945:
460:
810:
434:
sacculi which invade the primary septa. As the sacculi develop, the protrusions in the primary septa become larger; new septations are longer and thinner and are known as secondary septa. Secondary septa are responsible for the final division of the sacculi into alveoli. Majority of alveolar division occurs within the first 6 months but continue to develop until 3 years of age. To create a thinner diffusion barrier, the double-layer capillary network fuse into one network, each one closely associated with two alveoli as they develop.
447:
257:
933:
468:
47:
944:
385:
858:(the activity varies due to genetics or reaction of a critical methionine residue with toxins including cigarette smoke). The resulting loss of elasticity in the lungs leads to prolonged times for exhalation, which occurs through passive recoil of the expanded lung. This leads to a smaller volume of gas exchanged per breath.
794:
is produced by the lungs. The production of mucus occurs naturally when the lung tissue is exposed to irritants. In chronic bronchitis, the air passages into the alveoli, the respiratory bronchioles, become clogged with mucus. This causes increased coughing in order to remove the mucus, and is often
475:
Type I cells are the larger of the two cell types; they are thin, flat epithelial lining cells (membranous pneumocytes), that form the structure of the alveoli. They are squamous (giving more surface area to each cell) and have long cytoplasmic extensions that cover more than 95% of the alveolar
433:
Development of the earliest structures that will contain alveoli begins on day 22 and is divided into five stages: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stage. The alveolar stage begins approximately 36 weeks into development. Immature alveoli appear as bulges from the
412:
that moves about in the lumens of the alveoli, and in the connective tissue between them. Type I cells, also called type I pneumocytes, or type I alveolar cells, are squamous, thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli. Type II cells, also called type II pneumocytes or type II alveolar
635:
reside on the internal luminal surfaces of the alveoli, the alveolar ducts, and the bronchioles. They are mobile scavengers that serve to engulf foreign particles in the lungs, such as dust, bacteria, carbon particles, and blood cells from injuries. They are also called
381:. The septa also house the enmeshed capillary network that surrounds each alveolus. The elastic fibres allow the alveoli to stretch when they fill with air during inhalation. They then spring back during exhalation in order to expel the carbon dioxide-rich air.
556:
Type II cells are cuboidal and much smaller than type I cells. They are the most numerous cells in the alveoli, yet do not cover as much surface area as the squamous type I cells. Type II cells (granulous pneumocytes) in the alveolar wall contain secretory
622:
The importance of the type 2 lung alveolar cells in the development of severe respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 and potential mechanisms on how these cells are protected by the SSRIs fluvoxamine and fluoxetine was summarized in a review in April 2022.
437:
In the first three years of life, the enlargement of lungs is a consequence of the increasing number of alveoli; after this point, both the number and size of alveoli increases until the development of lungs finishes at approximately 8 years of age.
532:
The relatively low solubility (and hence rate of diffusion) of oxygen necessitates the large internal surface area (about 80 square m ) and very thin walls of the alveoli. Weaving between the capillaries and helping to support them is an
279:
The alveoli are first located in the respiratory bronchioles as scattered outpockets, extending from their lumens. The respiratory bronchioles run for considerable lengths and become increasingly alveolated with side branches of
839:
is a process in which the alveoli are destroyed and produce a cavity. As the alveoli are destroyed, the surface area for gas exchange to occur becomes reduced. Further changes in blood flow can lead to decline in lung
537:, a meshlike fabric of elastic and collagenous fibres. The collagen fibres, being more rigid, give the wall firmness, while the elastic fibres permit expansion and contraction of the walls during breathing.
463:
The cross section of an alveolus with capillaries is shown. Part of the cross section is magnified to show diffusion of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide through type I cells and capillary cells.
2132:
596:, secreting small amounts of surfactant. However, adequate amounts of surfactant are not secreted until about 35 weeks of gestation – this is the main reason for increased rates of
971:
881:
of the lung tissue caused by trauma. Damaged capillaries from a contusion can cause blood and other fluids to accumulate in the tissue of the lung, impairing gas exchange.
585:. The fluid coating is produced by the body in order to facilitate the transfer of gases between blood and alveolar air, and the type II cells are typically found at the
302:
contains about 480 million alveoli, providing a total surface area for gas exchange of between 70 and 80 square metres. Each alveolus is wrapped in a fine mesh of
2125:
887:
is the buildup of fluid in the parenchyma and alveoli. An edema is usually caused by left ventricular heart failure, or by damage to the lung or its vasculature.
816:
of lung in patient with AIDS. Mucicarmine stain. Histopathology of lung shows widened alveolar septum containing a few inflammatory cells and numerous yeasts of
350:
between the epithelial lining and the capillary membrane; a capillary basement membrane that often fuses with the alveolar basement membrane, and the capillary
130:
809:
459:
2118:
577:. The phospholipids are stored in the lamellar bodies. Without this coating, the alveoli would collapse. The surfactant is continuously released by
295:
and consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. New alveoli continue to form until the age of eight years.
1832:
Kumar, A; Abdelmalak, B; Inoue, Y; Culver, DA (July 2018). "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in adults: pathophysiology and clinical approach".
1932:
1718:
1490:
1462:
1373:
1333:
1136:
1152:
Hansen JE, Ampaya EP, Bryant GH, Navin JJ (June 1975). "Branching pattern of airways and air spaces of a single human terminal bronchiole".
689:
597:
1899:
780:
become narrowed, causing the amount of air flow into the lung tissue to be greatly reduced. It can be triggered by irritants in the air,
766:
685:
932:
603:
Type II cells are also capable of cellular division, giving rise to more type I and II alveolar cells when the lung tissue is damaged.
284:
that become deeply lined with alveoli. The ducts number between two and eleven from each bronchiole. Each duct opens into five or six
1328:
Stanton, Bruce M.; Koeppen, Bruce A., eds. (2008). Berne & Levy physiology (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 418–422.
1959:
1271:
914:
861:
693:
1579:. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
245:
across the membrane into the capillaries and carbon dioxide is released from the capillaries into the alveoli to be breathed out.
2279:
711:
Impaired surfactant regulation can cause an accumulation of surfactant proteins to build up in the alveoli in a condition called
902:
1975:
688:(ARDS) is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of surfactant. Insufficient surfactant in the lungs of preterm infants causes
581:. Reinflation of the alveoli following exhalation is made easier by the surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the thin
1785:"The probability of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome as a function of gestational age and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio"
750:, or both, in response to infection, causing the effective surface area of gas exchange to be reduced. In severe cases where
712:
529:, all type I alveolar cells have occluding junctions that prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space.
2001:"Trilogy of ACE2: a peptidase in the renin-angiotensin system, a SARS receptor, and a partner for amino acid transporters"
125:
1875:
798:
237:
taking place in all the alveoli present. The alveolar membrane is the gas exchange surface, surrounded by a network of
248:
Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates.
334:. The epithelial lining is part of the alveolar membrane, also known as the respiratory membrane, that allows the
2301:
1783:
St Clair C, Norwitz ER, Woensdregt K, Cackovic M, Shaw JA, Malkus H, Ehrenkranz RA, Illuzzi JL (September 2008).
961:
31:
2316:
2104:
918:
422:
113:
101:
1598:
525:
which may play a role in the removal of small particulate contaminants from the outer surface. In addition to
1346:
950:
Diagrammatic view of lung showing magnified inner structures including alveolar sacs at 10) and lobules at 9)
271:(BR) and alveolar ducts (DA) that open into alveolar sacs containing out pockets of alveoli (A) separated by
1016:
817:
762:
582:
548:. In the event of damage, type II cells can proliferate and differentiate into type I cells to compensate.
2342:
832:
can compress the alveoli and reduce gas exchange capacity. In some cases the tumor will fill the alveoli.
747:
268:
214:
137:
586:
195:
2421:
662:
446:
339:
199:
1353:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute.
1225:
Daniels CB, Orgeig S (August 2003). "Pulmonary surfactant: the key to the evolution of air breathing".
256:
1687:
118:
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791:
751:
681:
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414:
327:
264:
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851:
755:
658:
632:
488:
409:
187:
1857:
1572:
991:
836:
781:
514:
are clustered around it reducing the thickness of the cell. This also keeps the thickness of the
67:
1051:"The micromechanics of lung alveoli: structure and function of surfactant and tissue components"
1630:"Potential Role of the Antidepressants Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of COVID-19"
1207:
2357:
2177:
2150:
2142:
2079:
2030:
1955:
1928:
1849:
1814:
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1714:
1669:
1651:
1610:
1554:
1486:
1458:
1435:
1398:
1369:
1329:
1304:
1267:
1242:
1169:
1132:
1080:
515:
467:
2100:
2338:
2264:
2069:
2061:
2020:
2012:
1841:
1804:
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1659:
1641:
1544:
1534:
1296:
1234:
1161:
1070:
1062:
545:
230:
218:
1628:
Mahdi, Mohamed; Hermán, Levente; Réthelyi, János M.; Bálint, Bálint László (January 2022).
1099:
2328:
2284:
884:
731:
574:
562:
418:
272:
207:
2110:
2384:
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2074:
2049:
2025:
2000:
1809:
1784:
1760:
1735:
1664:
1629:
1075:
1050:
813:
700:
to indicate lung maturity or immaturity. A low ratio indicates a risk factor for IRDS.
697:
378:
191:
2050:"High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa"
1845:
1599:"MUC1 is a novel marker for the type II pneumocyte lineage during lung carcinogenesis"
2415:
2347:
2291:
2269:
2016:
1549:
1522:
850:
in the walls of the alveoli is broken down by an imbalance between the production of
705:
366:
222:
1861:
2259:
2254:
1707:
727:
570:
500:
480:
347:
335:
306:
covering about 70% of its area. The diameter of an alveolus is between 200 and 500
234:
226:
62:
1597:
Jarrard JA, Linnoila RI, Lee H, Steinberg SM, Witschi H, Szabo E (December 1998).
905:(ACE2) in type II alveolar cells, the lungs are susceptible to infections by some
1751:
106:
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1390:
1165:
906:
829:
677:
616:
522:
351:
303:
1300:
46:
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825:
787:
777:
673:
578:
492:
355:
343:
323:
319:
307:
260:
17:
1655:
510:
The nucleus of a type I cell occupies a large area of free cytoplasm and its
2391:
2306:
1238:
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843:
723:
593:
558:
526:
511:
496:
405:
331:
242:
238:
2083:
2048:
Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. (February 2020).
2034:
1949:
1853:
1818:
1800:
1769:
1673:
1558:
1439:
1402:
1308:
1246:
1084:
1614:
1173:
404:
known as type I and type II cells found in the alveolar wall, and a large
384:
2222:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2187:
1646:
743:
739:
701:
374:
615:
associated with type II pneumocytes, has been identified as a marker in
365:
there are interconnecting air passages between the alveoli known as the
221:. They are located sparsely in these bronchioles, line the walls of the
2172:
2159:
847:
541:
178:, is one of millions of hollow, distensible cup-shaped cavities in the
1523:"Alveolar epithelial type II cell: defender of the alveolus revisited"
143:
1195:. Washington, D.C.: National council for Science and the Environment.
878:
773:
203:
183:
565:
or lamellar granules, that fuse with the cell membranes and secrete
1736:"Mechanism of Lamellar Body Formation by Lung Surfactant Protein B"
487:. These cells are extremely thin – sometimes only 25 nm – the
808:
735:
504:
484:
466:
458:
445:
383:
255:
89:
1734:
Sever N, Miličić G, Bodnar NO, Wu X, Rapoport TA (January 2021).
1539:
1100:"Lung parenchyma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
784:
for example, as well as substances to which a person is allergic.
896:
864:
is a rare lung disorder of small stone formation in the alveoli.
612:
607:
299:
292:
179:
77:
2114:
1999:
Kuba K, Imai Y, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Penninger JM (October 2010).
600:, which drastically reduces at ages above 35 weeks gestation.
1266:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1996. pp. 22–25.
373:
that separates the alveoli in the alveolar sac contains some
1927:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
795:
a result of extended periods of exposure to cigarette smoke.
569:. This surfactant is a film of fatty substances, a group of
1948:
Mooi W (1996). "Common Lung
Cancers". In Hasleton P (ed.).
676:
in the alveoli is one of the causes that can contribute to
1481:
Gray, Henry; Standring, Susan; Anhand, Neel, eds. (2021).
1389:
Naeem, Ahmed; Rai, Sachchida N.; Pierre, Louisdon (2021).
1287:
Ochs M (2004). "The number of alveoli in the human lung".
1483:
Gray's
Anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
354:
membrane. The whole membrane however is only between 0.2
346:, the epithelial layer and its basement membrane; a thin
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1923:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston S, Davidson S (2010).
1709:
Anatomy and
Physiology: the unity of form and function
1214:. Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds.
684:, atelectasis is a certainty. The severe condition of
210:, which takes up 90 percent of the total lung volume.
1485:(42nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 1035.
708:
are two of the glycolipids of pulmonary surfactant.
592:
Type II cells start to develop at about 26 weeks of
491:
was needed to prove that all alveoli are lined with
2367:
2315:
2244:
2235:
2186:
2158:
2149:
972:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
124:
112:
100:
88:
83:
73:
61:
56:
39:
1706:
1573:"Lung – Regeneration – Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas"
746:and fluids are released into the alveolar cavity,
820:. The inner layer of the yeast capsule stain red.
769:(ARDS) a severe inflammatory disease of the lung.
358:at its thinnest part and 0.6 ÎĽm at its thickest.
1457:(Seventh ed.). Elsevier. pp. 126–129.
680:(collapse of part or all of the lung). Without
338:. The membrane has several layers – a layer of
202:. Alveoli make up the functional tissue of the
1976:"Pulmonary Contusion – Injuries and Poisoning"
1925:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1366:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
2126:
846:is another disease of the lungs, whereby the
8:
1453:Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandell J (2019).
1258:
1256:
479:Type I cells are involved in the process of
291:Each terminal respiratory unit is called an
1634:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
521:The cytoplasm in the thin portion contains
225:, and are more numerous in the blind-ended
2241:
2155:
2133:
2119:
2111:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
388:A histologic slide of a human alveolar sac
182:where pulmonary gas exchange takes place.
45:
2103:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2073:
2024:
1808:
1759:
1663:
1645:
1548:
1538:
1074:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
715:. This results in impaired gas exchange.
233:are the basic units of respiration, with
1954:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1076.
1368:. Saunders Elsevier. pp. 489–491.
1122:
1120:
983:
928:
503:between the air in the alveoli and the
1208:"Functions of the Respiratory Portion"
1206:Paxton S, Peckham M, Knibbs A (2003).
1191:. In McGinley M, Cleveland CJ (eds.).
992:"Pulmonary Gas Exchange - MeSH - NCBI"
141:
36:
2054:International Journal of Oral Science
1476:
1474:
1347:"Bronchi, Bronchial Tree & Lungs"
1049:Knudsen, L; Ochs, M (December 2018).
326:(very thin, flattened cells), and an
288:into which clusters of alveoli open.
170:, "little cavity"), also known as an
7:
1430:Rehman S, Bacha D (August 8, 2022).
690:infant respiratory distress syndrome
598:infant respiratory distress syndrome
450:An annotated diagram of the alveolus
897:ACE2 § Coronavirus entry point
767:acute respiratory distress syndrome
686:acute respiratory distress syndrome
159:
1900:"Pneumonia Symptoms and Diagnosis"
1688:"The trachea and the stem bronchi"
901:Because of the high expression of
854:(elevated by cigarette smoke) and
495:. This thin lining enables a fast
25:
1876:"Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes"
1391:"Histology, Alveolar Macrophages"
915:severe acute respiratory syndrome
862:Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
540:Type I pneumocytes are unable to
425:to replace damaged type I cells.
213:Alveoli are first located in the
198:between the alveolar air and the
2017:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.06.003
1834:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
1455:Principles of pulmonary medicine
943:
938:Blood circulation around alveoli
931:
507:in the surrounding capillaries.
217:that mark the beginning of the
27:Hollow cavity found in the lungs
2005:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1951:Spencer's Pathology of the Lung
1694:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1264:Spencer's pathology of the lung
1131:. Wolters Kluwer. p. 336.
1055:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
903:angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
392:There are three major types of
1980:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
1227:News in Physiological Sciences
734:, which can be caused by both
713:pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
1:
1846:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30043-2
1154:Journal of Applied Physiology
544:and are susceptible to toxic
1752:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.042
799:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
694:lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
471:Gas exchange in the alveolus
1577:National Toxicology Program
1508:Histology, A Text and Atlas
1506:Ross MH, Pawlina W (2011).
1166:10.1152/jappl.1975.38.6.983
1129:Clinically oriented anatomy
583:fluid lining of the alveoli
318:An alveolus consists of an
2438:
1301:10.1164/rccm.200308-1107OC
894:
656:
29:
2302:Middle lobe of right lung
2066:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
1904:American Lung Association
1713:. New York: McGraw Hill.
1434:. StatPearls Publishing.
1397:. StatPearls Publishing.
1289:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
1212:The Leeds Histology Guide
1067:10.1007/s00418-018-1747-9
962:Interstitial lung disease
136:
44:
2105:Medical Subject Headings
919:coronavirus disease 2019
483:between the alveoli and
2143:lower respiratory tract
1692:Encyclopædia Britannica
1239:10.1152/nips.01438.2003
818:Cryptococcus neoformans
763:Diffuse alveolar damage
269:respiratory bronchioles
215:respiratory bronchioles
2343:Respiratory bronchiole
1801:10.1055/s-0028-1085066
821:
754:cannot be maintained,
728:inflammatory condition
696:is a measure of fetal
518:reduced to a minimum.
472:
464:
451:
389:
276:
138:Anatomical terminology
1521:Fehrenbach H (2001).
1432:Embryology, Pulmonary
1351:SEER Training Modules
1193:Encyclopedia of Earth
895:Further information:
812:
663:Alveolar lung disease
648:Clinical significance
638:pulmonary macrophages
573:that reduce alveolar
470:
462:
449:
387:
340:alveolar lining fluid
259:
2297:Lingula of left lung
1647:10.3390/ijms23073812
1527:Respiratory Research
996:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
752:cellular respiration
682:pulmonary surfactant
633:alveolar macrophages
627:Alveolar macrophages
567:pulmonary surfactant
535:extracellular matrix
523:pinocytotic vesicles
415:pulmonary surfactant
328:extracellular matrix
265:terminal bronchioles
30:For other uses, see
2333:Terminal bronchiole
1705:Saladin KS (2007).
875:pulmonary contusion
856:alpha-1 antitrypsin
852:neutrophil elastase
824:Almost any type of
756:supplemental oxygen
659:Respiratory disease
489:electron microscope
410:alveolar macrophage
324:squamous epithelium
206:lungs known as the
200:pulmonary capillary
837:Cavitary pneumonia
822:
792:abundance of mucus
788:Chronic bronchitis
782:photochemical smog
765:can be a cause of
473:
465:
452:
390:
348:interstitial space
298:A typical pair of
277:
156:pulmonary alveolus
119:H3.05.02.0.00026
68:Respiratory system
40:Pulmonary alveolus
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2358:Blood-air barrier
2231:
2230:
2173:Annular ligaments
2101:Pulmonary+Alveoli
1934:978-0-7020-3085-7
1720:978-0-07-322804-4
1510:(Sixth ed.).
1492:978-0-7020-7705-0
1464:978-0-323-52371-4
1375:978-1-4160-4574-8
1334:978-0-323-04582-7
1187:Hogan CM (2011).
1138:978-1-4963-4721-3
1023:. 2 February 2011
925:Additional images
758:may be required.
587:blood–air barrier
516:blood-air barrier
336:exchange of gases
196:blood–air barrier
152:
151:
147:
95:alveolus pulmonis
16:(Redirected from
2429:
2339:Respiratory zone
2242:
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2151:Respiratory tree
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1127:Moore K (2018).
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947:
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396:. Two types are
322:layer of simple
267:(BT) leading to
263:anatomy showing
219:respiratory zone
161:
144:edit on Wikidata
49:
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2329:Conducting zone
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2141:Anatomy of the
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1998:
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885:Pulmonary edema
871:
807:
790:occurs when an
721:
670:
665:
657:Main articles:
655:
650:
629:
575:surface tension
563:lamellar bodies
554:
457:
444:
431:
421:, and can also
419:surface tension
413:cells, release
406:phagocytic cell
375:collagen fibers
371:alveolar septum
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208:lung parenchyma
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1840:(7): 554–565.
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1789:Am J Perinatol
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1609:(23): 5582–9.
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363:alveolar walls
342:that contains
330:surrounded by
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282:alveolar ducts
273:alveolar septa
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223:alveolar ducts
192:carbon dioxide
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2018:
2014:
2011:(1): 119–28.
2010:
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1961:0-07-105448-0
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907:coronaviruses
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672:Insufficient
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571:phospholipids
568:
564:
560:
552:Type II cells
551:
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441:
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435:
428:
426:
424:
423:differentiate
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
402:pneumonocytes
399:
395:
394:alveolar cell
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:pores of Kohn
364:
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286:alveolar sacs
283:
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227:alveolar sacs
224:
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173:
169:
166:, from Latin
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2422:Lung anatomy
2352:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1950:
1943:
1924:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
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1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1540:10.1186/rr36
1533:(1): 33–46.
1530:
1526:
1516:
1507:
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1482:
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1431:
1408:12 September
1406:. Retrieved
1394:
1384:
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1263:
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1157:
1153:
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1128:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
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1025:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:
986:
921:(COVID-19).
900:
883:
872:
823:
748:interstitium
722:
719:Inflammation
710:
692:(IRDS). The
671:
641:
637:
630:
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606:
605:
602:
591:
555:
539:
531:
520:
509:
501:gas exchange
481:gas exchange
478:
474:
455:Type I cells
436:
432:
408:known as an
401:
397:
393:
391:
370:
362:
360:
317:
314:Microanatomy
297:
290:
285:
281:
278:
247:
241:. Oxygen is
235:gas exchange
212:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
153:
94:
2397:Goblet cell
1880:Mayo Clinic
1640:(7): 3812.
1104:Radiopaedia
1001:30 December
917:(SARS) and
913:that cause
891:Coronavirus
830:lung cancer
778:bronchioles
732:lung tissue
678:atelectasis
617:lung cancer
429:Development
398:pneumocytes
352:endothelial
332:capillaries
304:capillaries
300:human lungs
239:capillaries
84:Identifiers
51:The alveoli
2325:Bronchiole
2317:BP segment
2280:Horizontal
2251:Landmarks
2216:eparterial
1985:2019-06-10
1909:2019-06-10
1885:2019-06-10
1583:2018-05-18
1395:StatPearls
978:References
967:A549 cells
826:lung tumor
805:Structural
674:surfactant
668:Surfactant
642:dust cells
611:, a human
579:exocytosis
559:organelles
527:desmosomes
512:organelles
493:epithelium
344:surfactant
320:epithelial
2392:Club cell
2276:Fissures
2211:Secondary
1656:1422-0067
1109:15 August
1017:"Alveoli"
844:Emphysema
840:function.
744:Cytokines
724:Pneumonia
594:gestation
561:known as
542:replicate
497:diffusion
476:surface.
417:to lower
261:Bronchial
252:Structure
204:mammalian
188:exchanged
176:air space
2416:Category
2353:Alveolus
2223:Tertiary
2084:32094336
2060:(1): 8.
2035:20599443
1862:27932336
1854:29397349
1819:18773379
1770:33242393
1740:Mol Cell
1674:35409171
1559:11686863
1440:31335092
1403:30020685
1309:14512270
1247:12869615
1085:30390118
956:See also
740:bacteria
702:Lecithin
653:Diseases
442:Function
243:diffused
168:alveolus
74:Location
32:Alveolus
2385:Type II
2285:Oblique
2245:General
2188:Bronchi
2160:Trachea
2075:7039956
2026:7112678
1810:3095020
1761:7797001
1665:8998734
1615:9850098
1174:1141138
1076:6267411
1027:22 July
911:viruses
848:elastin
736:viruses
730:of the
546:insults
361:In the
194:at the
172:air sac
164:alveoli
107:D011650
57:Details
2380:Type I
2178:Carina
2107:(MeSH)
2082:
2072:
2033:
2023:
1958:
1931:
1860:
1852:
1817:
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879:bruise
776:, the
774:asthma
726:is an
640:, and
369:. The
293:acinus
229:. The
184:Oxygen
63:System
2368:Cells
2270:Hilum
2237:Lungs
2204:right
2195:Main
1858:S2CID
1550:59567
877:is a
869:Fluid
505:blood
485:blood
231:acini
180:lungs
142:[
90:Latin
2265:Root
2260:Apex
2255:Base
2199:left
2080:PMID
2031:PMID
1956:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1850:PMID
1815:PMID
1766:PMID
1715:ISBN
1670:PMID
1652:ISSN
1611:PMID
1555:PMID
1487:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1436:PMID
1410:2021
1399:PMID
1370:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1305:PMID
1268:ISBN
1243:PMID
1170:PMID
1133:ISBN
1111:2021
1081:PMID
1029:2021
1003:2022
738:and
704:and
661:and
631:The
613:gene
608:MUC1
377:and
275:(AS)
190:for
131:7318
102:MeSH
78:Lung
2070:PMC
2062:doi
2021:PMC
2013:doi
2009:128
1842:doi
1805:PMC
1797:doi
1756:PMC
1748:doi
1660:PMC
1642:doi
1545:PMC
1535:doi
1297:doi
1235:doi
1162:doi
1071:PMC
1063:doi
1059:150
828:or
772:In
499:of
400:or
186:is
174:or
160:pl.
126:FMA
2418::
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2007:.
2003:.
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158:(
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