luis N. Morones 242: 237: 230: 225: 205: 193: 187: 182: 170: 158: 152: 145: 128: 125: 110: 97: 91: 88: 77: 74:may be too long 69:This article's 65: 61: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4400:Decena trágica 4397: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4338:Manuel Palafox 4335: 4333:Eufemio Zapata 4330: 4328:Bernardo Reyes 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4293:Aquiles Serdán 4290: 4285: 4283:Pascual Orozco 4280: 4275: 4273:Álvaro Obregón 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4104:Vice president 4094: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3972:Álvaro Obregón 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3907:Juan N. Méndez 3904: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3879:Miguel Miramón 3876: 3871: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3846:Martín Carrera 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831:Mariano Arista 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3642: 3625: 3617: 3616:External links 3614: 3612: 3611: 3589: 3586:978-0773436657 3574: 3565: 3548: 3516: 3509: 3498: 3488:978-0890961131 3476: 3452: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3377: 3355: 3344: 3331: 3327:New York Times 3315: 3302: 3284: 3275: 3257: 3248: 3236: 3223: 3205: 3184: 3182:, pp. 208–210. 3171: 3169:, pp. 207–208. 3158: 3137: 3119: 3106: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3037: 3019: 3012: 2994: 2981: 2972: 2959: 2950: 2936: 2918: 2905: 2892: 2874: 2856: 2841: 2832: 2815: 2808: 2788: 2784:Alvaro Obregón 2775: 2750: 2737: 2724: 2699: 2690: 2672: 2649: 2645:Álvaro Obregón 2636: 2615: 2597: 2579: 2558: 2549: 2527: 2509: 2500: 2488: 2467: 2458: 2454:Alvaro Obregón 2445: 2432: 2428:Alvaro Obregón 2419: 2404: 2381: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2321: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2269: 2255: 2239: 2236: 2201: 2198: 2169:Ciudad Obregón 2096: 2095: 2010: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1980: 1926: 1923: 1859: 1856: 1829: 1826: 1770: 1767: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1641: 1638: 1634:Miguel Hidalgo 1586: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1564:on horseback. 1409: 1406: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1332: 1329: 1301:Latin American 1278:Rodolfo Fierro 1270:Felipe Ángeles 1209: 1206: 1169:Aguascalientes 1158:, a move that 1136: 1133: 1119: 1116: 1041:, and then to 1005:Felipe Ángeles 904: 901: 861:Bernardo Reyes 795:Pascual Orozco 757:Pascual Orozco 749: 746: 744: 741: 635: 632: 549:Conventionists 485: 484: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 467: 463: 462: 449: 448:Branch/service 445: 444: 431: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 410:Laborist Party 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 378:(aged 48) 372: 368: 367: 346: 344: 340: 339: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 285: 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 258: 257: 251: 250: 245: 239: 238: 232: 222: 221: 214: 213: 208: 202: 201: 196: 190: 189: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 155: 154: 142: 141: 134: 133: 130: 129: 120: 112: 111: 109:Álvaro Obregón 108: 99: 98: 68: 66: 59: 26: 24: 18:Alvaro Obregón 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4715: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364:Plan of Ayala 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Carmen Serdán 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Porfirio Díaz 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193:social system 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3912:Porfirio Díaz 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3892:Benito Juárez 3890: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3791:Nicolás Bravo 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3563:0-06-016325-9 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610:, p. 382, at 2609: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2256: 2253: 2252:Mexico portal 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2204:In the novel 2199: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2092: 2089: 2081: 2078:February 2022 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: – 2038: 2034: 2033:Find sources: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2011:This section 2009: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:Porfirio Díaz 1900: 1895: 1894:bag factory. 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:packing plant 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1820:), including 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1740: 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1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:major general 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 998: 993: 989: 987: 973: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 902: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849: 844: 843: 837: 835: 830: 827: 823: 819: 816: 812: 808: 807:Luis Terrazas 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 784:Porfirio Díaz 782: 778: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 747: 742: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:assembly line 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:tenant farmer 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 686: 681: 676: 674: 668: 666: 661: 660:Porfirio Díaz 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 633: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:1928 election 609: 604: 602: 601:Porfirio Díaz 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 499: 491: 482: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461: 450: 446: 443: 432: 428: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 396: 393: 392:Assassination 390: 386: 383:, Mexico City 382: 373: 369: 366: 362: 345: 341: 336: 332: 328: 322: 318: 312: 306: 301: 298: 294: 290: 286: 280: 276: 270: 264: 259: 256: 252: 249: 246: 240: 236: 228: 223: 220: 215: 212: 209: 203: 200: 197: 191: 185: 180: 177: 174: 168: 165: 162: 156: 150: 149: 143: 140: 135: 131: 118: 113: 106: 103: 95: 85: 81: 75: 73: 67: 58: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4468:Land Reforms 4463:Cristero War 4313:Ramón Corral 4272: 4097: 3971: 3674: 3635: 3592: 3577: 3569: 3554: 3520: 3512: 3501: 3479: 3456: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3400: 3380: 3374:Google Books 3367: 3363: 3358: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3299:Google Books 3292: 3287: 3278: 3272:Google Books 3265: 3260: 3251: 3231: 3226: 3220:Google Books 3213: 3208: 3202:Google Books 3195: 3179: 3174: 3166: 3161: 3155:Google Books 3148: 3134:Google Books 3127: 3122: 3114: 3109: 3103:Google Books 3096: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3040: 3034:Google Books 3027: 3022: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2984: 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1741: 1727: 1723:Pope Pius XI 1719:Cristero War 1712: 1696: 1687: 1670: 1662: 1643: 1630: 1614:Diego Rivera 1606:art movement 1603: 1588: 1578:Lucio Blanco 1575: 1566: 1551: 1540: 1528:Chilpancingo 1525: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1490: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1920s 1452: 1440:anticlerical 1422: 1411: 1373: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1341:Pancho Villa 1325:machine guns 1317: 1294: 1282:Tomás Urbina 1259: 1221: 1219: 1197: 1194: 1165: 1129: 1121: 1085: 1074: 1055: 1024: 1016:Pancho Villa 1009: 1002: 983: 932: 915:traveled to 906: 873: 846: 840: 838: 831: 799:Federal Army 792: 774: 705:door-to-door 702: 677: 669: 637: 620:Cristero War 605: 578: 546: 542:Federal Army 538:Pancho Villa 511: 489: 488: 474:Battles/wars 460:Mexican Army 376:(1928-07-17) 374:17 July 1928 325:Succeeded by 304: 283:Succeeded by 262: 243:Succeeded by 226: 206:Succeeded by 183: 171:Succeeded by 146: 126: 1920s 102: 89: 72:lead section 70: 50: 46: 39:Spanish name 4593:1928 deaths 4588:1880 births 4222:Científicos 4181:Encomiendas 4055:Vicente Fox 3851:Rómulo Díaz 3751:Pedro Vélez 3362:Eggli, Urs 3129:pp. 395–396 2866:pp. 375–389 2682:pp. 384–385 2607:pp. 382–383 1911:term limits 1818:entreguista 1814:expropriate 1703:Article 130 1684:Land reform 1673:Article 123 1427:land reform 1240:proletariat 1198:Primer Jefe 1108:automobiles 1070:Mexico City 1012:Mexico City 979: 1913 933:primer jefe 842:coup d'état 809:, a former 729:Mayo Valley 680:Mayo people 650:during the 618:during the 585:land reform 583:, moderate 398:Nationality 359:Siquisiva, 315:Preceded by 273:Preceded by 194:Preceded by 159:Preceded by 4582:Categories 4562:Soldaderas 4555:Magonistas 4550:Felicistas 4435:formations 4217:Porfiriato 4207:La Reforma 4202:Reform War 4164:Background 3013:0854880550 2770:1191803826 2357:Buchenau, 2304:References 2208:(1996) by 2158:Huatabampo 2048:newspapers 1976:Miguel Pro 1888:car rental 1872:irrigation 1798:Article 27 1763:Article 33 1739:encyclical 1436:Article 27 1313:Guanajuato 1286:Tamaulipas 1268:; General 876:Hermosillo 857:Félix Díaz 737:Huatabampo 694:sugar mill 685:Huatabampo 648:Maximilian 430:Allegiance 353:1880-02-17 297:Huatabampo 92:April 2024 4545:Federales 4186:Haciendas 3546:253993082 3474:248883002 3117:, p. 731. 2335:, p. 208. 2153:San Ángel 1876:rice mill 1810:Texas Oil 1699:Article 3 1668:in 1923. 1442:Articles 1402:Munitions 1104:carriages 1094:, water, 1092:mortgages 957:Chihuahua 818:Battalion 815:Irregular 803:Chihuahua 781:President 765:Chihuahua 721:harvester 713:garbanzos 673:garbanzos 656:haciendas 381:San Ángel 309:1911–1912 305:In office 263:In office 231:1918–1924 227:In office 184:In office 137:46th 82:and help 4525:Factions 4425:Maximato 3506:in JSTOR 3448:(CNCA); 3440:(ERA) – 3390:AllMusic 3366:(2004). 3291:Krauze, 3264:Krauze, 3212:Krauze, 3194:Krauze, 3147:Krauze, 3126:Krauze, 3095:Krauze, 3026:Krauze, 2925:Krauze, 2899:Dulles, 2881:Krauze, 2863:Krauze, 2713:Krauze, 2679:Krauze, 2661:Krauze, 2625:Krauze, 2604:Krauze, 2586:Krauze, 2568:Krauze, 2477:Krauze, 2393:Krauze, 2238:See also 2223:(2006). 1648:and the 1562:Veracruz 1521:governor 1513:Guerrero 1495:and the 1274:Saltillo 1112:bicycles 1096:pavement 1066:mudguard 1039:Mazatlán 1036:blockade 986:Culiacán 917:Monclova 909:Coahuila 516:against 37:In this 3651:of the 3647:in the 3609:9108261 3496:7202959 3178:Cline, 3165:Cline, 2903:, 17–18 2647:, 67–69 2430:, 10–11 2331:Cline, 2151:in the 2116:at the 2062:scholar 1675:of the 1505:paisano 1088:capital 1027:cavalry 953:Durango 949:Sinaloa 897:Guaymas 889:Cananea 885:Nogales 834:colonel 717:widower 640:Navojoa 551:led by 469:General 401:Mexican 361:Navojoa 148:Elected 47:Obregón 43:surname 4446:Legacy 4114:Regent 3607: 3599: 3584: 3561: 3544: 3536: 3528: 3494: 3486: 3472: 3464: 3444: 3436: 3364:et al. 3294:p. 403 3267:p. 401 3215:p. 398 3197:p. 397 3150:p. 396 3113:Katz, 3098:p. 395 3029:p. 394 3010: 2928:p. 390 2884:p. 389 2854:, 644. 2806: 2786:, 140. 2782:Hall, 2768: 2716:p. 387 2664:p. 384 2643:Hall, 2628:p. 383 2589:p. 382 2571:p. 380 2480:p. 377 2452:Hall, 2426:Hall, 2396:p. 375 2228:El Vez 2064: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2035: 1982:Honors 1880:Cajeme 1864:Sonora 1757:, the 1731:unions 1624:, and 1554:Puebla 1519:, was 1354:azteca 1309:Celaya 1262:Puebla 1100:sewers 1051:Colima 972:Yaquis 959:, and 945:Sonora 891:, and 880:Sonora 867:, the 863:, and 822:Sonora 644:Sonora 526:Sonora 457: 442:Mexico 439: 417:Spouse 365:Sonora 51:Salido 4518:Other 4500:(PRI) 4352:Plans 4191:Casta 2456:, 23. 2188:genus 2069:JSTOR 2055:books 1918:Yaqui 1266:Bajío 1081:pesos 1049:, to 1043:Tepic 1034:, to 690:lathe 3605:OCLC 3597:ISBN 3582:ISBN 3559:ISBN 3542:OCLC 3534:ISBN 3526:ISBN 3492:OCLC 3484:ISBN 3470:OCLC 3462:ISBN 3442:ISBN 3434:ISBN 3008:ISBN 2916:, 22 2804:ISBN 2766:OCLC 2361:, 32 2041:news 1892:jute 1850:and 1446:and 1388:the 1288:and 893:Naco 568:and 466:Rank 412:(PL) 371:Died 343:Born 3653:ZBW 3540:; 3388:at 3372:at 3297:at 3270:at 3218:at 3200:at 3153:at 3132:at 3101:at 3032:at 2931:at 2887:at 2869:at 2719:at 2685:at 2667:at 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