2717:—were characterised by the absence of money, capital, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage rationing would be done in a way in which "a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form", with deductions being made from said labor to fund public projects, and difference in interests between the rural and urban proletariat would exist, whilst in communism "bourgeoisie law" would be no more, hence the equal standard applied to all peoples no longer would apply, and the alienated man "will not aim to win back his person" but rather become a new "Social Man". Arguing against what Bordiga saw as the bourgeois idea of "free producer economies", he instead declared that under communism, whether it be the lower stage or higher stage, production and consumption are both enslaved to society.
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According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the
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By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among
Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. ... At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. ... The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages
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and never polemicised against Lenin directly; his totally different appreciation of the 1921 conjuncture, its consequences for the
Comintern and his opposition to Lenin and Trotsky on the united front issue illuminates a turning point that is generally obscured by the heirs of the Trotskyist wing of
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ebb he saw setting in. This was the base of his critique of democracy, for it was in the name of conquering the masses that the
Comintern seemed to be making all kinds of programmatic concessions to left-wing social democrats. For Bordiga, program was everything, a gate-receipt notion of numbers was
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This view distinguished
Bordiga from other Leninists and especially the Trotskyists, who tended and still tend to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism; Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying,
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opposition" and been organisationally disruptive. With his expulsion, Bordiga left political activity until 1943 and he was to refuse to comment on political affairs even when asked by trusted friends; many of his former supporters in the PCdI went into exile and founded a political tendency often
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and he did consider himself a
Leninist, Bordiga did not distinguish between the two in the same way Leninists do. Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism but rather just as how communism looks as it emerges from capitalism before it has "developed on its own
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for allying with the western Allies against the Axis in April 1943.. Other sources cast doubt on the analysis that
Bordiga supported Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy, citing ‘contradictory’ testimony on the issue. He supported the ‘proletarian’ partisan movements, as well as the anti-fascist Warsaw
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and the dictatorship of the party, and argued that establishing its own dictatorship should be the party's immediate and direct aim. This position was accepted by the majority of the members of the PCdI but was to bring them into conflict with the
Comintern when in 1921 the latter adopted a new
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In 1928, its members in exile in France and
Belgium formed themselves into the Left Fraction of the Communist Party of Italy, which became in 1935 the Italian Fraction of the Communist Left. This change of name was a reflection of the Italian communist left's view that the PCdI and the other
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began corresponding with
Bordiga from the age of 19 in 1954, and Bordiga developed a long-standing relationship with Camatte and ideological influence over him. Camatte's early work very much reads in line with the Bordigist current, and Bordiga frequently contributed to Camatte's journal
2293:, where he met with Gramsci and they renewed their friendship and worked alongside each other despite their political differences. Bordiga was concerned about Gramsci's ill health but nothing came of a plan to help him escape the island. In 1928, Bordiga was moved to the Isle of
2437:, one a cooperative farm and the other a wage-labor state farm. In particular, he emphasized how much of the national agrarian produce came from small privately owned plots (writing in 1950) and predicted the rates at which the Soviet Union would start importing wheat after
2513:. Followers of Bordiga often state that there is no functional difference between democracy and dictatorship, as one class will inevitably establish control. To Bordiga, democracy meant above all the manipulation of society as a formless mass. To this, he counterposed the
2679:) without simply calling for more democracy. The abstract formal perspective of bureaucracy/democracy, with which the Trotskyist tradition treats this crucial period in Comintern history, became separated from any content. Bordiga throughout his life called himself a
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The Amadeo
Bordiga Foundation was established in 1998 in Formia, in the house where Bordiga spent the last several months of his life. The foundation organizes publications of Bordiga's works and encourages further expansions upon his ideas. In August 2020,
2333:. According to Alliotta, Bordiga believed Nazi Germany was weakening the "English giant", which to him was "the greatest exponent of capitalism", and thus the defeat of Britain would bring about revolutionary conditions in Europe. Bordiga also criticised
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need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
2083:, he wrote: "Thus if there is a complete negation of the theory of democratic action it is to be found in socialism." Bordiga opposed the parliamentary faction of the PSI being autonomous from central control. In common with most socialists in
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After the congress, Bordiga emerged as leader of the newly formed Communist Party of Italy. He was one of five members of the executive but was "the actual director of all party activity". For Bordiga, the party was the social brain of the
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nature of prior revolutions that degenerated as all had in common a policy of expropriation and agrarian and productive development, which he considered negations of previous conditions and not the genuine construction of socialism.
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in June. In March 1925, Bordiga refused to go to Moscow to attend a plenum of Comintern's executive, and in his absence was accused of taking up a "hostile position against Comintern by declaring his complete solidarity with
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is above all about the expression of programmatic content. This enforces the fact that, for Marxists, communism is not an ideal to be achieved but a real movement born from the old society with a set of programmatic tasks.
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was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 ... , the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution.
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and selling and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached. Within the Marxist movement,
2158:, who witnessed the 2nd Comintern Congrees, remembered Bordiga as "exuberant and energetic, features blunt, hair thick, black and bristly, a man quivering under his encumbrance of ideas, experiences and dark forecasts."
2189:, who advised delaying the split. Bordiga advocated an immediate break with both Serrati and Turati, and hence with the majority of the PSI, and prevailed against the opposition of the leading Comintern representative
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who opposed any cooperation with socialist parties in favour of a "united front from below, not from above", which received support except within the Italian delegation. He argued that the rise of Mussolini and the
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without Bolsheviks—or soviet workers councils not dominated by Bolsheviks. As such, Bordiga opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, believing that the
2245:, he had to give up his post as a member of the Central Committee of the PCdI. On his acquittal later that year, Bordiga decided not to reclaim it, therefore implicitly accepting that he was now an oppositionist.
2527:(1848). He often referred to the spirit of Engels' remark that "on the eve of the revolution all the forces of reaction will be against us under the banner of 'pure democracy'" as every factional opponent of the
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nothing. The role of the party in the period of ebb was to preserve the program and to carry on the propaganda work possible until the next turn of the tide, not to dilute it while chasing ephemeral popularity.
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approach to political work and developed a "theory of the Party", whereby the organization was meant to display non-immediate goals as a rally of similarly minded people and not necessarily a body of the
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was only "a change in the governing personnel of the bourgeois class." Also in 1924, the Italian communist left lost control of the PCdI to a pro-Moscow group whose leader Gramsci became the party's
2297:, where he built several houses, returning after his detention in 1929 to finish them. Bordiga was released in 1931 on the occasion of his niece’s marriage to a fascist. He also posed in a group of
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According to the reports of Angelo Alliotta, a secret informant of the fascist police in Italy who visited Bordiga's home in Formia where he holidayed with his wife, Bordiga showed support for the
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At the Third Congress of the PCdI held in exile in Lyons in January 1926, the manoeuvre of the pro-Moscow group was completed. Without the support of the Communist International to escape from
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from which it had just broken away. Bordiga had a completely different view of the party from the Comintern, which was adapting to the revolutionary ebb that was announced in 1921 by the
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in 1912. Bordiga married De Meo in 1914. They had two children, Alma and Oreste. Ortensia died in 1955, and Bordiga married Ortensia's sister, Antonietta De Meo, ten years later in 1965.
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Following his release, Bordiga did not resume his activities in the PCdI and was in fact expelled in March 1930, accused of having "supported, defended and endorsed the positions of the
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2241:) accepted the Comintern decision but were in an increasingly difficult position. When Bordiga was arrested in February 1923 on a trumped-up charge by the new government of
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whose task was not to seek majority support but to concentrate on working for an armed insurrection in the course of which it would seize power and then use it to abolish
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teacher in 1910. Bordiga eventually founded the Karl Marx Circle in 1912, where he would meet his first wife, Ortensia De Meo. Bordiga graduated with a degree in
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control, few members of the Italian communist left were able to arrive at the Congress, so the theses drawn up by Bordiga were rejected. Those of the
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Communist parties had now become counter-revolutionary. A faction of the party, with their theory of the party and their opposition to any form of
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Bordiga's analysis provided a way of seeing a fundamental degeneration in the world communist movement in 1921 (instead of in 1927 with the
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near the end of his life. Even after Camatte's break with Marxism following Bordiga's death, Camatte's preoccupation within the subject of
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in Germany. For Bordiga, the Western European Communist parties' strategy of fighting this ebb by absorbing a mass of left-wing
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wing. In the course of the conflict, Bordiga attended the 2nd Comintern Congress in 1920, where he added two points to the
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Ortensia De Meo (m. 1914; died 1955)
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and even to form a workers' government. Bordiga regarded this as a reversion to the failed tactics which the pre-war
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in January 1921, representatives sent by Comintern, all insisted that the party must expel its reformist wing led by
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2132:(PCdI). This came after a long internal struggle in the PSI as it had voted as early as 1919 to affiliate to the
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Bordiga's upbringing, while being thoroughly radical, was also of a highly scientific nature. An opponent of the
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strategy of the Third Congress. He also refused to fuse the newly formed party with the left-wing of the
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At the Fifth Congress of Comintern in Moscow held in June–July 1924, Bordiga was the sole voice of the
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by Lenin. This view is consistent with and helped to inform early concepts of socialism in which the
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family and his maternal grandfather Count Michele Amadei was a conspirator in the struggles of the
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2350:-based Fraction of Socialists and Communists. When this grouping was dissolved into the
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2497:. Bordiga's hostility toward democracy was unrelated to the Stalinist narrative of the
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The Science and Passion of Communism: Selected Writings of Amadeo Bordiga (1912-1965)
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From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
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3419:"Amadeo Bordiga, the agrarian question and the international revolutionary movement"
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2709:. Sticking to Marx's concept of communism, for Bordiga both stages of socialist or
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Out of a regard for discipline, Bordiga and his comrades (who became known as the
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In December 1926, Bordiga was again arrested by Mussolini and sent to prison in
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Loren Goldner, Communism is the Material Human Community: Amadeo Bordiga Today
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Earlene Craver The Third Generation: The Young Socialists in Italy, 1907–1915
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3007:"An important book on the unknown Bordiga (1926-1946) - Philippe Bourrinet"
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faction within the PSI, abstentionist in that it opposed participation in
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Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism
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Archives of "Sinistra comunista 'italiana'" – Hundreds texts of Bordiga
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no longer directs economic activity. Monetary relations in the form of
2599: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1945:
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2963:"Делегаты из стран Западной и Южной Европы на II конгрессе Коминтерна"
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through the united front was a complete capitulation to the period of
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On the theoretical level, Bordiga developed an understanding of the
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Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
3153:[Immutable tablets of the communist theory of the party].
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perspective has the merit of underscoring the fact that, like all
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2154:(1920) over a disagreement regarding parliamentary abstentionism.
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1968:. Bordiga is viewed as one of the most notable representatives of
920:
16:
Italian communist politician and Marxist theoretician (1889–1970)
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After 1944, Bordiga first returned to political activity in the
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elections. The group would form with the addition of the former
1996:. His mother, Zaira degli Amadei, was descended from an ancient
1988:
in 1889. His father, Oreste Bordiga, was an esteemed scholar of
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would be the first to refuse on principle any participation in
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The International Library of the Communist Left – Bordiga Page
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Within the newly founded Karl Marx Circle, Bordiga rejected a
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3126:. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 13–30.
3402:. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
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had adopted and which had led to them becoming reformists.
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2793:, an anthology of English translations of Bordiga's work.
2849:. London: Writers and Readers Co-operative. p. 105.
2301:
and the photograph was published in a fascist newspaper.
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Philippe Bourrinet, The "Bordigist" Current, (1912–1952)
2904:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 78–80, 84.
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that came into existence after 1945 were extending the
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had been such a large exporter from the 1880s to 1914.
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but were divided over whether to continue to work with
2148:. Nevertheless, he was criticised by Lenin in his work
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may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
3533:
Immutable tablets of the communist theory of the party
3151:"Tavole immutabili della teoria comunista del partito"
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also focused on the agrarian sector. In analyzing the
2977:"Storia. Bordiga, il leninista che sperava nell'Asse"
2489:, believing himself to be following the tradition of
2417:. Bordiga's writings on the capitalist nature of the
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Libertarian Communist Library Amadeo Bordiga archive
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Milorad M. Drachkovitch, and Branko Lazitch (1966).
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Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
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90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4107:Executive Committee of the Communist International
3400:Beyond Post-Socialism: Dialogues With the Far-left
2874:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 275–81.
2749:would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.
2521:based on the principles and program enunciated in
3241:. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 44–45.
2830:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2812:. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016
2684:the international left opposition of the 1920s.
2631:'s turn to the right in 1921. As leader of the
2193:but also with the backing of others, including
1960:(Comintern), and later a leading figure of the
3527:"Left Wing" Communism – an infantile disorder?
3383:. Translated by Giacomo Donis. Leiden: Brill.
3563:
3195:"The Fundamentals of Revolutionary Communism"
1944:(13 June 1889 – 25 July 1970) was an Italian
1922:
885:
8:
2933:Peregalli, Arturo; Saggioir, Sandro (1998).
2692:Although most Leninists distinguish between
2338:uprisings of 1943 (Warsaw ghetto) and 1944.
2170:Bordiga in a 1920 drawing by Soviet painter
2151:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
4162:People from the Metropolitan City of Naples
3992:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
3543:The Fundamentals of Revolutionary Communism
2928:
2926:
2902:Socialism in One Country, 1924-26, volume 3
1631:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4001:Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party
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2226:with reformist organisations to fight for
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276:General Secretary Communist Party of Italy
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3270:. Stanford University Press. p. 20.
3120:"Critique of the Gotha Programme, Part I"
2936:La sconfitta e gli anni oscuri (1926-1945
2779:currents of the 20th and 21st centuries.
2615:Learn how and when to remove this message
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235:Learn how and when to remove this message
217:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
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3057:
2801:
2541:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2393:espoused by Bordiga. Bordigists in the
2314:referred to as Italian communist left.
1568:Italian General Confederation of Labour
915:
679:Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation
411:
2823:
2217:by force. Bordiga identified with the
3427:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
3319:from the original on 28 November 2020
2943:from the original on 28 November 2020
2872:The Comintern - Historical Highlights
2421:in contrast to those produced by the
2075:, which he associated with bourgeois
7:
3149:Bordiga, Amadeo (11–25 March 1960).
2791:The Science and Passion of Communism
2597:adding citations to reliable sources
288:January 1921 – January 1924
88:adding citations to reliable sources
4137:Italian Socialist Party politicians
4132:Italian Communist Party politicians
3538:Critique of the Gotha Programme – I
3035:. International Communist Current.
2987:from the original on 5 October 2023
2775:, and had great influence over the
716:International Socialists of Germany
699:Communist Workers' Party of Germany
3951:Italian Communist Youth Federation
3345:from the original on 22 April 2021
3039:from the original on 10 March 2006
2917:Socialism in One Country, volume 3
2531:in 1921 from the monarchists (the
2177:When the PSI held its congress at
2106:movement and formed the communist
14:
3815:Leader in the European Parliament
3707:Leader in the Chamber of Deputies
3218:from the original on 14 June 2024
3174:from the original on 16 June 2024
3130:from the original on 11 June 2019
1976:Early life, family, and education
1952:, Bordiga was the founder of the
34:This article has multiple issues.
4092:20th-century Italian politicians
4087:20th-century Italian journalists
3212:Internationalist Communist Party
3168:Internationalist Communist Party
2573:
2352:Internationalist Communist Party
2071:. Bordiga was deeply opposed to
2047:University of Naples Federico II
2033:, Bordiga was introduced to the
1962:Internationalist Communist Party
1898:
1673:Movement of Unitarian Communists
1616:Armed Proletarians for Communism
1593:Unified Communist Party of Italy
1239:Portella della Ginestra massacre
927:
859:
847:
835:
694:Communist Workers' International
662:Internationalist Communist Party
419:
166:
64:
23:
2627:Bordiga resolutely opposed the
2584:needs additional citations for
2515:dictatorship of the proletariat
2427:agriculture in the Soviet Union
2219:dictatorship of the proletariat
2091:, which he identified as a non-
1626:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
1269:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
652:International Communist Current
647:Communist Workers' Organisation
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
4082:20th-century Italian engineers
3996:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
2635:, he refused to implement the
2029:as an Italian colonial war in
1573:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
1563:Italian Communist Party (2016)
721:League for Proletarian Culture
1:
3987:International Communist Party
3931:National Liberation Committee
3511:International Communist Party
3341:. Fondazione Amadeo Bordiga.
2983:(in Italian). 9 August 2016.
2705:to mean what Marx called the
2368:International Communist Party
2342:International Communist Party
2136:but had refused to purge its
2087:, Bordiga campaigned against
766:Workers' Socialist Federation
741:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
736:Revolutionary Socialist Party
657:International Communist Party
4019:Communist Refoundation Party
4006:Democratic Party of the Left
2651:, the implementation of the
2645:Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement
1541:Communist Refoundation Party
1481:Proletarian internationalism
472:Proletarian internationalism
4023:Party of Italian Communists
3926:Italian resistance movement
2939:. Milan: Edizioni Colibri.
2885:Drachkovitch, and Lazitch.
2725:was popularised during the
2701:foundations". Bordiga used
2517:, to be implemented by the
2485:Bordiga defined himself as
2444:In Bordiga's conception of
2289:, an Italian island in the
1688:Party of Italian Communists
1683:Party of the Christian Left
1526:Communist Alternative Party
1234:Third De Gasperi government
4178:
3485:Antagonism Bordiga Archive
3398:El-Ojeili, Chamsy (2015).
3124:Marx/Engels Selected Works
2847:Memoirs of a Revolutionary
2713:—with stages referring to
2144:of membership proposed by
2008:, another militant of the
1588:Trotskyist League of Italy
522:Situationist International
3916:XII International Brigade
3440:10.1080/03017609508413387
3266:Bockman, Johanna (2011).
3138:– via marxists.org.
2466:bourgeois revolutionaries
2277:minority group accepted.
2222:tactic, i.e. that of the
2102:, Bordiga rallied to the
2037:(PSI) by his high-school
1339:Italian road to socialism
394:
316:
281:
270:
258:
4122:Italian male journalists
4112:Italian anti-capitalists
4039:Popular Democratic Front
3379:Bordiga, Amadeo (2020).
3309:"Re-collecting our past"
3193:Bordiga, Amadeo (1957).
2659:, and the defeat of the
2633:Communist Party of Italy
2460:, and so on, were great
2187:Giacinto Menotti Serrati
2162:Communist Party of Italy
2130:Communist Party of Italy
2073:representative democracy
1954:Communist Party of Italy
1700:Popular Democratic Front
1598:Workers' Communist Party
1229:Red Republic of Caulonia
1202:XVII Congress of the PSI
684:Communist Bulletin Group
3906:Italian Socialist Party
3842:Luigi Alberto Colajanni
3580:Italian Communist Party
3495:Bordigism – Adam Buick
3417:Goldner, Loren (1995).
2641:Italian Socialist Party
2524:The Communist Manifesto
2470:Marxist–Leninist states
2399:parliamentary elections
2395:Italian Socialist Party
2058:Italian Socialist Party
2035:Italian Socialist Party
1958:Communist International
1950:revolutionary socialist
1710:Proletarian Unity Party
1651:Italian Communist Party
1207:I Congress of the PCd'I
1074:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
667:The Invisible Committee
3237:Steele, David (1992).
3200:Il programma comunista
3156:Il programma comunista
2845:Serge, Victor (1984).
2786:Historical Materialism
2715:historical materialism
2509:as the culmination of
2464:revolutionaries, i.e.
2372:Il Programma Comunista
2239:Italian communist left
2201:dictator of Hungary.
2174:
2004:. His paternal uncle,
1956:(PCdI), member of the
1663:The Left – The Rainbow
746:Socialism or Barbarism
4010:Democrats of the Left
3166:(in Italian). Milan:
2887:Historical Highlights
2707:lower-phase communism
2669:counter-revolutionary
2169:
2142:Twenty-one Conditions
2079:. In a 1914 issue of
2018:and professor at the
1705:Proletarian Democracy
1610:Defunct organisations
1578:Network of Communists
1510:Current organisations
731:Marxist Working Group
3770:Leader in the Senate
2593:improve this article
2382:Theories and beliefs
2128:the backbone of the
1990:agricultural science
1980:Bordiga was born at
1905:Communism portal
1843:Democratic socialism
1249:Manifesto of the 101
994:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
854:Socialism portal
842:Communism portal
299:Position established
187:improve this article
84:improve this article
4102:Anti-Stalinist left
4045:Historic Compromise
3920:Garibaldi Battalion
3797:Gerardo Chiaromonte
3612:Executive Committee
3118:Karl Marx (1970) .
2900:Carr, E.H. (1972).
2657:banning of factions
2653:New Economic Policy
2649:Kronstadt rebellion
2565:On the united front
2511:bourgeois democracy
2468:. He felt that the
2405:On Marxism–Leninism
2356:Battaglia Comunista
2020:University of Padua
1838:Christian socialism
1775:Quaderni piacentini
1516:Anticapitalist Left
1324:Christian communism
1309:Anarchist communism
1291:Historic Compromise
1279:Mitterrand doctrine
1049:Pier Paolo Pasolini
1014:Galvano Della Volpe
866:Politics portal
811:Industrial unionism
761:Workers' Opposition
447:Class consciousness
442:Anti-Stalinist left
199:footnote references
4157:People from Formia
4142:Italian socialists
3746:Giorgio Napolitano
3740:Fernando Di Giulio
3084:, pp. 73–100.
3013:. 26 December 2010
2727:Russian Revolution
2499:single-party state
2415:capitalist society
2175:
2100:October Revolution
1986:province of Naples
1880:Socialism in Italy
1863:Italian neorealism
1818:Anarchism in Italy
1553:Communist Struggle
1476:Passive revolution
1471:Organic centralism
1224:Italian Resistance
1219:Aventine Secession
1214:Proština rebellion
1159:Oliviero Diliberto
1069:Giorgio Napolitano
959:Costantino Lazzari
642:Communist Struggle
467:Organic centralism
4152:Marxist theorists
4054:
4053:
3851:
3850:
3836:Giovanni Cervetti
3785:Umberto Terracini
3779:Mauro Scoccimarro
3722:Palmiro Togliatti
3654:Enrico Berlinguer
3642:Palmiro Togliatti
3630:Palmiro Togliatti
3597:General Secretary
3491:25 October 2009).
3409:978-1-349-50157-1
3277:978-0-8047-7566-3
3248:978-0-87548-449-5
2810:"Avanti Barbari!"
2711:communist society
2677:defeat of Trotsky
2625:
2624:
2617:
2554:social formations
2370:, publishing its
2259:General Secretary
2215:communist society
2027:Italo-Turkish War
1939:
1938:
1868:Politics of Italy
1621:Autonomia Operaia
1449:Cultural hegemony
1329:Council communism
1134:Ernesto Screpanti
1109:Fausto Bertinotti
1054:Enrico Berlinguer
999:Palmiro Togliatti
989:Bruno Fortichiari
902:
901:
801:Classical Marxism
597:Antonie Pannekoek
567:Bruno Fortichiari
517:Council communism
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4117:Italian atheists
4014:Democratic Party
3956:Marxism–Leninism
3899:Related articles
3824:Giorgio Amendola
3816:
3771:
3734:Alessandro Natta
3708:
3689:Alessandro Natta
3666:Achille Occhetto
3660:Alessandro Natta
3598:
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3549:
3501:25 October 2009.
3475:at "n+1" Review.
3469:at Marxists.org.
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2495:Friedrich Engels
2446:Marxism–Leninism
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2364:personality cult
2255:Italian fascists
2243:Benito Mussolini
2232:social democrats
2053:Political career
2006:Giovanni Bordiga
1931:
1924:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1874:Prison Notebooks
1858:History of Italy
1853:Fischia il vento
1678:October 22 Group
1434:Anti-imperialism
1424:Anti-clericalism
1381:Neo-Gramscianism
1371:Marxist humanism
1354:Marxism–Leninism
1286:Movement of 1977
1129:Margherita Cagol
1119:Domenico Losurdo
1104:Achille Occhetto
1094:Giovanni Scuderi
1079:Armando Cossutta
1039:Raniero Panzieri
1029:Alessandro Natta
1024:Altiero Spinelli
954:Errico Malatesta
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2758:Jacques Camatte
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2519:Communist party
2487:anti-democratic
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2126:Antonio Gramsci
2085:Latin countries
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1536:Communist Party
1531:Communist Front
1511:
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1454:Counterhegemony
1419:
1411:
1410:
1401:Western Marxism
1304:
1296:
1295:
1264:Primavalle fire
1244:May 1947 crises
1192:Fasci Siciliani
1187:
1179:
1178:
1174:Alberto Toscano
1154:Cesare Battisti
1124:Silvia Federici
984:Antonio Gramsci
974:Nicola Bombacci
939:
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1149:Marco Ferrando
1146:
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1139:Franco Berardi
1136:
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1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Gianni Vattimo
1096:
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1064:Lucio Colletti
1061:
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1021:
1016:
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1004:Ruggero Grieco
1001:
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991:
986:
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979:Amadeo Bordiga
976:
971:
969:Egidio Gennari
966:
964:Luigi Galleani
961:
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951:
946:
944:Emilio Covelli
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791:
789:Related topics
788:
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771:Workers' Truth
768:
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756:Workers' Group
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582:Grandizo Munis
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452:Class struggle
449:
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433:
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429:
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425:
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416:
415:
413:Left communism
409:
408:
396:
395:
392:
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388:
384:
383:
367:
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356:(aged 81)
350:
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3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
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3982:
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3972:
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3966:Eurocommunism
3964:
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3803:Ugo Pecchioli
3801:
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3728:Pietro Ingrao
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3468:
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3441:
3437:
3434:(1): 73–100.
3433:
3429:
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3420:
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3411:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3390:9789004234505
3386:
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3331:
3318:
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3310:
3307:La Banquise.
3303:
3300:
3297:, p. 93.
3296:
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3284:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
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3209:
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3201:
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3189:
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3169:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3108:, p. 81.
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:, p. 78.
3095:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3072:, p. 77.
3071:
3066:
3063:
3060:, p. 76.
3059:
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2863:
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2856:0-86316-070-0
2852:
2848:
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2827:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2777:ultra-leftist
2774:
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2646:
2642:
2638:
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2608:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2582:This section
2580:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:, called for
2542:
2538:
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2526:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:Joseph Stalin
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:Joseph Stalin
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2213:and impose a
2212:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2197:, the future
2196:
2195:Matyas Rakosi
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2172:Isaak Brodsky
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2108:abstentionist
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Il Socialista
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:working class
2065:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:mathematician
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
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1927:
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1918:
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1721:Volante Rossa
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1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Critical Left
1639:
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1634:
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1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
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1399:
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1372:
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1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Eurocommunism
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
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1292:
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1287:
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1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:Years of Lead
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
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1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Biennio Rosso
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Paolo Ferrero
1167:
1165:
1164:Nichi Vendola
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Renato Curcio
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Antonio Negri
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Onorato Damen
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:Carlo Cafiero
947:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
930:
926:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
895:
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888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:
850:
845:
843:
833:
832:
831:
830:
822:
819:
817:
816:Ultra-leftism
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:Impossibilism
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
786:
785:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
711:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
630:Organizations
627:
626:
618:
617:Julien Coupat
615:
613:
612:Karl Schröder
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Herman Gorter
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Onorato Damen
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
532:
531:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:Communization
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
492:
491:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Anti-Leninism
435:
434:
427:
426:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
371:
368:
364:
360:
351:
347:
344:
340:
328:
324:
319:
315:
312:
309:
303:
300:
297:
291:
285:
280:
277:
273:
269:
262:
257:
250:
247:
239:
236:
221:
218:
210:
207:December 2023
200:
196:
195:inappropriate
192:
188:
182:
180:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4097:Anti-Masonry
3911:Culturalists
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3856:Publications
3791:Edoardo Pema
3611:
3605:
3443:. Retrieved
3431:
3425:
3399:
3380:
3373:Bibliography
3364:Bordiga 2020
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3290:
3281:
3267:
3261:
3252:
3238:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3198:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3154:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3123:
3113:
3106:Goldner 1995
3101:
3094:Goldner 1995
3089:
3082:Goldner 1995
3077:
3070:Goldner 1995
3065:
3058:Goldner 1995
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3010:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2935:
2916:
2910:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2846:
2840:
2814:. Retrieved
2804:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2773:Gilles Dauvé
2768:
2762:
2756:
2731:law of value
2722:
2719:
2702:
2691:
2688:On communism
2674:
2661:March Action
2637:united front
2626:
2611:
2602:
2591:Please help
2586:verification
2583:
2522:
2501:, as he saw
2484:
2481:On democracy
2452:, and later
2443:
2411:Soviet Union
2408:
2386:
2385:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2328:
2324:World War II
2316:
2308:
2284:
2281:Under arrest
2268:
2247:
2236:
2224:united front
2203:
2176:
2156:Victor Serge
2149:
2120:grouping in
2115:
2097:
2080:
2077:electoralism
2061:
2024:
2011:Risorgimento
2009:
2002:Risorgimento
1979:
1948:theorist. A
1941:
1940:
1872:
1750:il manifesto
1719:
1715:Red Brigades
1495:
1429:Anti-fascism
1391:Post-Marxism
1084:Mario Tronti
1059:Livio Maitan
1044:Luciano Lama
978:
672:
671:
634:
577:Paul Mattick
546:
354:(1970-07-23)
352:23 July 1970
336:13 June 1889
306:Succeeded by
298:
283:
246:
231:
213:
204:
189:by removing
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4077:1970 deaths
4072:1889 births
4047:(1976–1980)
4041:(1947–1948)
3980:Derivatives
3971:Migliorismo
3891:(1944–1991)
3883:(1948–1953)
3875:(1946–1978)
3867:(1924–1991)
3844:(1989–1991)
3838:(1984–1989)
3832:(1980–1984)
3830:Guido Fanti
3826:(1979–1980)
3805:(1986–1991)
3799:(1983–1986)
3793:(1973–1986)
3787:(1958–1973)
3781:(1948–1958)
3760:(1990–1991)
3754:(1986–1990)
3748:(1981–1986)
3742:(1979–1981)
3736:(1972–1979)
3730:(1964–1972)
3724:(1947–1964)
3718:(1946–1947)
3716:Luigi Longo
3697:(1990–1991)
3691:(1989–1990)
3685:(1972–1980)
3683:Luigi Longo
3668:(1988–1991)
3662:(1984–1988)
3656:(1972–1984)
3650:(1964–1972)
3648:Luigi Longo
3644:(1938–1964)
3638:(1934–1938)
3632:(1930–1934)
3626:(1927–1930)
3620:(1924–1927)
3614:(1923–1924)
3608:(1922–1923)
3349:14 December
3339:"Chi Siamo"
3323:14 December
3203: [
3159: [
3033:"Bordigism"
2816:15 December
2769:Gemeinwesen
2747:wage labour
2458:Ho Chi Minh
2423:Trotskyists
2331:Axis powers
2299:Blackshirts
2207:proletariat
2089:Freemasonry
2064:pedagogical
2043:engineering
1972:in Europe.
1760:Il Pioniere
1745:Liberazione
1386:Neo-Marxism
1376:Migliorismo
1144:Paolo Virno
1034:Nilde Iotti
1019:Luigi Longo
557:Marc Chirik
462:Mass strike
382:(1952–1970)
377:(1921–1930)
372:(1910–1921)
294:Preceded by
4061:Categories
3588:Leadership
3043:5 November
2797:References
2789:published
2764:Invariance
2537:anarchists
2529:Bolsheviks
2454:Mao Zedong
2311:Trotskyist
2305:Opposition
2250:ultra-left
2211:capitalism
1998:Florentine
1966:Trotskyism
1828:Bella ciao
1646:Front Line
1521:CARC Party
1497:Subalterns
1491:Solidarity
1486:Secularism
1418:Principles
1396:Trotskyism
1314:Autonomism
1303:Ideologies
1259:Hot Autumn
796:Autonomism
751:Solidarity
607:Otto Rühle
332:1889-06-13
140:April 2014
110:newspapers
39:improve it
4067:Bordigism
4032:Alliances
3961:Bordigism
3888:Rinascita
3880:Pattuglia
3872:Vie Nuove
3676:President
3210:. Milan:
3017:26 August
2991:4 October
2723:socialism
2703:socialism
2698:communism
2694:socialism
2629:Comintern
2605:July 2024
2558:communism
2535:) to the
2507:Stalinism
2491:Karl Marx
2474:bourgeois
2387:Bordigism
2378:in 1970.
2275:Stalinist
2199:Stalinist
2191:Paul Levi
2138:reformist
2134:Comintern
2112:bourgeois
2104:communist
1800:Vie Nuove
1785:Rinascita
1755:Pattuglia
1406:Workerism
1364:Stalinism
1319:Bordigism
1274:Moro case
917:Communism
821:Workerism
542:Jan Appel
502:Bordigism
495:Movements
457:Communism
284:In office
191:excessive
45:talk page
3946:Tolyatti
3499:Archived
3489:Archived
3445:1 August
3343:Archived
3317:Archived
3216:Archived
3172:Archived
3128:Archived
3037:Archived
2985:Archived
2981:Avvenire
2947:12 April
2941:Archived
2826:cite web
2743:interest
2681:Leninist
2462:Romantic
2360:Prometeo
2320:frontism
2014:, was a
1770:La Plebe
1466:Feminism
1349:Leninism
909:a series
907:Part of
507:In China
430:Concepts
405:a series
403:Part of
3941:AvtoVAZ
3864:l'Unità
3222:11 June
3178:11 June
3134:11 June
2550:Marxist
2545:soviets
2503:fascism
2435:sovkhoz
2431:kolkhoz
2271:Fascist
2264:Trotsky
2179:Livorno
2124:around
2095:group.
2093:secular
2039:physics
1984:in the
1946:Marxist
1885:Craxism
1795:l'Unità
1790:Società
1186:History
704:Forward
673:Defunct
361:, Italy
185:Please
177:use of
124:scholar
3406:
3387:
3313:Libcom
3274:
3245:
3011:Libcom
2915:Carr.
2853:
2753:Legacy
2745:, and
2739:profit
2655:, the
2647:, the
2376:Formia
2348:Naples
2287:Ustica
1982:Resina
1359:Maoism
938:People
776:Tiqqun
636:Extant
535:People
387:Spouse
359:Formia
339:Resina
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3422:(PDF)
3207:]
3163:]
2413:as a
2295:Ponza
2122:Turin
2045:from
2031:Libya
1739:Media
921:Italy
380:PCInt
131:JSTOR
117:books
3447:2018
3404:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3351:2020
3325:2020
3272:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3224:2024
3180:2024
3136:2024
3045:2016
3019:2024
2993:2023
2949:2014
2851:ISBN
2832:link
2818:2020
2696:and
2505:and
2493:and
2433:and
2358:and
1693:FGCI
1656:FGCI
375:PCdI
349:Died
326:Born
103:news
3525:at
3436:doi
2595:by
2266:".
919:in
370:PSI
193:or
86:by
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