61:
896:
Torgerson PR, Schweiger A, Deplazes P, Pohar M, Reichen J, Ammann RW, et al. (July 2008). "Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survival and economic analysis in
Switzerland over the last 35 years".
1287:
1272:
576:
Rausch RL, Wilson JF, Schantz PM (June 1990). "A programme to reduce the risk of infection by
Echinococcus multilocularis: the use of praziquantel to control the cestode in a village in the hyperendemic region of Alaska".
341:. Chemotherapy must continue for many years, sometimes for the remainder of the patient's life. Failure to comply with these expensive and difficult treatments will likely result in death for the patient.
361:
AHD is not as common as diseases caused by other flatworms, but it is still prevalent in the
Northern hemisphere. It is not uncommon in China, with some communities having a 5% or more
214:. Humans make poor intermediate hosts for the worm, as they play no role in their life cycle. However, when exposed the worms will still infect them. A major risk factor is when their
814:"Could the domestic cat play a significant role in the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis? A study based on qPCR analysis of cat feces in a rural area in France"
237:
then will contain the worms' eggs, which have fully developed larval worms inside. Humans become infected after eating food or water contaminated by embryonated
1030:
Craig PS, Deshan L, MacPherson CN, Dazhong S, Reynolds D, Barnish G, et al. (October 1992). "A large focus of alveolar echinococcosis in central China".
1075:"Use of disability adjusted life years in the estimation of the disease burden of echinococcosis for a high endemic region of the Tibetan plateau"
349:
The disease is often progressive and destructive. The growth happens slow, and so many people do not get symptoms until the later stages. Central
54:
534:
872:
101:
73:
190:
As the larvae grow in the liver, they create lesions. If untreated, this progresses into abdominal mass and/or pain,
1340:
424:
AHD is confined to the
Northern hemisphere. There are about 18,235 reported cases every year with 95% hailing from
455:"Alveolar hydatid disease. Review of the surgical experience in 42 cases of active disease among Alaskan Eskimos"
329:
Early detection and treatment and radical surgery is key to preventing fatality from AHD. Treatment may include
1302:
115:
1345:
408:
or a different species. It was finally settled by two publications between 1954 and 1955, the former from
1171:
Nunnari G, Pinzone MR, Gruttadauria S, Celesia BM, Madeddu G, Malaguarnera G, et al. (April 2012).
781:"Diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures in a growing problem: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis"
1222:
Romig T, Dinkel A, Mackenstedt U (January 2006). "The present situation of echinococcosis in Europe".
1291:
274:
211:
175:
171:
60:
1104:
1055:
540:
1122:
Schweiger A, Ammann RW, Candinas D, Clavien PA, Eckert J, Gottstein B, et al. (June 2007).
1313:
1235:
1204:
1153:
1096:
1047:
1012:
963:
914:
878:
868:
843:
758:
700:
648:
640:
594:
530:
484:
49:
1227:
1194:
1184:
1143:
1135:
1086:
1039:
1002:
994:
953:
945:
906:
833:
825:
792:
748:
738:
690:
682:
632:
586:
522:
474:
466:
298:
282:
270:
330:
266:
179:
1199:
1172:
1148:
1123:
958:
933:
838:
813:
753:
726:
695:
670:
517:
Malik AA, ul Bari S (2019). "Alveolar
Hydatid Disease". In Malik AA, ul Bari S (eds.).
479:
454:
382:
362:
286:
110:
89:
1296:
1007:
982:
636:
1334:
1043:
949:
470:
365:. In Europe, it is considered an emerging disease. The increasing fox populations of
338:
195:
120:
1108:
1059:
544:
590:
334:
318:
215:
1307:
1231:
743:
686:
526:
386:
294:
290:
226:
163:
139:
910:
829:
1318:
1281:
258:
124:
1189:
1091:
1074:
644:
882:
1239:
1208:
1157:
1139:
1100:
918:
847:
762:
704:
1124:"Human alveolar echinococcosis after fox population increase, Switzerland"
1051:
1016:
967:
797:
780:
652:
598:
488:
862:
350:
314:
242:
191:
170:, and is mostly confined to the Northern hemisphere, south to around the
147:
96:
93:
998:
413:
391:
310:
289:, primarily the liver, where they develop to another larval stage, the
262:
143:
1264:
1276:
409:
397:
366:
230:
167:
151:
135:
40:
119:), it is also still a serious disease that has a significantly high
669:
Bhatia JK, Ravikumar R, Naidu CS, Sethumadhavan T (December 2016).
1073:
Budke CM, Jiamin Q, Zinsstag J, Qian W, Torgerson PR (July 2004).
436:
Wildlife research is working to detect the parasite in new areas.
425:
278:
234:
159:
131:
106:
932:
Amir-Jahed AK, Fardin R, Farzad A, Bakshandeh K (November 1975).
378:
155:
671:"Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: A rare entity in India"
864:
Hydatid disease : current medical and surgical management
246:
238:
222:
218:
404:
species. For 100 year it was debated whether the species was
389:, recognized that the disorder that was at the time known as
623:
Ammann RW, Eckert J (1996-09-01). "CESTODES: Echinococcus".
725:
Torgerson PR, Keller K, Magnotta M, Ragland N (June 2010).
317:
liver tissue, it can be difficult to differentiate AHD and
241:, or by handling an infected host like dogs and cats or by
1173:"Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects"
812:
Knapp J, Combes B, Umhang G, Aknouche S, Millon L (2016).
105:. Although alveolar echinococcosis is rarely diagnosed in
983:"Molecular and immunological diagnosis of echinococcosis"
99:. AHD is caused by an infection of the flatworm species
561:
Schantz PM (1988). "Echinococcosis (Hydatid
Disease)".
353:
cavities are common in advanced stages of the disease.
1079:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1254:
565:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 836–849.
123:. It is considered one of the most life-threatening
1258:
68:
48:
26:
21:
178:of Northern latitude, save some cases reported in
779:Kantarci M, Pirimoglu B, Kizrak Y (2014-03-28).
727:"The global burden of alveolar echinococcosis"
453:Wilson JF, Rausch RL, Wilson FR (March 1995).
293:." The larval growth resembles a slow-moving
8:
579:Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
563:Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
1255:
369:correlate with heightened reported cases.
59:
18:
1198:
1188:
1147:
1090:
1006:
957:
837:
796:
752:
742:
694:
625:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
478:
400:in the liver, were actually caused by an
521:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 63–72.
445:
92:, or a disease that originates from a
396:, which was known for its tumor-like
210:, a species of flatworm found in the
206:AHD is caused by the larval stage of
7:
785:World Journal of Surgical Procedures
774:
772:
720:
718:
716:
714:
664:
662:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
556:
554:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
675:Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
297:and it is able to destroy both the
109:and is not as widespread as cystic
867:. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann.
269:, become activated, penetrate the
14:
1177:World Journal of Gastroenterology
950:10.1097/00000658-197511000-00001
731:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
471:10.1097/00000658-199503000-00015
861:Morris DL, Richards KS (1992).
591:10.1080/00034983.1990.11812463
257:Once ingested by humans, "the
225:eat wild, infected (typically
34:Alveolar colloid of the liver,
1:
987:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
637:10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70268-5
309:Due to its infiltration into
1232:10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.028
1128:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1044:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92693-a
744:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000722
127:infections humans can have.
687:10.1016/j.mjafi.2015.12.005
527:10.1007/978-981-13-2152-8_6
519:Human Abdominal Hydatidosis
102:Echinococcus multilocularis
74:Echinococcus multilocularis
1362:
1224:Parasitology International
911:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.023
72:infection of larval stage
981:Gottstein B (July 1992).
934:"Clinical echinococcosis"
333:to remove the larvae and
1308:C536591 C536591, C536591
1190:10.3748/wjg.v18.i13.1448
1092:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.56
830:10.1051/parasite/2016052
130:It is most prevalent in
82:Alveolar hydatid disease
116:Echinococcus granulosus
57:, helminthologist
31:Alveolar echinococcosis
22:Aveolar Hydatid Disease
1140:10.3201/eid1306.061074
681:(Suppl 1): S126–S129.
394:carcinoma of the liver
1226:. 55 Suppl: S187-91.
899:Journal of Hepatology
798:10.5412/wjsp.v4.i1.13
412:and the latter from
999:10.1128/cmr.5.3.248
432:Research directions
420:Society and culture
212:Northern Hemisphere
55:Infectious diseases
301:and its function.
208:E. mulitilocularis
186:Signs and symptoms
1341:Diseases of liver
1328:
1327:
938:Annals of Surgery
536:978-981-13-2152-8
459:Annals of Surgery
283:lymphatic vessels
79:
78:
16:Medical condition
1353:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1094:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1038:(8823): 826–31.
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
978:
972:
971:
961:
929:
923:
922:
893:
887:
886:
858:
852:
851:
841:
809:
803:
802:
800:
776:
767:
766:
756:
746:
722:
709:
708:
698:
666:
657:
656:
620:
603:
602:
573:
567:
566:
558:
549:
548:
514:
493:
492:
482:
450:
299:liver parenchyma
271:epithelial layer
64:
63:
37:Alveolococcosis,
19:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1267:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1183:(13): 1448–58.
1170:
1169:
1165:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1029:
1028:
1024:
980:
979:
975:
931:
930:
926:
895:
894:
890:
875:
860:
859:
855:
811:
810:
806:
778:
777:
770:
724:
723:
712:
668:
667:
660:
622:
621:
606:
575:
574:
570:
560:
559:
552:
537:
516:
515:
496:
452:
451:
447:
442:
434:
422:
375:
359:
347:
331:liver resection
327:
307:
287:visceral organs
267:small intestine
255:
253:Pathophysiology
204:
188:
180:Northern Africa
88:) is a form of
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1284:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:Classification
1252:
1251:External links
1249:
1246:
1245:
1214:
1163:
1114:
1065:
1022:
973:
924:
888:
873:
853:
804:
768:
710:
658:
631:(3): 655–689.
604:
568:
550:
535:
494:
444:
443:
441:
438:
433:
430:
421:
418:
383:Rudolf Virchow
374:
371:
363:infection rate
358:
355:
346:
343:
339:benzimidazoles
326:
323:
306:
303:
254:
251:
203:
200:
194:, and finally
187:
184:
111:echinococcosis
90:echinococcosis
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
52:
46:
45:
43:echinococcosis
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1358:
1347:
1346:Helminthiases
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:(6): 878–82.
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:(3): 248–61.
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
874:0-7506-1379-3
870:
866:
865:
857:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
805:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
769:
764:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:(3): 239–50.
584:
580:
572:
569:
564:
557:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
495:
490:
486:
481:
476:
472:
468:
465:(3): 315–23.
464:
460:
456:
449:
446:
439:
437:
431:
429:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:E. granulosus
403:
399:
395:
393:
388:
385:, the German
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:hatch in the
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
201:
199:
197:
196:liver failure
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
121:fatality rate
118:
117:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
71:
67:
62:
56:
53:
51:
47:
44:
42:
38:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1312:
1301:
1286:
1271:
1223:
1217:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1085:(1): 56–64.
1082:
1078:
1068:
1035:
1031:
1025:
990:
986:
976:
944:(5): 541–6.
941:
937:
927:
902:
898:
891:
863:
856:
821:
817:
807:
791:(1): 13–20.
788:
784:
734:
730:
678:
674:
628:
624:
582:
578:
571:
562:
518:
462:
458:
448:
435:
423:
405:
402:Echinococcus
401:
390:
376:
360:
357:Epidemiology
348:
335:chemotherapy
328:
319:liver cancer
308:
256:
216:domesticated
207:
205:
189:
129:
114:
100:
85:
81:
80:
41:Multilocular
39:
36:
33:
30:
905:(1): 72–7.
737:(6): e722.
387:pathologist
295:liver tumor
291:metacestode
259:oncospheres
176:45th degree
164:Afghanistan
140:Switzerland
113:(caused by
27:Other names
1335:Categories
1314:DiseasesDB
440:References
325:Management
134:, Eastern
125:helminthic
645:0889-8553
345:Prognosis
305:Diagnosis
245:infected
227:arvicolid
94:parasitic
50:Specialty
1240:16352465
1209:22509076
1158:17553227
1109:35630697
1101:15238690
1060:31696615
919:18485517
883:24538737
848:27739398
818:Parasite
763:20582310
705:28050091
545:86375680
351:necrotic
315:vascular
243:skinning
233:. Their
192:jaundice
148:Bulgaria
97:flatworm
1200:3319940
1149:2792858
1052:1357252
1017:1498767
968:1190858
959:1344034
839:5782850
754:2889826
696:5192168
653:8863045
599:2222026
489:7717785
480:1234575
414:Germany
398:lesions
392:colloid
373:History
311:biliary
285:to the
275:migrate
263:stomach
231:rodents
144:Austria
1238:
1207:
1197:
1156:
1146:
1107:
1099:
1058:
1050:
1032:Lancet
1015:
1008:358243
1005:
966:
956:
917:
881:
871:
846:
836:
824:: 42.
761:
751:
703:
693:
651:
643:
597:
543:
533:
487:
477:
410:Alaska
367:Europe
337:using
273:, and
168:Russia
166:, and
152:Turkey
136:France
107:humans
69:Causes
1297:122.7
1282:B67.7
1105:S2CID
1056:S2CID
541:S2CID
426:China
279:blood
247:foxes
235:feces
202:Cause
160:Japan
132:China
1319:4048
1303:MeSH
1292:9-CM
1236:PMID
1205:PMID
1154:PMID
1097:PMID
1048:PMID
1013:PMID
964:PMID
915:PMID
879:OCLC
869:ISBN
844:PMID
759:PMID
701:PMID
649:PMID
641:ISSN
595:PMID
531:ISBN
485:PMID
379:1855
313:and
281:and
277:via
239:eggs
223:cats
221:and
219:dogs
172:40th
156:Iran
1288:ICD
1273:ICD
1228:doi
1195:PMC
1185:doi
1144:PMC
1136:doi
1087:doi
1040:doi
1036:340
1003:PMC
995:doi
954:PMC
946:doi
942:182
907:doi
834:PMC
826:doi
793:doi
749:PMC
739:doi
691:PMC
683:doi
633:doi
587:doi
523:doi
475:PMC
467:doi
463:221
377:In
265:or
174:or
86:AHD
1337::
1317::
1306::
1295::
1280::
1277:10
1234:.
1203:.
1193:.
1181:18
1179:.
1175:.
1152:.
1142:.
1132:13
1130:.
1126:.
1103:.
1095:.
1083:71
1081:.
1077:.
1054:.
1046:.
1034:.
1011:.
1001:.
989:.
985:.
962:.
952:.
940:.
936:.
913:.
903:49
901:.
877:.
842:.
832:.
822:23
820:.
816:.
787:.
783:.
771:^
757:.
747:.
733:.
729:.
713:^
699:.
689:.
679:72
677:.
673:.
661:^
647:.
639:.
629:25
627:.
607:^
593:.
583:84
581:.
553:^
539:.
529:.
497:^
483:.
473:.
461:.
457:.
428:.
416:.
381:,
321:.
249:.
229:)
198:.
182:.
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
1290:-
1275:-
1265:D
1242:.
1230::
1211:.
1187::
1160:.
1138::
1111:.
1089::
1062:.
1042::
1019:.
997::
991:5
970:.
948::
921:.
909::
885:.
850:.
828::
801:.
795::
789:4
765:.
741::
735:4
707:.
685::
655:.
635::
601:.
589::
547:.
525::
491:.
469::
84:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
