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of Costa Rica's forests, which showed that only five years of commercial timber remained outside of the country's forest reserves. The cause of the destruction was logging and pasture expansion. Much of the logging was illegal, and involved the felling of trees within national parks, in which logs were hauled out of the parks at night, or were hidden under beds of agricultural produce, and aided by the widespread use of forged logging permits. The following year the government declared a
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127:), and appointed Umaña as its first head. The purpose of the new ministry was to bring together disparate environmental agencies, to clarify their jurisdictional boundaries, and to improve coordination between the agencies. Under Umaña the National Parks department shifted its focus from merely natural protection to the idea of sustainable development and the need to include local people in the economic benefits of the parks.
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Umaña promoted what he called an 'aggressive' and 'ambitious' reforestation program in the denuded countryside, which helped to prevent soil erosion and restore farmland. In his first year as minister nearly 15,000 acres were reforested. In
February 1988, Umaña announced results of a satellite survey
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Umaña developed systems of financial compensation in the form of grants and favorable loans to give up low-yielding livestock farming to especially small and medium-sized farmers. To scale up these programs, Umaña developed a series of financial initiatives and sought new funding for conservation
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academic, environmentalist, and politician who served as
Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines from 1986 to 1990. He is credited for pursuing successful environmental policies which promoted conservation and reversed the country's high deforestation rates. He stars in the film,
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from overseas. The latter involved "debt-for-nature swaps" beginning with a deal agreed with the
Netherlands in 1988 in which the Netherlands wrote off debts in exchange for Costa Rica using the corresponding amount to restore and preserve forests.
150:: this involved the suspension of all logging permits outside of private plantations, and a ban on the export of unfinished timber products. Government funds were increased to the Rural Guard to improve enforcement.
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By the 1980's, Costa Rica had one of the worst records of deforestation in
Central America. Alvaro Umaña recognised that successful conservation required cooperation and support from local communities. When
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Umaña, Alvaro; Brandon, Katrina (1992). "Inventing institutions for conservation: lessons from Costa Rica". In Annis, Sheldon (ed.).
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became president in 1986, he created a cabinet-level
Ministry of Environment, Energy and Mines (
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Umaña has been the director of the
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Umaña has a BSc in physics and an MSc in environmental pollution control from
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Umaña was also director and founder of the
Natural Resources Program of the
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Poverty, Natural
Resources, and Public Policy in Central America
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Varieties of Green
Business: Industries, Nations and Time
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Umaña developed a system of regional conservation units (
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The Green
Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica
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The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica
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Instituto Centroamericano de Administracion de Empresas
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in New York. He was founding member and chair of the
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525:"About us"
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